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FTA Prioritization ProcessFTA Prioritization Framework and Guidelines

1 November 2017

FTA Prioritization ProcessFTA Prioritization Framework and Guidelines

1 November 2017

The CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA).

© 2017 The CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA)

Content in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

FTA 2017. FTA Prioritization Process: FTA Prioritization Framework and Guidelines. Bogor, Indonesia: The CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA).

CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and AgroforestryCIFOR HeadquartersJalan CIFORSitu Gede, Sindang BarangBogor Barat 16115Indonesia

T +62-251-8622-622E [email protected]

foreststreesagroforestry.org

We would like to thank all funding partners who supported this research through their contributions to the CGIAR Fund. For a full list of the ‘CGIAR Fund’ funding partners please see: http://www.cgiar.org/our-funders/

Any views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of The CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA), the editors, the authors’ institutions, the financial sponsors or the reviewers.

Contents

Problem statement 1

Materials and methods 2 Guidelines for assessing priority relevance in FTA 3

Prioritization Guidelines 4

Annexes 6

Annex A. A forward-looking review of the main trends, challenges and opportunities that bear on forests, trees and agroforestry, their role and potential towards ensuring food security and nutrition, addressing climate change and fostering sustainable development 7

Annex B. A review of the associated knowledge and research gaps as identified in relevant major international scientific assessments and foresight studies, including those identified in the FTA proposal 11

Annex C. A review of the demands and priorities of countries and stakeholders, as expressed in key agreements at international level, including development gaps 23

Annex D. Key messages of the FTA-IUFRO sub-plenary event at IUFRO 2017 Congress on “research for sustainable development: forests, trees and agroforestry”. 43

Annex E. Key messages of the FTA-FAO-NL-SIANI side event at CFS 44 on “Forests, trees and agroforestry for food security, nutrition and the SDGs: Research and partners, toward a joint action agenda” 45

References 46

Finalversion.1stNovember2017

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CGIARResearchProgramonForests,Trees&Agroforestry(FTA)

FTAPRIORITIZATIONPROCESS

2.FTAPrioritizationFrameworkandGuidelines

1November2017

I)ProblemstatementThisnoteaimsatframingtheprioritizationamongstresearchactivitiesfundedbyCGIARW1+2fundsfortheCGIARResearchprogramonForests,TreesandAgroforestry(FTA).Itdefinesasetof guidelines for prioritization, linked to research and development relevance, to quality ofresearch,and-when1+2fundingisasked-tothenatureoftheCGIARW1+2fundsandthespecificrequirementsthatgowiththem.

TheseprioritizationguidelineswillbeusedtoinformthedirectionofW1+2research,asawaytoalignthepreparationofthePOWBstoasetofagreedprioritiesandtoensurethehighestlevelofexigenceintermsofqualityoftheresearchplannedforward.

For the purpose of this exercise, a priority is a coherent and focused set of works/activities(fundedbybilateralprojectsorfundedbyW1+2)whoseoutputsaimatansweringoneorseveralkey knowledgegap(s), andwhoseoutcomesaredirected to respond toamajordevelopmentdemand/challenge,buildingonthecomparativeadvantageofFTAanditspartners,andaimingatmaximizingtheeffectivenessandimpactofFTA.

FlagshipsandCross-cuttingteamswillberequestedtosubmitPrioritiesnotes.Theobjectiveisnottotriggerunnecessaryinternalcompetition.Atthecontrary,theprioritizationprocessandguidelineshaveformainobjectivetoenableandstructureaninclusivedialogue,andtoimprovethequalityandalignment,ex-ante,oftheFTAPOWBtoasetofpriorities,aswellaswithinFTAforthepreparationofthePOWB,whichwillalsogivemoreopportunitytoimprovetheresearchdesign,andtomaximizecross-linkageswithinFTA.

Overall, the prioritization process aims to promote and select the highest quality and mostimpactfulprioritiesandrelatedsetofactivities(whichwillalsoimplyanissueofbalanceacrossthe overall FTA ToC) over time, for a priority use ofW1+2 resources towards FTA’s overallobjectives(outputsinthesphereofcontrol,outcomesinthesphereofinfluence,impactinthesphereofinterest).

Thepresentnoteisastartingpointandisintendedasalivingdocument.Itisherebyreleasedasaninternaldraftadvanceddocument,forthepurposetosupporttheprocessoftheelaborationofthe2018programofworkandbudgetofFTA(seethecorrespondingnoteon2018prioritiesand2018POWBpreparationprocess).

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SectionIIexposeshowtheprioritizationguidelineshavebeendetermined,sectionIIIdescribesthe guideline for assessing priority relevance, section IV summarizes the 8 guidelines forprioritization,theannexesgathersupplementaryinformationusedtoidentifythepriorityareas.

II)Materialsandmethods

InvestmentinFTAresearchisdecidedaccordingtotheoverallframeworkofqualityofresearchfordevelopment(QoR4D)adoptedattheCGIARlevel.

This QoR4D framework has 4 dimensions: relevance, scientific credibility, legitimacy andeffectiveness.TherelevancedimensionofQoR4Distheonelinkedtotheidentificationofpriorityareas forFTAresearch(seesection III).Relevance is the first,majorguideline forFTAprioritysetting.TheotherQoR4Ddimensionsof scientificcredibilityand legitimacy,effectivenesswillalsobeappliedandformdistinct,additionalguidelines.

ThreeotherguidelineslinkedtothespecificityofW1+2fundingwillalsobeused:contributiontoIPGs,strategicvalueandprogrammebuilding,andtherequirementsthatcomeswiththem.

Acriterion/guidelineonintegration(acrossFTA,ofdisciplines,ofstakeholders)hasbeenaddedfollowingtheconsultationsandfeedbackreceivedduringtwoeventsFTAorganizedatIUFROandCFS in September andOctober 2017. Integration across several dimensions (between topics,disciplines, upstream and downstream, and integrated in the way research is done withbeneficiariesandstakeholderinvolvedfromtheframingofquestionstothedesignofresearchandsolutions)isthusproposedasaguidelineforprioritizationinitsownright.Integrationisseenhereasanelementofqualityofresearch,contributingtoboththescientificcredibility,legitimacyandeffectiveness.

AsdecidedintheISC-FPleadersmeetinginRomeendJune2017,the“relevance”guidelinetoidentifypriorityareasareestablishedfollowing:-aforward-lookingreviewofthemaintrends,challengesandopportunitiesthatbearonforests,treesandagroforestry,theirroleandpotentialtowardsensuringfoodsecurityandnutrition,addressingclimatechangeandfosteringsustainabledevelopment(seeAnnexA).-areviewoftheassociatedknowledgeandresearchgapsasidentifiedinrelevantmajorinternationalscientificassessmentsandforesightstudies,includingthoseidentifiedintheFTAproposal(seeAnnexB).- a review of the demands and priorities of countries and stakeholders, as expressed in keyinternationaldocuments,includingdevelopmentgaps.(seeAnnexC).

Theabovereviewsbuilduponmajorsourcesintheinternationalliterature,majorinternationaltexts,aswellasontheresultsoftwoface-to-faceinternationalconsultationsofscientistsandstakeholdersthattookplaceforthatpurposeinthesecondsemesterof2017:

- asub-plenaryeventon“Researchforsustainabledevelopment:thecaseofforests,treesandagroforestry”co-organizedbyFTAandIUFROatthe125thcongressofIUFROon22ndSeptember2017(seeAnnexD)

- aside-eventtothe44thsessionoftheUNCommitteeonWorldFoodSecurity,co-organizedwithFAO,TheNetherlands,SIANI,on“Forests,treesandagroforestryforfoodsecurityandnutritionandtheSDGs:researchandpartners,towardsajointactionagenda”(seeAnnexE).

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III)GuidelinesforassessingpriorityrelevanceinFTA

The overall purpose of FTA is to respond, in its areas of work, to the following overarchingdevelopmentobjectives,whicharealignedtoboththeCGIARSLOsandtheSDGs:

1. povertyreduction2. foodsecurityandnutrition3. addressingclimatechangeandmorelargelyenvironmentalsustainability4. contributionstomeetingthesustainabledevelopmentgoals.

Inparticular,FTAaimsatinscribingitselfasameanofimplementationoftheSDGsandoftheClimateChangeandtheFoodsecurityandnutritionagenda.FTA’soverarchingquestionofinterestis:Howcantreesandtheirusebymanandinnatureinalltheir acceptations and forms (cf. HLPE fig 2, trees outside forests, agroforestry, forests,plantations,etc..andincludingthevaluechainscreatedbytheiruses),withinlandscapes,fullycontribute to sustainable development in its various dimensions (economic, social,environmental)andatdifferentscales,whatcanpeopledotoenhancetheseroles,andhowcantheybesupportedforthat?

Thereviewshaveledtotheidentificationofmajortrendsaffectingforests,treesandagroforestryandofthefollowingfourdimensionsoftheFTApriorityframework.

1)Keyresearchandknowledgegapareas(seeAnnexBfordetails)

1. ContributionsofFTAsystemstoFoodSecurityandNutrition2. Landuseandlandusechanges,andtheirconsequencesonFSNandonCC3. Roleofforestsandtreesinwatercirculation4. HowtoimproveFTAsystems5. ImpactsofCCandadaptationtoit6. RoleofFTAsystemsforandimpactofLUConecosystemservices7. Howtoimprovelandscapemanagementandforestandlandrestoration,tomanage

synergiesandtradeoffsforecosystemservices,treegeneticresources,biodiversityandtounderpinproduction

8. Buildingsustainable,efficientandinclusivevaluechainsandbusinessmodels9. Responsibleinvestmentsforsustainableproductionandconsumption10. Governancearrangementsinvaluechains,inlandscapes,andacrosssectors(including

gender)11. Cross-cuttingresearchgaps

2)Keydemand/priorityareas(seeAnnexCfordetails):

a. Improvefoodsecuritynutritionandhealth:SDGs2,3,CFS-Forestry,UNSPF-2b. Increase,diversifyandstabilizeruralhouseholdincomesandeconomies:SDGs,CFS-SH,

UNSPF-2


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c. Contributetoproductiveandresilientagriculturallandscapes:SDGs15,6,4,CFS-SH,CFS-Forestry

d. Preserveandsustainablymanagebiodiversity,ecosystems,environment:CBD,UNSPF-1,UNSPF-3,CFS-Forestry

e. Contributetoclimatechangemitigationandadaptation:ParisAgreement,SDG13,CFS-CC,UNSPF-1

f. Contributetosustainablevaluechainsandsustainableproductionandconsumption,includingrenewableenergyandmaterials:SDGs7,12,13

g. Improvegenderequalityandsocialinclusion:SDG5,CFS-Forestry,CFS-SH

3)ThecontributiontoFTATheoryofChange(ToC)=importanceoftheworkwithrespecttoFTA’sToCandpotential,catalyticimportanceofimpact(ofaddressingtheresearchgaporprovidingthesolution),aspertheimpactpathwaysofFTA(criticalpoints,and/orbreadthofthequestion/issue,noworinthefuture).4)TheidentificationofFTA’scomparativeadvantage(mission,role,internalcompetencies,availabledata).TheFTAfullrevisedproposal(2016)includingtheresubmittedFTAFP2(2017)serveasreference.

Ø Allinall,withtheseFTAprioritizationguidelines,thoseex-anteproposalsforworkwillbeinsertedintothePOWBiftheyanswerkeyresearchquestions,thatarecentraltoaddressdemandsofstakeholders,thatarecriticallypositionedinFTA’sToC,andbuildinguponFTA’scomparativeadvantage,andthatleadtointegration(acrossFTA,ofdisciplines,ofstakeholders).

IV)PrioritizationGuidelinesSummingup,the8guidelinesforprioritizationarethefollowing

1. Relevance:Theproposalclearlydemonstratestherelevanceoftheworkmeasuredastowhatextentitfitsintothefollowingframework.

GUIDELINESFORASSESSINGPRIORITYRELEVANCE1)MainresearchgapaddressedTheproposaladdressesone/severalkeyresearchgapcategory(ies)Descriptionofthekeyresearchquestions(AnnexB).


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2)Developmentdemand/priorityaddressedTheproposaladdressesoneorseveralkeymaincategoriesofdevelopmentdemand/priority.Theproposaltargetsaspecificrecommendationorgoaltowhichtheresearchwillmakeacontribution(seeAnnexC).3)ContributiontoFTAToCTheproposalcontributestoFTAToCinacatalyticway.4)FTA’scomparativeadvantageFTAhasacomparativeadvantageinundertakingtheproposal:alignmenttoFTA’smissionsandroles,existenceofinternalcompetencies,availabledata,buildingonpreviousworksetc.

2. Scientific credibility: The proposedwork clearly explains the scientific rationale, researchquestion(s)andmethods,givingconfidencethatresearchfindingswillbenovel,robustandscientificallytrustworthy.

3. Legitimacy:Theproposedworkclearlyexplainshowtheworkwilltakeaccountofandreflectstakeholders’ perspectives and values. Research is done in contactwithbeneficiaries andstakeholders are involved from the framing of questions to the design of research andsolutions.

4. PotentialEffectiveness:Theproposedworkdemonstratesthattheworkisdeliberatelyandconvincingly positioned to contribute to significant outcomes, with high potential tocontributetodevelopmentobjectivesandimpact.

5. ContributiontoIPG:Theproposedworkhashighpotentialtodevelopmethodsand/ornewknowledgethatwillhaveinternationalpublicgoodsvalue.

6. Strategicvalue:TheproposedworkhashighpotentialtoaddvalueattheFTAProgram-levelandwilluseW1+2fundstostrategicallyorient,build-onandleveragebilateralfundingtohelprealizetheFTAToC.

7. Programgrowth:TheproposedworkhashighpotentialtocontributetothegrowthofFTAthrough developing and strengthening partnerships, generating additional developmentopportunitiesandattractingandleveragingnewresources.

8. Vertical, horizontal and/or temporal Integration. The proposed work (i) feeds or haspotential to feed into other flagships and research areas and for bringing coherence inmethodologicalapproaches,suchasenablingthecreationofextrapolationdomains;and/or(ii)promotes continuity of action along the research to development continuum in FTA’simpactpathways;and/or(iii)containsprogrammaticlearning,extendsprojects’scientificanddevelopmentrelevancebeyondtheircompletion.


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ListofAnnexesAnnexAAforward-lookingreviewofthemaintrends,challengesandopportunitiesthatbearonforests,treesandagroforestry,theirroleandpotentialtowardsensuringfoodsecurityandnutrition,addressingclimatechangeandfosteringsustainabledevelopmentPage7

AnnexBAreviewoftheassociatedknowledgeandresearchgapsasidentifiedinrelevantmajorinternationalscientificassessmentsandforesightstudies,includingthoseidentifiedintheFTAproposalPage11AnnexCAreviewofthedemandsandprioritiesofcountriesandstakeholders,asexpressedinkeyagreementsatinternationallevel,includingdevelopmentgapsPage23AnnexDKeymessagesoftheFTA-IUFROsub-plenaryeventatIUFRO2017Congresson“researchforsustainabledevelopment:forests,treesandagroforestry”.Page43AnnexEKeymessagesoftheFTA-FAO-NL-SIANIsideeventatCFS44on“Forests,treesandagroforestryforfoodsecurity,nutritionandtheSDGs:Researchandpartners,towardajointactionagenda”Page45ReferencesPage46


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AnnexA

Aforward-lookingreviewofthemaintrends,challengesandopportunitiesthatbearonforests,treesandagroforestry,theirroleandpotentialtowardsensuringfoodsecurityand

nutrition,addressingclimatechangeandfosteringsustainabledevelopmentThe following documentswere used for the identification of themain trends challenges andopportunities that bear on forests, trees and agroforestry, their role and potential towardsensuring food security and nutrition, addressing climate change and fostering sustainabledevelopment:

- thelatestFAO(2017)documentontrendsandchallengesforthefutureoffoodandagriculturedocument1

- thelatestGlobalForestResourcesAssessment(FAO,2015)- theMillenniumEcosystemassessment(MEA,2005)2- theforesightexercisesfromtheCGIAR,ledbyIFPRI(2017)3- theHigh-LevelPanelofExpertsonFoodSecurityandNutrition(HLPE,2017)reportto

theUNCommitteeonWorldFoodSecurity,onSustainableforestryforFoodSecurityandNutrition(2017)4

- the two notes (2014, 2017)5 on critical and emerging issue for food security andnutritionoftheHLPE.

- thelatestreportsfromtheHigh-levelPoliticalForumonSustainableDevelopment6- thelatestoutcomesoftheUNFCCC(ParisAgreement,2015)7andnon-paperon

discussiononagriculture(2016)8andthediscussionsonland-use,land-usechangeandforestryrelatedmechanisms9

- thelatestoutcomesoftheIPBES(especiallyonpollinators,201710)andoftheCBD.- TheUNstrategicplanonForests2017-203011.

1 http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6583e.pdf 2 http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/index.html 3 http://www.ifpri.org/publication/foresight-modeling-agricultural-research 4 http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/news-archive/detail/en/c/897368/ 5 http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/critical-and-emerging-issues/en/ 6 https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/hlpf 7 http://unfccc.int/meetings/paris_nov_2015/items/9445.php 8 http://unfccc.int/land_use_and_climate_change/agriculture/items/8793.php 9 http://unfccc.int/land_use_and_climate_change/lulucf/items/1084.php 10 http://www.ipbes.net/sites/default/files/downloads/pdf/pollination_chapters_final.pdf 11 http://www.un.org/esa/forests/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/UNSPF_AdvUnedited.pdf


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1)Deforestationandchangesinforestcover,inforestdistribution,compositionandmanagement

Manydriversofdeforestationlieoutsidetheforestsectorandarerootedinwidersocialandeconomicissues,includingchallengesrelatedtoreducingpoverty,urbandevelopmentandpoliciesthatfavorlanduseswhichproducehigherandmorerapidfinancialreturns,suchasagriculture,energy,miningandtransportation.

In2015,almost4billionhaworldwide(30.6percentoftheworld’slandarea)werecoveredbyforests.Despiterelativelyhighratesofongoingdeforestation,particularlyinthetropics,theglobalnetforestlosshasslowedoverthepasttwodecades.TheFRA2015(FAO,2015)hasalsoprovidedforthefirsttimeglobalfiguresonforestdegradationbasedonpartialcanopycoverloss(PCCL)12andestimatedthat,inthetropics,theareasubjecttoPCCLis6.5timestheareadeforestedsince1990.

Changesinforestandtreecoverhasconsiderableimpactsonforests’roleandpotentialtowardsensuringfoodsecurityandnutrition,addressingclimatechangeandfosteringsustainabledevelopmentatdifferentspatialandtemporalscales.

Deforestationandforestdegradationthreatenincome,livelihoodsandwaysoflifeofforest-dependentpopulations,andcompromisetheprovisionofecosystemservicesthatareessentialtoFSNandsustainabledevelopmentinthelongterm.Deforestationforagriculturalexpansionissometimesconsideredtooffergreateropportunitiesforwelfareimprovement.However,thoseimmediatebenefitscanresultindepletionofnaturalresources,simplifieddietsandcompromisedlivelihoodsandwaysoflifeinthelongterm.Finally,deforestationandforestdegradation,leadingtohabitatfragmentation,canalsoimpacthumanhealthbyincreasingtheriskoftransmissionofpestsanddiseases.

DeforestationandforestdegradationcanthreatensomeofthecontributionsofforeststoFSN,particularlywhensuchcontributionsarelessvisibleorconcernmarginalizedandmostvulnerablegroups.

Inthehighly-globalizedworldthatforestedlandscapesareapartof,womenareincreasinglymigrants,leftbehind,and/orboth.Thesearelikelytohavedifferentandcontrastingconsequencesforwomen’sempowerment,workburdenandsocialcapital.(FTAproposal,p23)

Thetrendsandchallengescallforabetterunderstandingofthedriversofchange,andofthedynamicsatplayinevolvinglandscapessuchassecondaryforests,landscapemosaics,agroforestrysystemsandtheirimpactforFSNandsustainabledevelopment,andforabettersupportfortheforestrestorationofareasthatqualifyasotherwoodedland.

2)Increaseofplantations

Theoveralldecreaseintotalforestareaistheresultofcontrastedtrendsacrossforesttypesandacrossregions.Between1990and2015,mostregionsshowedasteadydecreaseinnaturalforestarea,includingprimaryandsecondaryforests,andasharpincreaseinplantedforests.Thelossofprimaryforestsisofparticularconcernastheyareirreplaceablereservesof

12 Defined as the loss of more than 20 percent of tree cover between 2000 and 2012.


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biodiversity(Gibsonetal.,2011).Plantedforestsareincreasinglyimportant,notonlyintermsofarea,increasingfrom4to7percentbetween1990and2015,butalsointermsofproduction,with46.3percentofindustrialroundwoodcomingfromplantedforestsin2012(Paynetal.,2015).Plantedforestsarealsoawaytorestoredegradedlandandtoprovideecosystemservicessuchasreducederosionandprotectionfromfloods.Consideringtheincreasingdemandforwood,plantedforestscouldhelptoreducethepressureonnaturalforests(SloanandSayer,2015).

Changesinforestcover,foresttypesandusesaredrivenbytheinteractionofnumerousfactors,atlocalandgloballevels:growingdemandforfood,feed,woodandenergy,drivenbypopulationandincomegrowth;andincreasedimportancegiventotheprotectionofbiodiversity,tocarbonstocks,waterandsoilprotection.Theyalsodependonthegovernancesystemsthataddressandmanagethesedemands.

3)Agrobiodiversityerosion

Intensificationofagricultureisassociatedwithconsiderablelossesofagrobiodiversity,atvariety,speciesandlandscapelevels.Thislastonedrivesthelossofwildagrobiodiversitythatplaysaconsiderablerole,evenifnottotallyunderstood,inagriculturalproduction.Thebeststudiedexampleispollinators.Theirabundance,diversityandhealthaswellastheprovisionofpollinationarethreatened.Reversingthesimplificationofagriculturallandscapesofferskeystrategicresponsestorisksassociatedwithpollinatordecline(IPBES,2016).

Moregenerallythereisincreasingawarenessthatagroecosystemsandothernaturalecosystemsshouldnotbeconsideredas“separated”(Poppyetal.,2014),rather,inplanningagroecosystems,landmanagersshouldconsiderthewayinwhichservicescanflowbetweentheagroecosystemandsurroundingecosystems.

Conversionofnaturalhabitats,suchasforestsandwetlands,intofarmlandhasbeenaleadingcauseoflossofglobalbiodiversity(Greenetal.,2005).Furthermore,mono-croppingagricultureandincreasedlandscapehomogeneityduetoregionalandfarm-levelspecialization,lossofmarginalanduncroppedhabitatpatches,haveresultedindramaticdeclinesofmanyspeciesusingfarmlandhabitat.(RobinsonandSutherland,2002;Bentonetal.,2003;Wilsonetal.,2009).(#7)

Thereisincreasingrecognitionofthepotentialoffarmingsystemsthatbetteruseecosystemfunctionstosustainablyincreaseproduction(sustainableintensification,agroecology,…)andofthekeyrolethattreesplayatlandscapeandfieldlevelsinthatrespect(IAASTD,2009;FAO,2011).

4)Increaseindemandforfood,feed,woodandbioenergy

Giventheglobalpopulationandeconomicgrowth,theincreaseindemandforfood,feed,woodandbioenergyisexpectedtocontinueinthefuture.AccordingtoFAO,globalfooddemandwillincreaseby50%between2007and2050,withassociatedpressuresonlandresources.Wooddemandisexpectedtodoubleby2030indevelopingcountries(WWF/IIASA,2012).Between2013and2020,demandofbioenergyforelectricityisexpectedtoincreaseby50%andforheatingby25%(IEA,2016).


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Growinginfluenceofsomeconsumptiontrendsinfavorofmore“natural”,sustainableproductscancreatenewmarketsbothforwoodproducts(building,furniture…)andforNWFPs,particularlyforfoodsthatcanalsoqualifyassocalled“superfoods”,richinmicronutrients.

5)Sustainablevaluechainsandresponsibleinvestments

Thereisanincreasinginterestofvariouscategoriesofstakeholderstowardssustainablevaluechains,atdifferentscales.Enhancingthesustainabilityandinclusivenessofglobaltimber,tree-cropandagriculturevaluechainsincreasinglyrequiresmorecomplexgovernancearrangementsinvolvinggovernments,civilsocietyandtheprivatesectoracrossbothconsumerandproducercountries(FTAProposal,p107).Thereisincreasinginterestinmarket-basedinstrumentstorecognizeandvalorizethedifferentcontributionsofforests,especiallyrelatedtoenvironmentalissues.Examplesincludecarboncreditsandotherpaymentsforenvironmentalservices,certificationandgreenprocurement.Forestcertificationplaysanimportantroleinassessingandmonitoringthesustainablemanagementofforestsinanindependentway.

6)Climatechangeimpactsonforestsandonlivelihoodsandagricultureatlarge

Negativeimpactsofclimatechangeonforestsandtreesarealreadyapparentinmanyplaces,evenifitisoftendifficulttoseparateclimatechangefromotherstresses(FAO,2016),withincreasingtreemortalityduetoheatstress,droughtstressandpestoutbreaks(Allenetal.,2010).Changesinfireregime,insectoutbreaksandpathogenattacksarebecomingincreasinglyapparent(Setteleetal.,2014).

Atthesametimeforestsandtreesareplayinganincreasingroletoensuretheresilienceandfoodsecurityofvulnerablepopulations,especiallyintimesofcrisis,whetherduetothelossofaharvestortoconflicts.

Forestsandtreesneednowtoadapttoclimatechangeaswellastocontributetotheadaptationoffarmingsystems,communitiesandlandscapes,includingcoastalareasandurbanlandscapes.

7)LandDegradation

Landdegradationfuelsadditionaldemandforlandforagriculture,creatingadditionalpressureonforests,butalsoopportunitiesforreforestationandafforestation.Thereisatthesametimeincreasedawarenessoftheroleofforeststoprotectsoil,waterandbiodiversityandtocontributetoclimatechangemitigation.

8)Increasedcompetitionforland

Thesetrendsintensifythecompetitionforland.Theyalsointensifythecompetitionbetweenforestuses,forenvironmentalpreservation,fortimberandwoodproduction,andforfoodandotherNWFPs,eachofwhichimpactsFSN.

Addressingtheissueofcompetitionforlandwhiletakingintoaccountagriculturalandforestsdemandsontheonehand,environmentalandclimateconcernsontheotherhand,callsfortacklingconsistentlythetrade-offsatandbetweendifferentscales,fromlocaltoglobal.


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ANNEXB

Areviewoftheassociatedknowledgeandresearchgapsasidentifiedinrelevantmajorinternationalscientificassessmentsandforesightstudies,includingthoseidentifiedintheFTA

proposal

Severalscientificassessmentshaveexplicitlyidentifiedresearchgapsand/orresearchneeds.Havebeenusedhere:

- thelatestGlobalForestResourcesAssessment(FAO,2015)- theHigh-LevelPanelofExpertsonFoodSecurityandNutrition(HLPE,2017)reportto

theUNCommitteeonWorldFoodSecurity,onSustainableforestryforFoodSecurityandNutrition(2017)

- TheIUFROreportonForests,treesandlandscapesforfoodsecurityandnutrition.IUFROWorldSeries,33.

- The Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(2014), inparticularchapters3,4,5,7,9,10ofworkinggroup IIandchapter3ofworkinggroupIII.

- TheStateoftheWorld’sForestGeneticResources(FAO,2014)

However,theyaregenerallynotexhaustive,withoftenafocusondataandquantitativeanalysisgaps.TheFTAproposalalsohasidentifiedarangeofknowledgegaps,eithergapsinfundamentalknowledgeorgapsinknowledgeforimplementationandup-scaling(know-how/do-how?),bothtypeofknowledgeneedingtobepairedinaprogramlikeFTA.FromareviewofthesectionsexplicitlydedicatedtoresearchgapsandneedsinrecentassessmentsofrelevanceforFTA,thefollowingareascanbeidentified.Forsimplification,thereferencesofeachofthegapsareprovidedintheexcelfile.Intentionally,thesearereproducedverbatimfromthesource.

1) ContributionsofFTAsystemstoFoodSecurityandNutrition1. AssessmentofFTAcontributionstoFSN,bygender,especiallyforestdependentpeople.

2. Extentofthevariousforestandtree-basedsystems,numberofpeopledependingonthem

andimpactsontheirdiets.3. Foodvaluesofforestmosaicsfromshiftingcultivationsystems

4. Betterquantificationofbenefitsofcommunitiesfromdifferenttreeproductions

5. Howdoeslandscapediversitycontributetohumanwell-beingandhealthydiets?


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6. Useofwildfoodsandimpactsoftheirharvestonlongtermavailability.

7. Nutrientcompositionofwildfoods

8. Understandeffectsofcommercializationand/orplantationofNTFPs

9. Relationshipsbetweenlandtenure,accessandFSN,inforestsandtreebasedsystems.

10. Howcanlandscape-levelinterventionshelppestmanagementandwhichapproachesare

themosteconomicallyandsociallysustainable?

11. Innovationstoreducehealthrisksinwoodfueluse.

12. Howdoeslandscapemulti-functionalitycontributetohumanwell-beingandhealthyand

diversedietsthroughthe(local)availabilityofandaccesstoimprovedtreefoodsourcesaswellaswildfoods(i.e.provisioningservicespartofthewiderecosystemservicesconcept)?

2) Landuseandlandusechanges,andtheirconsequencesonFSNandonCC

13. Whatlandusesystemsarepresentwhereinthelandscapeandwhatarecurrentpatterns

andintensitiesofchange(treecover,objectivelyobservableaspectsofforests,farms,otherlanduses)inspaceandtime.

14. Whatarethecurrentpatternsandintensitiesofchangeintreecover?

15. Canobservedlandusechangesbeunderstood(‘why?’)onthebasisofdriversthatoperate

atlargerscales,demographyandeconomicpolicies?

16. Dynamicsanddriversofchangeoflandscapeswithtrees,andimpactsonFSNandSDGs.

17. ImpactsofdeforestationandforestdegradationofFSNandnutritionalstatus

18. Integratedresearchisneededonchangesinlanduseandtrade-offsbetweenlanduses

underclimatechange,includingnon-agriculturallandusessuchasconservationandtourism.


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19. Improvedunderstandingofthemitigationpotential,interplay,andcostsaswellas

environmentalandsocio-economicconsequencesoflanduse-basedmitigationoptionssuchasimprovedagriculturalmanagement,forestconservation,bioenergyproduction,andafforestationonthenational,regional,andglobalscale.

20. TheIPCCdecidedtoprepareaspecialreportonclimatechange,desertification,land

degradation,sustainablelandmanagement,foodsecurity,andgreenhousegasfluxesinterrestrialecosystems.ThereportwillbefinalizedinSeptember2019.

3) Roleofforestsandtreesinwatercirculation

21. Theroleofforestsandtreesinwatercirculation

22. Impactsofclimatechangeonthepartitioningofprecipitationintoevapotranspirationand

runoff.

23. IUFROwastaskedbytheCollaborativePartnershiponForests(CPF)tocarryoutaglobalscientificassessmentontheinterlinkagesbetweenforestsandwaterintheframeoftheGlobalForestExpertPanelsinitiative(GFEP).

24. Howwillwaterflowsfromforestsbeaffectedinachangingclimate?

4) HowtoimproveFTAsystems

25. foodtreedomestication

26. Developnewtreecommoditiescompatiblewithcrops

27. Geneticselectionforcommoditycropscultivarsthatdowellundershade;includingbyusing

wildrelativesstillfoundinshadedhabitats.

28. Improveestimatesofextentofagroforestry

29. Diversesuitableagroforestrysystems

30. Mixedagroforestrysystemscombiningtreecommoditieswithimportantlocalfoods


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31. Assesscomplementarityandresilienceofcropsinagroforestryundercc

32. Whatisrequiredintermsofanenablingenvironmenttoswitchfromunsustainable

monoculturestomorediverseandresilientproductionpractices?

33. Howcansmallholdertree-cropcommodityproductionsystemsbesustainablymanagedin

thefaceofclimatechange,pricevolatility,decliningyieldandsoilfertilityfollowingforestconversion,coupledwithconstraintsonopeningnewforestareas,andthoseimposedbythedynamicsofmigration?

34. Anemergingdiscoursesuggeststhatwhatisneededisnotasinglepathbutmanypathsof

sustainableintensificationbasedonawidevarietyofsystems(fromfallowrotation,agroforestry,mixedcrop-livestockandcropaquaculturesystemstominimumtillageandprecisionagriculture)thatareappropriatetoalargenumberofspecificagroecologicalandsocioeconomiccontexts.Itwillbeincreasinglyimportanttounderstandhowscience-basedeffortscanrespondtorealchallengesandproduceresultsusefultosustainableintensificationthatfitadiversityofcircumstances.

35. Whataretheoptimumlevelsoftreedensityanddiversityindifferentcontextsrequiredto

increasetotalproductivityofsmallholderlivelihoodsystemswhileconferringresilienceatfarmandlandscapescales?Andhowtopromoteit?

36. Whatcombinationsofforestry,agroforestry,grasscover,water-collectingsystemsandstoragefacilities,drought-resistantcropsandwater-savingtechnologyareneededinaridandsemi-aridareastoincreasefoodproduction,andtowhatextentcantheybecomecost-effective?

37. Howcantreecropshelptobuildcriticallivelihoodassets(e.g.human,social,natural,physicalandfinancialcapital),andhowdoassetendowmentsanddynamicsvaryacrossandwithinhouseholdsaccordingtogenderandage?Howcanaccesstoandcontrolovertheseassetsbywomenandyoungpeoplebeimproved?

38. Whatistherelationshipbetweentreecover(densityanddiversity)andpastureandanimalproductivityandwelfareinsilvo-pastoralsystems?

39. Wherearetheretrade-offsandsynergiesinsilvo-pastoralsystemsbetweenproductiongoalsandtheprovisionofotherecosystemservices?


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40. Howbesttodevelopmulti-stratasilvopastoralsystems,livefences,windbreaksandfodderbanksaskeydevelopmentoptionstosustainsmallholderlivelihoodsbasedonpastureuse?

41. Whatpartcanreclamation,restorationandrehabilitationofdegradedlandplayinincreasingglobalfoodproduction?

42. Whatarethebestintegratedcroppingandmixedsystemoptions(includingfallowrotationsandotherindigenouscroppingsystemsforcereals,tubersandotherstaples,agroforestry,crop-livestockandcrop-aquaculturesystems)fordifferentagroecologicalandsocioeconomicsituations,takingaccountofclimateandmarketrisk,farmhouseholdassetsandfarmers’circumstances?

43. Analysisofdevelopmentpracticerevealsthatcurrentforestandagroforestryoptionsavailableforsmallholders,whilebenefittingsomepeople,are:(i)notcomprehensiveintermsofthecontextstheycover(leavingsomepeoplewithoutappropriateoptionsforimprovement);(ii)areoftenpromotedoutsidetheirappropriatecontexts(revealinggapsinourunderstandingaboutmatchingoptionstocontext);and(iii)requireanappropriateenablingenvironment,especiallyformarginalizedpeopletobenefitfromthem(andforperverseoutcomestobeavoided).

44. Howcanwemostefficiently,effectivelyandequitablyco-developdesignprinciplesformatchingoptionsthatimprovetheuseoftreesandforestsbysmallholders(comprisingtechnologies,extensionmethodsandmarketinterventions,andpolicyandinstitutionalinstruments)tothefine-scalevariationinthecontextofsmallholderlivelihoodsystems?Thisrequiresustounderstandhowcontextualvariablesconditionthesuitabilityofoptionsandtoembedparticipatoryactionresearchwithinasystematicframe.

45. Whattypeofextensionarrangementswillimprovetheuptakeandgenderresponsiveness

offorestryandagroforestrytechnologiesandplantingmaterialsandcreateopportunitiesforwomen’sempowerment?

46. Whatareappropriate,cost-effectivedomesticationapproachesforprioritytrees,andhow

canimpactsinprovidingproductsandservicesbeeffectivelyassessedamongpossibledomesticationoptions,tomaximizeefficiencyinbridgingproductiongapsandinenhancingprofitability?

47. Howcandomesticationapproachesbedevelopedandimplementedthatfullyconsiderthe

trade-offsinvolvedacrosstheintensificationgradient(polycultures-monocultures),and


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supporthigherlevelsofspeciesandgeneticvariationinproductionlandscapes,tostrengthentheirresilience?

48. Whatareappropriatemeasurestoputinplace(e.g.theprotectionofintellectualproperty)

tosupportthewiderparticipationofsmallholdersandlocalcommunitiesindevelopingnewandunique‘cultivars’ofawiderangeoftreespecies,thatsupportsimpactbyout-scaling?

49. Howdodifferentapproachestoforestmanagementimpactsmallholderlivelihoodsatthe

forestmargin?

5) ImpactsofCCandadaptationtoit

50. Betterunderstandingoftheeffectofchangesinclimateparameters,risingCO2

concentrationsandNdepositiononproductivityandcarbonstocksofdifferenttypesofecosystems,andtherelatedconsequencesforland-basedclimatechangemitigationpotentials.

51. Globallystandardizedandhomogenizeddataonsoilaswellasforestdegradationandabetterunderstandingoftheeffectsofdegradationoncarbonbalancesandproductivity.

52. Howcanweachieveeffectiveland-basedmitigationofclimatechange?

53. Howcanpeopleandforestseffectivelyadapttoclimatechange,andhowcahforestandtreesbestcontributetoadaptationoflivelihoods?

54. Howcanwesustainablyproducebioenergyindevelopingcountries?

55. Howcanwereliablyassesstheperformanceofpolicyandpracticeaddressingthesegoals?

56. Valuationandcostingofclimatechangeimpacts

57. Moreresearchisneededonvulnerability

58. Researchisneededonpracticaladaptationoptions

59. Whatarethestructuralcausesofgenderdifferentiatedimpactsofclimatechange,andwhatfactorsstrengthenthevoice,influenceandentitlementsofmarginalizedgroupsresultingfromadaptationandmitigationpoliciesandinterventions?


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6) RoleofFTAsystemsforandimpactofLUConecosystemservices

60. Howresilientaretropicalforeststologgingdisturbance?

61. Whatistheconservationvalueofmanagednaturalforests?

62. Whataretheconsequencesoflandusechangesforecosystemfunctionandservices?

63. Whataretheconsequencesofchanges(‘sowhat?’and‘whocares?’)inquality,quantityandspatio-temporalconfigurationofforestandtreecoverinlandscapesforecosystemfunctionsthatunderpintheprovisionofusablegoodsandotherecosystemservices(withspecificattentiontobiodiversityandthefullhydrologicalcyclee.g.effectsonterrestrialrecyclingofrainfall,safedrinkingwater,water-sustainableagriculturalintensification,andregulatedwaterflows)

64. Howareperceptionsandpreferencesofecosystemfunctionsdifferentiatedbygender,ambitionsofyoungpeopleandintergenerationalaspects?

7) Howtoimprovelandscapemanagementandforestandlandrestoration,tomanage

synergiesandtradeoffsforecosystemservices,treegeneticresource,biodiversityandtounderpinproduction

65. Aclearprogrammeofworkonmanaginglandscapesandecosystemsforbiodiversityconservation,agriculture,FSNshouldbecentraltodevelopmentaid.

66. Linksbetweenvalorizationofecosystemservices,theirintegrationinglobalcommoditymarketsandimpactsonlocalpeoplerightsandaccess.

67. Howtotackletrade-offsbetweendifferentstakeholdersatlandscapelevel

68. Howfarcanresearchunderstandrelationshipsbetweenforestsystemsandotherlandusesatlandscapelevel

69. Whatarethetrade-offbetweenbenefitsofforestmanagementandresultingimpactonenvironmentalservices(goods,carbon,biodiversity)?

70. Canpaymentsforecosystemservices(e.g.carbonsequestration,greenwatercredits,biodiversityenrichment)leadtoadoptionofrecommendedland-useandmanagementpracticesbyresource-poorfarmersindevelopingcountries?


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71. Whatistherelationshipbetweentreecover(densityanddiversity)andsoilhealthandwherearetheretrade-offsandsynergiesbetweenproductiongoalsandtheprovisionofotherecosystemservices?

72. Howtolinklocalinnovationstoasupportivepolicyandinstitutionalenvironment

73. Wherewouldnaturalhabitatrestorationprovidethegreatestfoodandenvironmentalbenefitstosociety?

74. Whatarethemostcost-effectiveindicatorsandmethodstodeterminetheextent,trends/threatsandvalue(currentandoption,forproductivityandresilience)ofTGRinnaturalandrestoredforest,farmandothersettings,toidentifythelocationandintensityofthreatstovaluableTGRandsupportthedevelopmentandimplementationofappropriatesafeguardingpartnershipsandactivities?

75. WhataretheminimumrequirementsandoptimalcombinationsofsafeguardingapproachesforTGR,consideringsynergiesandtrade-offsbetweentheminspecificcontexts,includinginparticulargeographicregions,productionsystems,landscapes,andpolicyenvironments,andconsideringdifferentusers’needs,tosupportsustainableresourcemanagement?

76. Howcanstakeholdersbeconvincedandsupported(e.g.throughpaymentsforecosystemservices)todevelop,implementandmonitorcost-effectiveconservationplansandstrategiesforsafeguardingTGRindifferentcontexts(forest,farm,etc.),takingintoconsiderationconservationstatus,trendsandthreatsfortargetspecies,andlocalknowledgeandexperience?

77. Howcanexisting‘greeneconomy’planningtoolsforlanduseformultipleecosystemservicesbeimproved,adaptedandadoptedmorewidely?

8)Buildingsustainable,efficientandinclusivevaluechainsandbusinessmodels78. Directandindirectsocialandenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwithdifferentpolicy

interventionsforenhancingthesustainabilityofcommoditysupply?

79. Criticalquestionsremainunansweredaboutthechallengesandrisksassociatedwithenhancingtheparticipationofresource-poorsmallholdersinvaluechainslinkedtohighpotentialmarkets.Challengesandrisks,benefitsandcostsassociatedwithsmallholders’integrationintovaluechainswithgreateradoptionofsocialandenvironmentalstandards?


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80. Betterknowledgeisneededonhowtobuildbusinessoptionsandfairpartnershipsthat

createopportunitiesfortheselocalactorsincreasinglyinvolvedinglobalvaluechains.

81. Whattypesofstrategies,institutionalarrangements,interventionsandsafeguardsshouldbeusedtoimprovegenderresponsivenessofFTAvaluechainsandbusinessmodels?Howcanpotentialsynergiesbeamplified–andtrade-offsmitigated–betweenthegenderresponsivenessandtheenvironmentalandeconomicsustainabilityofsuchbusinessmodels?

82. Howcanbarriersberemovedtosmallholdersaccessingmarketsfortreeandforestproducts,allowingthemtocapturemoreoftheirvalue,especiallyforpeoplewhoaresociallyoreconomicallymarginalized(includingwomenandyoungpeople)?

83. Howcansmallholdersprofitablyproduceandmarketqualitytimberonasmallscale?

84. Whilegenderrolesandrelationsoftenstructuretheextentandnatureofwomenandmen’sengagementwithFTAvaluechains,systematicsex-disaggregateddataonmaleandfemaleparticipation,activitiesandbenefitsisscarce.Asvariousprivateinitiativesaregainingtraction,discussionsabouttheirpotentialgenderedimpactsislimited.Thereisaneedforfurtherresearchonhowgendernormsandrelationsstructurewomenandmen’sengagementwithFTAvaluechainsinvariouscontexts,aswellasunderstandingwhatkindofinstitutionalarrangementsfostergender-inclusiveparticipation.

85. Evidenceandoptionstoaddressthestructuralandinstitutionalfactorsthatconstrainyouthparticipationintreeandforestproductvaluechainsandnon-farmentrepreneurialactivities?

86. Whatarethemosteffectivewaystocharacterize,evaluateandmonitorultimatesuccessofthecurrenttree-planting-materialdeliverysystemstosmallholdersandothergrowers,includingofthesources,pathways,actors(collectors,producers,traders,otherdistributers,NGOs,governmentagencies,etc.)andpoliciesinvolved,inordertoprovideabaselinefromwhichtomakeimprovements?

87. Whatarethemostcost-effectiveandequitabletree-planting-materialmultiplicationanddeliverysystemsforsmallholdersandothergrowers,tosupplyhigh-quality,site-appropriatematerial,takingintoaccount:therequiredscaleandreach;theappropriatedivisionofcostsandbenefitsamongstakeholders;theneedtoprovidecomplementaryoptionstobufferproductionrisks;andtheexistingpolicyenvironment?


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88. Whatdecision-supporttools,policymeasuresandregulatoryframeworksarerequiredtoallowgrowerstomatchandanticipateproductionrequirementsandrestorationobjectiveswithsuitable,availabletree-plantingmaterial,takingintoconsiderationchangesinclimate,markets,socialdiversity,qualityofnaturalregenerationandotherimportanttrends?

89. Whatpolitical,institutionalandsocialfactorscontributetoshapetheadoptionandimplementationofpublicpoliciesandprivatesustainabilitystandardsandcommitments?

90. Howdoprivatestandardsandcommitments,intheirinteractionwithpublicpolicyatdifferentscales,influencetheeffectivenessandadoptionratesofsustainablepracticesinvaluechains?

91. Whatarethepublic,privateorhybridarrangementsthathavethemostpotentialforenhancingtheadoptionofsustainabilitypracticesandsocialinclusivityinthevaluechain?

92. Whatproductionandmanagementpracticesareneededtosimultaneouslyincreasesustainablesupplyandsocialinclusionandequity(gender,intergenerational)?

9)Responsibleinvestmentsforsustainableproductionandconsumption93. Betterunderstandingisneededonhowtopromoteinvestmentsthatsafeguardtherightsof

marginalizedgroupssuchaswomenandindigenouspeople?

94. BetterunderstandingisrequiredonthepotentialoffinancialinstitutionsandinnovativefinancingmechanismstosupporttheadoptionofsustainabilitypracticeswhileaddressingtheneedsofinvestorsandsmallholdersandSMEs.

95. ThereisalackofknowledgeonhowbestESGintegrationinfinancingdecisionscantranslateintotheadoptionofsustainabilitypractices.ImportantquestionsremainabouthowtoscaleFSPadherencetoESGprinciplesandhowtoenableFSPstomoreeffectivelyleveragetheircapacitytoinfluencecorporatepolicyandpractice.Effectivenessoffinancialservicesproviders(FSPs)toinfluencecorporatepolicyandpracticewithpositiveimpactsforsmallholdersandthenaturalresourcesbase?ESGintegrationimplicationsforsmallholdersandSMEsandtheimpactsfromemerginginnovativefinancingmechanismsneedtobeexplored.


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10)Governancearrangementsinvaluechains,inlandscapes,andacrosssectors(includinggender)96. Whoaretheactorsandstakeholdersofthelandscape,inahistorical-politicalperspective

on(claimed)rights,aneconomicperspectiveonlivelihoodsandvaluechainsandacultural-socialperspectiveonidentityandaspirations?

97. Enhancingthesustainabilityandinclusivenessofglobaltimber,tree-cropandagriculturevaluechainsincreasinglyrequiresmorecomplexgovernancearrangementsinvolvinggovernments,civilsocietyandtheprivatesectoracrossbothconsumerandproducercountries.

98. Animprovedevidencebaseisneededonthecomplementaritiesbetweenregulatoryframeworks,systemstandardsandcorporatesectorself-regulatorycommitmentsthatcanreversetheconditionsshapinginefficient,unsustainableandinequitablelanduse.

99. MajorknowledgegapsstillexistonthedirectandindirectsocialandenvironmentalimpactsofdifferenttypesofgovernancearrangementsandthepotentialsynergieswithinandbetweendifferenttypesofVSSandpublicregulationsatvariousscales.Theseimpactsaregreaterintheforestandmosaiclandscapes.Complementaritiesandconflictswithinandbetweendifferenttypesofvoluntarystandardsystems(VSS)andpublicregulationsacrossscales?

100. Whataretheeffectsofdifferentsectorpoliciesincreatingconstrainingorenablingenvironmentsforwomen’saccesstoandcontroloverforests,treesandotherproductiveresources?101. Whattypesofinstitutionalarrangementspromotemeaningfulparticipationofmenandwomenindecisionsrelatedtoforestrestorationandmanagement?Underwhatconditionsdoessuchparticipationtranslateintomoreequitablebenefit-sharingandsustainableNRM?102. Howcanstakeholdersofthe(unintended)consequencesoflandscapechangeachieveleverageonthedriversofchange,throughacombinationofrights-basedapproaches(incl.landuseplanning,tenurialreform),economicinstruments(generictax/subsidy,specificperformance-basedcontracts)andmotivationalfactors(addressingperceived‘fairness’,‘environmentaljustice’)?


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11)Cross-cuttingresearchgaps103. Researchisneededonthescalabilityoptionsofdifferenttypesofinclusivedevelopmentinterventions.104. Contemporarysocialandenvironmentalproblemsarecomplexandmulti-dimensional,oftencrossscales,andusuallyinvolvemanydifferentstakeholderswithdifferingandoftenconflictinginterestsandperspectives.Solvingtheseproblemswillrequirecombinationsofnewknowledgeandinnovation,actionandengagement.


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ANNEXC

Areviewofthedemandsandprioritiesofcountriesandstakeholders,asexpressedinkeyagreementsatinternationallevel,includingdevelopmentgaps

GiventheoverarchingdevelopmentobjectivesoftheCGIARwereviewherethemaintextsinternationallyagreed,aswellasthemainneedsidentifiedfromtheNationallydeterminedcontributions(forclimatechangeaction).Keylatestinternational-levelconsensusagreementinclude:(i)theSDGs,(ii)theParisAgreementonclimatechange,(iii)therecommendationsfromtheUNCommitteeonWorldFoodSecurity(CFS),especiallyonsustainableforestryforfoodsecurityandnutrition,oninvestinginsmallholderagricultureforfoodsecurityandnutrition,andinclimatechangeandfoodsecurity,(iv)theUnitedNationsstrategicplanforforests2017-2030and(v)theConventiononBiologicalDiversity(Aichitargets).TheCFSrecommendationsadoptedon13October2017arethemostrecentandmostcomprehensiveexpressionofdemand.Infact,sinceforinstanceensuringfoodsecurityandnutritionrequiresaddressingothergoals(includingprovidingresilienceinthefaceofclimatechange,ensuringecosystemservicesandbiodiversityarepreservedandtheregulationofglobalbiogeochemicalcycles,water,carbonetc.),itencompassesfundamentallytheotherdemands,andcanprovideanidealframetosortoutpriorityrequestsfromademandside,tothefirstorder.ThesecanbesecondedbyanothersetofCFSrecommendations,whichareverymuchlinkedtothedevelopmentagenda,oninvestinginsmallholderagricultureforfoodsecurityandnutrition(2013).TheseCFSrecommendationsareallevidence-based:theyderivefromaninclusiveprocesswhichisaprioritizationprocessinitself,basedontherecommendationsofanunderlyingHLPEreport,towhichFTAand/ortheCGIARheavilycontributed.The2017recommendationsonsustainableforestryareofparticularinterestandactuality,asseveralstakeholders,includingdonorsandagenciesinFAO,willinscribetheirfuturePOWBinalignmentwiththeCFSrecommendations.Theagendaof2018RegionalForestrycommitteesofFAOwilltackletheissueoftheimplementationoftherecommendations.AlsotheCFSmembershaverequestedtherecommendationsofCFStobesharedwithrelevantpolicyprocesses,suchastheCommitteeonAgriculture(COAG)andtheCommitteeonForestry(COFO)ofFAO,theUNHigh-LevelPoliticalForum(HLPF),theUNForumonForests(UNFF)andtheConventiononBiologicalDiversity(CBD).Forthesereasons,itisproposed:(i)toinscribethe2018prioritizationexerciseintheperspectiveoftheCFSrecommendationsonsustainableforestryforFoodsecurityandnutrition(2017),aswellasintothoseininvestinginsmallholderagricultureforfoodsecurityandnutrition(2013).

24 FTA Prioritization Framework and Guidelines


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(ii)toaddspecificallyclimatechangeadaptationandmitigationasakeyareaofdemand,followingtheParisagreementandtheNDCs,(iii)toconsidertherelevancetotheSDGs(andtheCGIARSRF)asamust.However,theSDGdonotprovidearealprioritizationbetweengoals.ButtheyarequitecomprehensiveandactivitiesthatarenotrelevanttotheSDGswillbediscarded.Infutureyears,otherorientationscouldbepursuedpendingtheevolutionoftheinternationalagenda.

1)CFSrecommendations

RECOMMENDATIONS

Therecommendationsareprimarilyaddressedtogovernmentsforpublicpolicies,butarealsoaddressedtoallstakeholderswitharoleinachievingfoodsecurityandnutrition.Therecommendationsarevoluntaryandnon-bindingandaimtocomplementandnotrestaterelatedguidancepreviously

Summary:Areviewofthefollowingtexts

- CFSrecommendationsonForestry- CFSrecommendationsonSmallholderinvestments- CFSrecommendationsonClimatechange- ParisAgreementanditsimplementation- UNstrategicplanforforests’Goals1to6- Conventiononbiologicaldiversity,andespeciallytheAichitargets- TheSDGs(asanoverallframe)

Ledtotheidentificationofthefollowingpriorityareas

a. Improvefoodsecurity,nutritionandhealth(SDGs2,3,CFS-Forestry,UNSPF-2)b. Increase,diversifyandstabilizeruralhouseholdincomesandeconomies:SDGs,CFS-SH,

UNSPF-2c. Contributetoproductiveandresilientagriculturallandscapes:SDGs15,6,4,CFS-SH,CFS-

Forestryd. Preserveandsustainablymanagebiodiversity,ecosystems,environment:CBD,UNSPF-1,

UNSPF-3,CFS-Forestrye. Contributetoclimatechangemitigationandadaptation:ParisAgreement,SDG13,CFS-CC,

UNSPF-1f. Contributetosustainablevaluechainsandsustainableproductionandconsumption,

includingrenewableenergyandmaterials:SDGs7,12,13g. Improvegenderequalityandsocialinclusion:SDG5,CFS-Forestry,CFS-SH


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providedinotherCFSpolicyproductsandrecommendations.

I.ACKNOWLEDGETHEIMPORTANCEOF,RAISEAWARENESSON,ANDENCOURAGESTRENGTHENINGOFTHEROLEOFFORESTSANDTREESTOTHEFOURDIMENSIONSOFFSN

a)Recognizetheneedtostrengthenthecontributionofforestsandtrees,withinlandscapemosaics,intheprovisionoffundamentalecosystemservicestosupportagriculturalproductionandrestorelandproductivity;

b)Recognizeandrespectappropriatetraditionalpracticesandthekeycontributionofindigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunitiesandsmallholderswhenmanagingsustainablyandinanintegratedmannerland,forestsandtreeswhileachievingFSN;c)Recognizethevitalroleofforestryforlivelihoodsandsustainabledevelopmentaroundtheworld.

II.DIRECTANDINDIRECTCONTRIBUTIONSOFFORESTSANDTREESTOFSN

DEVELOPANDUSEPOLICY-RELEVANTKNOWLEDGEANDDATAONTHE

a)TakemeasurestoinformandtrainFSNpolicymakersandpractitionersabouttheimportanceofsustainableforestandtreesmanagementforFSNusingparticipatorymethodologiestogenerateknowledgeaboutthecontributionsofforestsandtreestoFSN,atdifferentspatialandtemporalscalesrecognizingindigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunitiesandsmallholdersasholdersoftraditionalknowledge;

b)Buildthenecessarycapacities,andprovideprofessionaltrainingandorganizationalchangesneededforparticipatoryresearch,betterdatacollectionandextensionservices;c)Designmetricsandcollectdatathataredisaggregatedbygender,age,andothersocialparameters;d)Improvetrans-sectorial,systemicdatacollectioninFSNandforestrymonitoringsystems,ontheuseofwildfoods(animals,plants,mushrooms)andforestproducts,includingfornutritionalcontent,dietaryqualityanddiversity,povertyalleviation,healthandmedicinalpurposes,aswellasharvestimpacts;e)PerformmoreresearchonthecontributionofNeglectedandUnderutilizedSpecies(NUS)toFSNandonrelationsbetweentreesandagriculturalproductionsinagroforestrysystems,aswellasknowledgeoninsufficientlyexploreddiversityofforestgeneticresourceslikelytomeethumanFSNneeds.

III.DEVELOP,IMPLEMENTANDMONITORPOLICIESFORINTEGRATEDAGRICULTUREANDFORESTMANAGEMENTFORIMPROVEDANDSUSTAINABLEFSN

Statesto:

a)Promoteanintegratedapproachincludingthenexusamongforestry,agriculture,waterandFSNtostrengthenpolicycoherenceacrosssectorsandatdifferentscales,byreinforcingcross-sectoralcoordinationthroughaparticipatoryandinclusiveprocess;b)Providetheinstitutionalandfinancialrequirementsandpolicysupporttointegrateresilience-enhancingdimensionsofforestsandtreesintoagriculturalandfoodsecurityandnutritionpoliciesandprograms;

c)Respect,protectandfulfilltherightsofwomenintheforestryandagriculturalsectorsandtacklegenderdisparitieswhichnegativelyimpactFSN;d)Developandpromoteparticipatoryforestandtreespoliciesandmanagementplanningandmeasuresthatenhanceaccesstonutritionallyimportantforestfoodproductsforindigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunitiesandsmallholders;

e)Promoteforestconservation,regenerationofnativeforestsandrestorationofdegradedforests,whereappropriate,aswellasthedevelopmentofagroforestrysystems;f)Provideincentivesfortheprovisionofforest-basedecosystemservicesthatbenefitsustainableagricultureandFSN.


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Allstakeholdersto:

g)Increaseinvestmentinresearchtoestablish,promoteandupscalegoodpracticesinagriculture,forestryandagroforestrysystemswithinintegratedlandscapemosaics;h)Promoteintegratedplanningandlocaladaptivemanagementoflandscapes,includingcommunitysystems,acknowledgingthemultiplefunctionsandusesofforestsandtreesthatcontributetoenhanceresilienceoflandscapes,communitiesandlivelihoods;

i)Promoteanutrition-sensitiveapproachtointegratethemultiplegoalsofFSN,sustainableforestmanagement,landuse,andbiodiversityconservation;j)Encourageappropriatetechnicalsupport,extensionservicesandtrainingtostakeholders,particularlyvulnerablegroups;

k)Increasethecoherencebetweenagriculturalproductivityandforestconservationtolessenthepressureputonforests;l)Mainstreamgenderequalityandwomen’sempowermentthroughoutforestryinstitutions,policyandprogrammestopromotewomen’sleadershipandaccesstoandcontroloverforestresourcesandincomeopportunitiesforachievingFSN;

m)Promoteandintegratelow-carbon,renewableenergyschemesforFSNinsustainableforestmanagementplansincludingonasmallscalesupportedbytheindigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunitiesandsmallholderstoachievemultiplebenefitssuchasadequateaccesstofuelforfoodpreparation;andinvestinsocialandtechnicalinnovationsinparticulartominimizehealthrisksassociatedwiththeuseofwoodfuel;

n)Increaseresponsiblepublicandprivateinvestmentstosupportcommunity-driven,forest-basedenterprisesforsustainablelivelihoods.

IV.PROMOTETHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEVOLUNTARYGUIDELINESONTHEPROGRESSIVEREALIZATIONOFTHERIGHTTOADEQUATEFOODINTHECONTEXTOFNATIONALFOODSECURITYANDTHEVOLUNTARYGUIDELINESONTHERESPONSIBLEGOVERNANCEOFTENUREOFLAND,FISHERIES,ANDFORESTSINTHECONTEXTOFNATIONALFOODSECURITY(VGGT)

a)Promoteforests,treesandfarmlands-relatedpolicies,legislationandprogrammesbasedontheVGGT,thatrespectandsecurethelegitimatetenurerightsofindigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunitiesandsmallholdersandtheFree,PriorandInformedConsentofindigenouspeoples;b)CollaborativelydevelopVGGT-basedinitiativeswithindigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunitiesandsmallholderstoenhancetheproductivityandresilienceofforestsandtree-basedsystems,andincorporatetheseinitiativesintopolicies,programmesandpractices;c)Facilitateaccessandsustainableuseofforestand

treesresourcesaswellasaccesstomarkets6forindigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunitiesandsmallholdersfortheprogressiverealizationoftheirrighttoadequatefoodinthecontextofnationalfoodsecurity,nationallawsandlegitimatetenureandresourceuserights;d)ApplythePrinciplesforResponsibleInvestmentinAgricultureandFoodSystems(RAI)toalltypesandsizesofagriculturalinvestmentsincludingfisheries,forestsandlivestockforenhancingfoodsecurityandnutrition.


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1-b)InvestinginSmallholderAgricultureforFoodsecurityandnutrition1.Enablenationalpolicies,governanceandtheirevidencebase

a. Buildorfurtherdevelopacountry-ownedvisionforsmallholderagriculture,inthecontextofbroad-basednational,andagriculturaldevelopment,thatpositionssmallholderagriculturefirmlywithinintegratedpoliciesandstrategies,thatincludesconnectingsmallholderstomarkets,thatisarticulatedtogetherwithallnationalstakeholders,especiallysmallholderfarmers,ofwhomwomenrepresentamajorityinmanycountries,theirorganizationsandtheirrepresentatives,inthecontextofsustainabledevelopmentandtransparentrights-basedprocessesandguidelines.

b. GuidedbythisvisionandtheVoluntaryGuidelinesontheProgressiveRealizationoftheRighttoAdequateFoodintheContextofNationalFoodSecurity,considerrevisitingagricultural,urbanandruralsectorpolicies,strategiesandbudgets,withparticularattentiontoenablingsmallholderaccess-especiallyforwomen-toproductiveassets,local,nationalandregionalmarkets,appropriatetraining,research,technologyandfarmsupportservices.

c. Supportthereview,financingandimplementationofsmallholderinclusive,gender-sensitive,multi-sectoral,policiesandstrategieslinkedtosustainableagriculturaldevelopment,withaparticularsupportingrolebyinternationaldevelopmentpartnersandespeciallyIFAD,FAOandWFP,theWorldBank,bilateralfundingagenciesandregionaldevelopmentbanks.

d. Mainstreamgenderequalityandwomen’sempowermentwithinthecountry-ledvisionandstrategyforagriculturaldevelopment.Inaddition,encouragegenderspecificsupportservicesinview6CFS2013/40REPORTofthecriticalroleofwomenandtoaddressthespecificneedsandconstraintsfacedbybothwomenandmensmallholderfarmers.

e. Addressconstraintstoengagingyoungwomenandmeninsmallholderagriculture,aswellasinrelatednon-farmruralsectors,throughtargetedpolicyinterventions.Theseincludestrengtheningandensuringequalaccesstoeducationandtrainingsystems.

f. Exploregeographicallyinclusiveterritorialdevelopmentasanapproachtoeffectivelycoordinatecross-sectoralpublicandprivateinvestments,inparticularinsmallholderagricultureaswellasinthenon-farmeconomy.

g. Improvegovernanceforagricultureandruraldevelopmentthroughacoordinatedmultisectoralapproach,withparticularfocusonsmallholderagriculture,ensuringadequateparticipationofallrelevantorganizations,especiallythoserepresentingsmallholderfarmers.Thisinvolvesdevelopingcontext-specificsolutionsforsmallholder-sensitivepublicandprivateinvestments.ConsiderexperiencessuchastheComprehensiveAfricanAgriculturalDevelopmentProgramme(CAADP),theGlobalAgricultureandFoodSecurityProgramme(GAFSP)andothers.


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h. Buildinclusiveparticipatoryprocessesthatengagesmallholders,women,youth,privatesector,andotherrelevantorganizations.Promotelegalrecognitionandrespectoftherightsofsmallholderfarmers-includingtherighttoorganizedemocraticallyandtohavevoiceinpolicydebates,withgender-andage-balancedrepresentation-andtheneedforfarmers’organizationstobestrengthenedtoachievethis.

i. Improveinformationmanagement(thecollection,transparency,communicationandaccesstodata,includingsex-disaggregateddata).Step-upevidence-basedanalysestodocumentthestateofsmallholderagriculture;itsdiversetypologies,itsincentivesandconstraints,itsevolutionanditscontributionstovariousoutcomesinparticulartofoodsecurityandnutrition.Promoteaccesstoassets,publicgoods,socialservices,researchandextensionandtechnologyAccesstoassets

2)Promoteaccesstoassets,publicgoods,socialservices,researchandextensionandtechnology

Accesstoassets

a. Notefarmers'andbreeders'contributiontoconservinganddevelopingplantgeneticresourcesforfoodandagriculture.Promotesmallholders'-particularlywomenfarmers'-abilitytoaccess,breed,produce,conserve,purchase,exchange,sellandusetheseedstheyneed,includinglocal,indigenousandmodernvarieties.Strengtheninformationandknowledgesharingrelatedtopracticalon-farmimplementationandfosterlocalinnovation.Supportinsituandexsituconservationanddevelopmentofagriculturalbiodiversitybysmallholderstogetherwithresearchandextensionsystems,inlinewithsustainableagriculturaldevelopmentandgoodpractices,includingthroughagro-ecologicalapproachesandsustainableintensification.Alltheabove-mentionedmeasuresofthisparagraphhavetobeinaccordancewithapplicablenationalandinternationallaw.

b. Stronglypromoteresponsiblegovernanceoflandandnaturalresourceswithemphasisonsecuringaccessandtenureforsmallholders,particularlywomen,inaccordancewiththeVoluntaryGuidelinesonResponsibleGovernanceofTenureofLand,FisheriesandForestsintheContextofNationalFoodSecurityaswellasothercountry-ledmeasureswithsimilarobjectives.Solutionsneedtobecountryandcontextspecificandconsistentwithexistingobligationsundernationalandinternationallaw.Arelatedneedistostrengthenlocalinstitutionsdealingwithregulationofsuchaccessanduseofnaturalresources,particularlybysmallholdersandwomen.

3)Accesstopublicgoods,socialservices,research,extensionandtechnology

a. Prioritizepublicinvestmentandencourageprivateinvestment,specificallyinsupportofsmallholders’owninvestments,in,amongothers;watermanagement,sustainablemanagementofgeneticresourcesforfoodandagriculture,soilconservation,forests,transportandinfrastructuresuchasfeederroads,energy,post-harvesthandlinginfrastructure,ruralelectrificationandtelecommunicationgrids.


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b. Providegender-sensitivepublicinvestment,andencourageprivateinvestments,inhealth-care,childcare,nutrition,educationandcapacitydevelopment,socialprotection,waterandsanitation,toenhancefoodsecurityandnutrition,andreducesmallholderpoverty.

c. Strengthenparticipatoryresearch,extensionandfarmingservicesystems,particularlythosethatrespondtothespecificneedsofsmallholdersandwomenfarmers,toincreasetheirproductivity,diversifytheirproduction,andenhanceitsnutritionalvalueandbuildtheirresilience,includingwithrespecttoclimatechange,accordingtothetenetsofsustainabledevelopment.Theapproachisideallythatofcombiningfarmers’andindigenouspeople’straditionalknowledgewiththefindingsofscientificresearch,asappropriate.

d. Takeintoconsiderationthespecificconstraintsofsmallholdersinrelationtosanitaryandphyto-sanitaryregulationsandenabletheiraccesstotheprogramsandsuppliesneededforcompliance.

4)Enableinvestment,accesstomarkets,productiveservicesandresources

a. Promoteinvestmentofandforsmallholders.Improvepolicies,marketsandinstitutionstofostereconomicopportunitiesforsmallholders.Mitigateexcessivepricevolatilityandnontransferablesmallholderrisksusingpublicpolicyinstrumentsinaccordancewithinternationalcommitments.Developand/orimprovevaluechainsandenablesmallholderstobefullparticipantsinthevaluechainsoftheirchoice.Ensurelegalandfairbusinesspracticesamongstallpartiesandincreasethenegotiatingcapacityofsmallholders.Thiscallsforcontinueddevelopmentofpolicymeasuresandtechnicalguidelinesandtools,includingforcontractfarmingandpublic–privatepartnerships,inconsultationwithsmallholderorganizations,theexpertiseofrelevantUNorganizationsandothercentresofexpertise.

b. Accesstomarkets.Support,inaccordancewithinternationalcommitments,thedevelopmentof,andaccessto,markets,distributionandmarketingsystemsandmechanismsthatareremunerativeforsmallholdersandruraleconomies.Recognizetheimportanceofnon-monetaryexchangesofproductsandservices,theimportanceoflocalfoodsystemsforsmallholdersincludingtheirpotentialforsupplyingschoolandinstitutionalfeedingprogrammes.Createappropriatelinkagesandengagesmallholderfarmers,menandwomen,alongvalue-chains,especiallyinlocal,nationalandregionalmarkets.Enableandstimulatecooperationbetweensmallholders,forinstance,viacooperativesorotherapproachesformarketorganizationthatbenefitsmallholdersinaccordancewithinternationalcommitments.

c. Financialservices.Improveregulatoryconditionsandfinancialinfrastructuretostrengthensmallholderaccesstoafullrangeoffinancialservicesadaptedtotheirneeds,withattentiontotheparticularchallengesfacedbywomenandyouthinthisregard.Relevantfinancialservicesincludesafedeposits,monetarytransactionsandremittances,mobilefinancialservices,sustainablemicro,shortandlong-termcredit,


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b. Providegender-sensitivepublicinvestment,andencourageprivateinvestments,inhealth-care,childcare,nutrition,educationandcapacitydevelopment,socialprotection,waterandsanitation,toenhancefoodsecurityandnutrition,andreducesmallholderpoverty.

c. Strengthenparticipatoryresearch,extensionandfarmingservicesystems,particularlythosethatrespondtothespecificneedsofsmallholdersandwomenfarmers,toincreasetheirproductivity,diversifytheirproduction,andenhanceitsnutritionalvalueandbuildtheirresilience,includingwithrespecttoclimatechange,accordingtothetenetsofsustainabledevelopment.Theapproachisideallythatofcombiningfarmers’andindigenouspeople’straditionalknowledgewiththefindingsofscientificresearch,asappropriate.

d. Takeintoconsiderationthespecificconstraintsofsmallholdersinrelationtosanitaryandphyto-sanitaryregulationsandenabletheiraccesstotheprogramsandsuppliesneededforcompliance.

4)Enableinvestment,accesstomarkets,productiveservicesandresources

a. Promoteinvestmentofandforsmallholders.Improvepolicies,marketsandinstitutionstofostereconomicopportunitiesforsmallholders.Mitigateexcessivepricevolatilityandnontransferablesmallholderrisksusingpublicpolicyinstrumentsinaccordancewithinternationalcommitments.Developand/orimprovevaluechainsandenablesmallholderstobefullparticipantsinthevaluechainsoftheirchoice.Ensurelegalandfairbusinesspracticesamongstallpartiesandincreasethenegotiatingcapacityofsmallholders.Thiscallsforcontinueddevelopmentofpolicymeasuresandtechnicalguidelinesandtools,includingforcontractfarmingandpublic–privatepartnerships,inconsultationwithsmallholderorganizations,theexpertiseofrelevantUNorganizationsandothercentresofexpertise.

b. Accesstomarkets.Support,inaccordancewithinternationalcommitments,thedevelopmentof,andaccessto,markets,distributionandmarketingsystemsandmechanismsthatareremunerativeforsmallholdersandruraleconomies.Recognizetheimportanceofnon-monetaryexchangesofproductsandservices,theimportanceoflocalfoodsystemsforsmallholdersincludingtheirpotentialforsupplyingschoolandinstitutionalfeedingprogrammes.Createappropriatelinkagesandengagesmallholderfarmers,menandwomen,alongvalue-chains,especiallyinlocal,nationalandregionalmarkets.Enableandstimulatecooperationbetweensmallholders,forinstance,viacooperativesorotherapproachesformarketorganizationthatbenefitsmallholdersinaccordancewithinternationalcommitments.

c. Financialservices.Improveregulatoryconditionsandfinancialinfrastructuretostrengthensmallholderaccesstoafullrangeoffinancialservicesadaptedtotheirneeds,withattentiontotheparticularchallengesfacedbywomenandyouthinthisregard.Relevantfinancialservicesincludesafedeposits,monetarytransactionsandremittances,mobilefinancialservices,sustainablemicro,shortandlong-termcredit,


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publicinsuranceschemes(includingindexedinsurance),commodityexchangeandwarehousereceiptsystems.Reducefinancialrisks,lowertransactioncostsandfacilitatelong-terminvestments,–suchasforfieldoperationsequipment,foodprocessingandothervalueaddingactivitiesonsmallholderfarms.Asappropriate,relaxliquidityconstraintsonworkingcapitalexpenditures(e.g.fertilizers,seeds)aswellasonmedium-andlong-terminvestmentswhileavoidworseningsmallholderfarmers’debtburden.Supportsuchmeasuresbyappropriatelydesigned,welltargetedfiscalmeasures.Alltheabove-mentionedmeasuresofthisparagraphshouldbeimplementedinaccordancewithinternationalcommitments.

d. Investingbeyondthefarm.Promotepublicinvestmentandencourageprivateinvestmenttodevelopadecentralized,rural,non-farmeconomytosupportsmallholders’accesstoalternativesourcesofincome,therebyfurtherconsolidatingthefarmingeconomyandcontributingtoimprovedfoodsecurityandnutrition.Thisencompassesinvestmentincapacitybuildingandentrepreneurshipdevelopment,whereappropriateandparticularlytargetingyoungwomenandmen,foremploymentinamodernizedagricultureaswellasinotherrelatedactivitiesandlabourmarkets.Italsorequirespromotinginvestmentfornewbusinessdevelopment


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1-c)Foodsecurityandclimatechange

Takingintoaccounttheurgentneedforactionstoaddresstheeffectsofclimatechangeonfoodsecurityaswellastherootcausesoffoodinsecurityinamannercoherentwiththeprogressiverealizationoftherighttofoodinthecontextofnationalfoodsecurity,theCommitteeinvitedMemberStates(MS),InternationalOrganizations(IO)andotherCFSstakeholders,asappropriate,andrecognizingtheroleoftheUNFCCC:

a)tointegrateclimatechangeconcernsinfoodsecuritypoliciesandprogrammesandtoincreaseresilienceofvulnerablegroupsandfoodsystemstoclimatechange,emphasizingadaptationtoclimatechangeasamajorconcernandobjectiveforallfarmersandfoodproducers,especiallysmall-scaleproducers,includingthrough:

i. increasingpublicandprivateinvestmentandinternationalcooperationforenhancingfoodsecurityinthefaceofclimatechangethreats,inparticularforadaptationtotheadverseeffectsofclimatechange,sustainableuseofnaturalresources,watermanagementandsoilconservation;

ii. developingnationalandlocalcapacitiestodealwithfoodsecurity-relatedclimatechangechallenges,includingimprovingextensionservices,andmakingavailableandaccessible,weatherandclimateforecastingandriskmanagementtools,insupportoffarmers’andsmall-scalefoodproducers’networksandorganizations(MS,IO);

iii. conductingassessmentsofrisks,vulnerabilityandcapacities,givingdueconsiderationtogenderandnutrition-sensitiveperspectives,andimprovingandimplementingearlywarningsystems,especiallyinacoordinatedmanner(MS,IO);

iv. developingintegratedland-usepoliciesforfoodsecurityandadaptationtoclimatechangeand,whereappropriate,contributingtoclimatechangemitigationconsideringthe“VoluntaryGuidelinesontheResponsibleGovernanceofTenureofLand,FisheriesandForestsintheContextofNationalFoodSecurity”inaccordancewithnationallydefinedpriorities;(MS);

v. integratingclimatechangeadaptationanddisasterriskmanagementinfoodsecuritypoliciesandprogrammes(MS,IO);

vi. implementingrelevantinitiatives,suchasforexampleFAO-Adapt,asappropriate,tostrengthensupporttocountries’effortstowardclimatechangeadaptation(IO).

b)tocreateconditionstofacilitateaccesstogeneticresourcesforfoodandagricultureandthefairandequitablesharingofthebenefitsarisingfromtheiruseforexampleby:


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i. recognizingtheimportanceoftheInternationalTreatyonPlantGeneticResourcesforFoodandAgricultureandoftheNagoyaProtocoladoptedbythe10thConferenceofParties(COP)oftheConventiononBiologicalDiversity(CBD);

ii. invitingtheFAOCommissiononGeneticResourcesforFoodandAgriculturetocontinueandstrengthenitsworkonclimatechangeandgeneticresourcesincludingconservationanduseofgeneticresourcesforadaptationtoclimatechange(MS);

c)todevelopagriculturalstrategiesthattakeintoaccount:(i)theneedtorespondtoclimatechangeandtosafeguardfoodsecurity;(ii)thediversityofagriculturalconditionsandsystems;and(iii)thecountries’andregions’specificlevelsofdevelopment,needs,contextsandpriorities,includingby:

i. takingintoaccountgender-sensitiveandparticipatoryapproachesthatenablebothmenandwomentogainequitableaccesstolanduse,information,andresourceswhenaddressingfoodsecurityinthecontextofclimatechange;

ii. encouragingfarmersinadoptinggoodpractices,including,interalia,farmingandgrazingpracticestopreventlanddegradationandlossofsoilcarbon,increasingtheefficiencyofnitrogenuse,improvinglivestockproductivityandtheuseofmanure,improvingwatermanagement,andincreasingtheuseofagro-forestry;

iii. providingmulti-stakeholdercountry-ledassessmentsandresearchforagriculturaldevelopmentstrategiestofacetheadverseeffectsofclimatechange,takingintoaccountdifferencesbetweenagriculturalsystems,farmingpractices,andregional,nationalandlocalconditions;

iv. promotingefficienciesinthefoodchainandthereductionofpost-harvestlossesandfoodwasteinasustainablemanner(MS,inpartnershipwithprivatesectorandcivilsociety).

d)toenhanceresearch,includingfarmer-ledresearch,andimproveinformationcollectionandsharingby:

i. increasinginternationalcooperationandpublicandprivateinvestmentforresearch,onclimatechangeadaptationandmitigationinordertofavouralignmentwithsustainabledevelopmentandfoodsecurityandnutritionincludingtheadaptationneedsofsmallscaleproducers;

ii. fosteringexchangesofinformationamongresearchprogramsonclimatechangeandfoodsecurity(MS,IO);


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e)tofacilitate,asappropriate,participationofallstakeholdersinfoodsecuritypoliciesandprogrammestoaddressclimatechangerecognizingthecontributionofallfarmersandfoodproducers,especiallysmall-scaleproducers,tofoodsecurity,by:

a. encouragingmulti-stakeholderforaatlocal,nationalandregionallevelstopromotebroadparticipationoflocalcommunitiesandthemostvulnerablegroups,aswellastheprivatesector,indecision-makingprocesses;

b. supportingCSOs,notablythoserepresentingthemosthunger-affectedpopulations,small-scaleproducers’organizations,andwomenfarmers'organizations,toparticipateindecisionmakingandtheimplementationoffoodsecuritypoliciesandprogrammestoaddressclimatechange.


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2)ParisAgreementonClimatechange1)RelevancetoArticle5oftheParisAgreement(mainlydedicatedtoforests)Article5(1)Partiesshouldtakeactiontoconserveandenhance,asappropriate,sinksandreservoirsofgreenhousegasesasreferredtoinArticle4,paragraph1(d),oftheConvention,includingforests.(2)Partiesareencouragedtotakeactiontoimplementandsupport,includingthroughresultsbasedpayments,theexistingframeworkassetoutinrelatedguidanceanddecisionsalreadyagreedundertheConventionfor:policyapproachesandpositiveincentivesforactivitiesrelatingtoreducingemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradation,andtheroleofconservation,sustainablemanagementofforestsandenhancementofforestcarbonstocksindevelopingcountries;andalternativepolicyapproaches,suchasjointmitigationandadaptationapproachesfortheintegralandsustainablemanagementofforests,whilereaffirmingtheimportanceofincentivizing,asappropriate,non-carbonbenefitsassociatedwithsuchapproaches.2)contributiontotheimplementationoftheNDCs(nationallevel)whileprovidingIPGsMorethan85percentofdevelopingcountriesrefertoagricultureand/orLandUse,Land-UseChangeandForestry(LULUCF)intheirmitigationcontributions.AmongdevelopingcountriesthatspecifiedadaptationcommitmentsoractionsintheirINDCs,morethan90percentrefertotheagriculturalsectorsinthiscontext.Manycountriesalsoidentifiedthepotentialfortheagriculturalsectorstodeliveradaptation-mitigationsynergies,aswellaseconomic,environmentalandsocialco-benefits.Withregardtotechnologytransferintheagriculturalsectors,somecountriesoutlinedtheneedfortechnologiestosupportpolicyplanning,aswellasmeasurement,reportingandverification(MRV).Examplesincludegeographicinformationsystemsandremotesensingsupport,aswellastechnologiestodevelopandmaintainforestinventories.Somecountriesreferredtotechnologiesneededtosupportconcreteclimateactionintheagriculturalsectors,suchasmoreefficientbioenergytechnologies.Somecountriesreferredtotheirintentiontobuildresiliencethroughecosystem-basedadaptationandtheconservationofgeneticresourcesanddiversity.Somecountriesalsohighlightedtheircapacityneedsintheagriculturalsectors,includingbestpracticesforimplementingsustainableforestmanagement,aswellassupportrelatedtoafforestationandreforestationactivities.SomecountriesrequestedtrainingonhowtocalculateGHGemissionsandremovalsfromtheagriculturalsectors.Additionally,somecountriesmentionedtheneedtodeveloppoliciesand/orestablishinstitutions(forexampleinrelationtoREDD+).


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Effortstocombatdeforestationthroughintegratedland-usemanagementrequiresministriesresponsibleforcrops,livestockandforeststocollectivelypursueapproachesthatsustainablyintensifyproductiononexistingland.Agro-forestrypracticescanincreasetheresilienceofagriculturalproductionandlivelihoodswhileenhancingcarbonsequestrationThedesiretoseizeadaptation-mitigationsynergiesisexplicitlymentionedinaboutone-thirdofallINDCs.Manyofthesecountriesreferredspecificallytotheagriculturalsectorsinthiscontext.Itisthereforeimportantthatcost-benefitanalysisaccountforbothadaptationandmitigationbenefitswhenprioritizingpolicymeasuresintheagriculturalsectors.AgriculturalsectorpolicydecisionsthataimtoachieveNDCmitigationtargetsshouldbeinformedbyrigorousanalysisofexistingGHGemissionssourcesandsinks,goodknowledgeoflanduse,forestinventories,andthesubsequentidentificationandprioritizationofmitigationoptions.Source:Theagriculturalsectorsinnationallydeterminedcontributions(NDCs),PriorityareasforinternationalsupportFAO,2016.


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3)TheUnitedNations’strategicplanforforests2017-2030GlobalForestGoal1ReversethelossofforestcoverworldwidethroughSFM,includingprotection,restoration,afforestationandreforestation,andincreaseeffortstopreventforestdegradationandcontributetotheglobaleffortofaddressingclimatechange.1.1Forestareaisincreasedby3%worldwide.1.2Theworld’sforestcarbonstocksaremaintainedorenhanced.1.3By2020,promotetheimplementationofsustainablemanagementofalltypesofforests,haltdeforestation,restoredegradedforestsandsubstantiallyincreaseafforestationandreforestationglobally1.4Theresilienceandadaptivecapacityofalltypesofforeststonaturaldisastersandtheimpactsofclimatechangeissignificantlystrengthenedworldwide.Goal1anditstargetssupportandcontributetotheachievementof,amongothers,SustainableDevelopmentGoaltargets6.6,12.2,13.1,13.3,14.2,15.1,15.2,15.3,15.4and15.8,aswellasAichiBiodiversityTargets5,7,9,11,14and15.GlobalForestGoal2Enhanceforest-basedeconomic,socialandenvironmentalbenefits,includingbyimprovingthelivelihoodsofforestdependentpeople.2.1Extremepovertyforallforestdependentpeopleiseradicated.2.2Increasetheaccessofsmall-scaleforestenterprises,inparticularindevelopingcountries,tofinancialservices,includingaffordablecredit,andtheirintegrationintovaluechainsandmarkets.2.3Thecontributionofforestsandtreestofoodsecurityissignificantlyincreased.2.4Thecontributionofforestindustry,otherforest-basedenterprisesandforestecosystemservicestosocial,economicandenvironmentaldevelopment,amongothers,issignificantlyincreased.2.5Thecontributionofalltypesofforeststobiodiversityconservationandclimatechangemitigationandadaptationisenhanced,takingintoaccountthemandatesandongoingworkofrelevantconventionsandinstruments.Goal2anditstargetssupportandcontributetotheachievementof,amongothers,SustainableDevelopmentGoaltargets1.1,1.4,2.4,4.4,5.a,6.6,8.3,9.3,12.2,12.5,15.6and15.c,aswellasAichiBiodiversityTargets4,14and18.GlobalForestGoal3Increasesignificantlytheareaofprotectedforestsworldwideandotherareasofsustainablymanagedforests,aswellastheproportionofforestproductsfromsustainablymanagedforests.3.1Theareaofforestsworldwidedesignatedasprotectedareasorconservedthroughothereffectiveareabasedconservationmeasuresissignificantlyincreased.


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3.2Theareaofforestsunderlong-termforestmanagementplansissignificantlyincreased.3.3Theproportionofforestproductsfromsustainablymanagedforestsissignificantlyincreased.Goal3anditstargetssupportandcontributetotheachievementof,amongothers,SustainableDevelopmentGoaltargets7.2,12.2,12.6,12.7,14.2,14.5,15.2and15.4,aswellasAichiBiodiversityTargets7,11,12and16.GlobalForestGoal4Mobilizesignificantlyincreased,newandadditionalfinancialresourcesfromallsourcesfortheimplementationofSFMandstrengthenscientificandtechnicalcooperationandpartnerships.4.1Mobilizesignificantresourcesfromallsourcesandatalllevelstofinancesustainableforestmanagementandprovideadequateincentivestodevelopingcountriestoadvancesuchmanagement,includingforconservationandreforestation.4.2Forest-relatedfinancingfromallsourcesatalllevels,includingpublic(national,bilateral,multilateralandtriangular),privateandphilanthropicfinancingissignificantlyincreased.4.3North-South,South-South,North-Northandtriangularcooperationandpublic-privatepartnershipsonscience,technologyandinnovationintheforestsectoraresignificantlyenhancedandincreased.4.4Thenumberofcountrieswhichhavedevelopedandimplementedforestfinancingstrategiesandhaveaccesstofinancingfromallsourcesissignificantlyincreased.4.5Thecollection,availabilityandaccessibilityofforest-relatedinformationisimprovedthrough,forexample,multi-disciplinaryscientificassessments.Goal4anditstargetssupportandcontributetotheachievementof,amongothers,SustainableDevelopmentGoaltargets12.a,15.7,15.a,15.b,17.1,17.2,17.3,17.6,17.7,17.16,17.17,17.18and17.19,aswellAichiBiodiversityTarget19.GlobalForestGoal5PromotegovernanceframeworkstoimplementSFM,includingthroughtheUNForestInstrument,andenhancethecontributionofforeststothe2030Agenda.5.1Numberofcountrieswhichhaveintegratedforestsintotheirnationalsustainabledevelopmentplansand/orpovertyreductionstrategiesissignificantlyincreased.5.2Forestlawenforcementandgovernanceareenhanced,includingthroughsignificantlystrengtheningnationalandsubnationalforestauthorities,andillegalloggingandassociatedtradeissignificantlyreducedworldwide.5.3Nationalandsubnationalforest-relatedpoliciesandprogramsarecoherent,coordinatedandcomplementaryacrossministries,departmentsandauthorities,consistentwithnationallaws,andengagerelevantstakeholders,localcommunitiesandindigenouspeoples,fullyrecognizingtheUNDeclarationontheRightsofIndigenousPeoples.5.4Forest-relatedissuesandtheforestsectorarefullyintegratedintodecision-makingprocessesoflanduseplanninganddevelopment.


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Goal5anditstargetssupportandcontributetotheachievement,amongothers,ofSustainableDevelopmentGoaltargets1.4,2.4,5.a,15.c,15.9,16.3,16.5,16.6,16.7,16.10and17.14,aswellasAichiBiodiversityTargets2and3.GlobalForestGoal6Enhancecooperation,coordination,coherenceandsynergiesonforest-relatedissuesatalllevels,includingwithintheUNSystemandacrossCPFmemberorganizations,aswellasacrosssectorsandrelevantstakeholders.6.1Forest-relatedprogrammeswithintheUNsystemarecoherentandcomplementaryandintegratetheGlobalForestGoalsandtargetswhereappropriate.6.2Forest-relatedprogrammesacrossCPFmemberorganizationsarecoherentandcomplementaryandtogetherencompassthemultiplecontributionsofforestsandtheforestsectortothe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.6.3Cross-sectoralcoordinationandcooperationtopromoteSFMandhaltdeforestationandforestdegradationissignificantlyenhancedatalllevels.6.4AgreatercommonunderstandingoftheconceptofSFMisachievedandanassociatedsetofindicatorsisidentified.6.5TheinputandinvolvementofmajorgroupsandotherrelevantstakeholdersintheimplementationoftheUNSPFandintheworkofworkoftheForum,includingintersessionalwork,isstrengthened.Goal6anditstargetssupportandcontributetotheachievementof,amongothers,SustainableDevelopmentGoaltarget17.14.


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4)TheConventiononBiologicalDiversity’sAichiTargetsStrategicGoalA:Addresstheunderlyingcausesofbiodiversitylossbymainstreamingbiodiversityacrossgovernmentandsociety

Target1By2020,atthelatest,peopleareawareofthevaluesofbiodiversityandthestepstheycantaketoconserveanduseitsustainably.

Target2By2020,atthelatest,biodiversityvalueshavebeenintegratedintonationalandlocaldevelopmentandpovertyreductionstrategiesandplanningprocessesandarebeingincorporatedintonationalaccounting,asappropriate,andreportingsystems.

Target3By2020,atthelatest,incentives,includingsubsidies,harmfultobiodiversityareeliminated,phasedoutorreformedinordertominimizeoravoidnegativeimpacts,andpositiveincentivesfortheconservationandsustainableuseofbiodiversityaredevelopedandapplied,consistentandinharmonywiththeConventionandotherrelevantinternationalobligations,takingintoaccountnationalsocioeconomicconditions.

Target4By2020,atthelatest,Governments,businessandstakeholdersatalllevelshavetakenstepstoachieveorhaveimplementedplansforsustainableproductionandconsumptionandhavekepttheimpactsofuseofnaturalresourceswellwithinsafeecologicallimits.

StrategicGoalB:Reducethedirectpressuresonbiodiversityandpromotesustainableuse

Target5By2020,therateoflossofallnaturalhabitats,includingforests,isatleasthalvedandwherefeasiblebroughtclosetozero,anddegradationandfragmentationissignificantlyreduced.

Target6By2020allfishandinvertebratestocksandaquaticplantsaremanagedandharvestedsustainably,legallyandapplyingecosystembasedapproaches,sothatoverfishingisavoided,recoveryplansandmeasuresareinplaceforalldepletedspecies,fisherieshavenosignificantadverseimpactsonthreatenedspeciesandvulnerableecosystemsandtheimpactsoffisheriesonstocks,speciesandecosystemsarewithinsafeecologicallimits.

Target7By2020areasunderagriculture,aquacultureandforestryaremanagedsustainably,ensuringconservationofbiodiversity.


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Target8By2020,pollution,includingfromexcessnutrients,hasbeenbroughttolevelsthatarenotdetrimentaltoecosystemfunctionandbiodiversity.

Target9By2020,invasivealienspeciesandpathwaysareidentifiedandprioritized,priorityspeciesarecontrolledoreradicated,andmeasuresareinplacetomanagepathwaystopreventtheirintroductionandestablishment.

Target10By2015,themultipleanthropogenicpressuresoncoralreefs,andothervulnerableecosystemsimpactedbyclimatechangeoroceanacidificationareminimized,soastomaintaintheirintegrityandfunctioning.

StrategicGoalC:Toimprovethestatusofbiodiversitybysafeguardingecosystems,speciesandgeneticdiversity

Target11By2020,atleast17percentofterrestrialandinlandwater,and10percentofcoastalandmarineareas,especiallyareasofparticularimportanceforbiodiversityandecosystemservices,areconservedthrougheffectivelyandequitablymanaged,ecologicallyrepresentativeandwellconnectedsystemsofprotectedareasandothereffectivearea-basedconservationmeasures,andintegratedintothewiderlandscapesandseascapes.

Target12By2020theextinctionofknownthreatenedspecieshasbeenpreventedandtheirconservationstatus,particularlyofthosemostindecline,hasbeenimprovedandsustained.

Target13By2020,thegeneticdiversityofcultivatedplantsandfarmedanddomesticatedanimalsandofwildrelatives,includingothersocio-economicallyaswellasculturallyvaluablespecies,ismaintained,andstrategieshavebeendevelopedandimplementedforminimizinggeneticerosionandsafeguardingtheirgeneticdiversity.

StrategicGoalD:Enhancethebenefitstoallfrombiodiversityandecosystemservices

Target14By2020,ecosystemsthatprovideessentialservices,includingservicesrelatedtowater,andcontributetohealth,livelihoodsandwell-being,arerestoredandsafeguarded,takingintoaccounttheneedsofwomen,indigenousandlocalcommunities,andthepoorandvulnerable.

Target15By2020,ecosystemresilienceandthecontributionofbiodiversitytocarbonstockshasbeenenhanced,throughconservationandrestoration,includingrestorationofatleast15percentofdegradedecosystems,therebycontributingtoclimatechangemitigationandadaptationandtocombatingdesertification.


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Target16By2015,theNagoyaProtocolonAccesstoGeneticResourcesandtheFairandEquitableSharingofBenefitsArisingfromtheirUtilizationisinforceandoperational,consistentwithnationallegislation.

StrategicGoalE:Enhanceimplementationthroughparticipatoryplanning,knowledgemanagementandcapacitybuilding

Target17By2015eachPartyhasdeveloped,adoptedasapolicyinstrument,andhascommencedimplementinganeffective,participatoryandupdatednationalbiodiversitystrategyandactionplan.

Target18By2020,thetraditionalknowledge,innovationsandpracticesofindigenousandlocalcommunitiesrelevantfortheconservationandsustainableuseofbiodiversity,andtheircustomaryuseofbiologicalresources,arerespected,subjecttonationallegislationandrelevantinternationalobligations,andfullyintegratedandreflectedintheimplementationoftheConventionwiththefullandeffectiveparticipationofindigenousandlocalcommunities,atallrelevantlevels.

Target19By2020,knowledge,thesciencebaseandtechnologiesrelatingtobiodiversity,itsvalues,functioning,statusandtrends,andtheconsequencesofitsloss,areimproved,widelysharedandtransferred,andapplied.

Target20By2020,atthelatest,themobilizationoffinancialresourcesforeffectivelyimplementingtheStrategicPlanforBiodiversity2011-2020fromallsources,andinaccordancewiththeconsolidatedandagreedprocessintheStrategyforResourceMobilization,shouldincreasesubstantiallyfromthecurrentlevels.ThistargetwillbesubjecttochangescontingenttoresourceneedsassessmentstobedevelopedandreportedbyParties.


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6)SustainableDevelopmentGoalsGoal1.EndpovertyinallitsformseverywhereGoal2.Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagricultureGoal3.Ensurehealthylivesandpromotewell-beingforallatallagesGoal4.EnsureinclusiveandequitablequalityeducationandpromotelifelonglearningopportunitiesforallGoal5.AchievegenderequalityandempowerallwomenandgirlsGoal6.EnsureavailabilityandsustainablemanagementofwaterandsanitationforallGoal7Ensureaccesstoaffordable,reliable,sustainableandmodernenergyforallGoal8.Promotesustained,inclusiveandsustainableeconomicgrowth,fullandproductiveemploymentanddecentworkforallGoal9.Buildresilientinfrastructure,promoteinclusiveandsustainableindustrializationandfosterinnovationGoal10.ReduceinequalitywithinandamongcountriesGoal11.Makecitiesandhumansettlementsinclusive,safe,resilientandsustainableGoal12.EnsuresustainableconsumptionandproductionpatternsGoal13.TakeurgentactiontocombatclimatechangeanditsimpactsGoal14.Conserveandsustainablyusetheoceans,seasandmarineresourcesforsustainabledevelopmentGoal15.Protect,restoreandpromotesustainableuseofterrestrialecosystems,sustainablymanageforests,combatdesertification,andhaltandreverselanddegradationandhaltbiodiversitylossGoal16.Promotepeacefulandinclusivesocietiesforsustainabledevelopment,provideaccesstojusticeforallandbuildeffective,accountableandinclusiveinstitutionsatalllevelsGoal17.StrengthenthemeansofimplementationandrevitalizetheGlobalPartnershipforSustainableDevelopment


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AnnexDKeymessagesoftheFTA-IUFROsub-plenaryeventatIUFRO2017Congresson“researchforsustainabledevelopment:forests,treesandagroforestry”.Questionsasked.

• Whatdoweneedtoknow,keyresearchgapsinFTAforsustainabledevelopment?• Howweshoulddoresearchwithdevelopmentpartners?Howdoweintegrate

developmentandresearchtoachieveimpact?

Keymessages

1. Need for system’s thinking to give insight into sustainable development and how to reach the SDGs. The concept of sustainability is fragmented, this needs to go beyond disciplinary research.

2. Systems aren’t linear – they are affected by shocks and changes. Need to complement the fixation on growth by a focus on resilience. When talking about SDGs we need to acknowledge the shocks and up and downs.

3. Sustainable forestry and agroforestry need local context relevance. In the 80s when the concept of agro-forestry was introduced, it didn’t make good use of local varieties knowledge and species. Need to look at the sustainability and what combinations will work.

4. How do we upscale agroforestry? More research is needed on how we enable investments in upfront system costs. From the agronomic side we have limited modeling data on trees in crops. Need to look at Institutional backing for agroforestry.

5. Need to look at business models: Fragmentation and weak organization of small holders – hard to reach economies of scale. Access to credit, land security, access to technology. Barriers to production and selling.

6. Gender and youth inequality – gap between men and women’s rights to land and access to resources from land and forest resources. They are also under represented in local decision-making processes.

7. What affordable systems to produce information. Technology is there to produce a lot of information but the systems for doing this in an affordable way are still missing. There is no demand for data and information so financing these systems are not a priority. Develop more affordable tools and distributed monitoring systems will be important

8. The overarching question is how do we integrate the different objectives of sustainability into the research questions we are asking. And into the research design and implementation. We need to integrate disciplines, scales and issues.

9. Integration as an overarching guide for prioritization. This integration has implications for how we do research, with what partners and for the benefit of


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whom. Need to prioritize transdisciplinary approaches, link research to communities, and with private sector actors.

10. Integrate research in development practice. They should never have been separated. Research should be embedded and driven by context, which changes over time. On-going collection and management of data to enable adaptive management are needed and should be linked to research. Feedback of lessons learned is important, with focus on relevance and saliency, as science is not informed sufficiently by challenges on the ground.


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AnnexEKeymessagesoftheFTA-FAO-NL-SIANIsideeventatCFS44on“Forests,treesandagroforestryforfoodsecurity,nutritionandtheSDGs:Researchandpartners,towardajointactionagenda”Questionasked:Whataretheprioritiesforstakeholdersalongtheresearchtodevelopmentcontinuum,fromthegenerationoftechnical,policyandgovernancesolutionstoscalingupaccordingtocontexts?Answers/Keyissuesraised:

1. Responsibleinvestmentsinvaluechains.Fundamentalroleofprivatesector.Needto

knowhowtoaccompanyandincentivizeresponsiblebusinessmodels.Howtoensurethatinvestmentsaredoneinasustainableway?Needreviewsandguidelinesonwaystomakebusiness,differentmodelsofinclusivebusiness.

2. Quantifytheconstraintstointegratingtreesintofarmsandinlandscapes:lackofinformationonsuccessfulexamples,onnewtechniques(includingcost-benefits),seeds,sourcing.Howtoovercomedifficultiestoinvestwithoutreserves.Whatincentiveschemes?Whatvaluechainsadaptedtolocalcontexts?

3. Socialinclusivenessandgender,facilitatewomen’sparticipationandempowermentforwomen’sroleinruraldevelopmentandFSN.

4. Needtoinvestonunderutilizednutritiousfoodcrops.

5. Plantationsareonthespot.However,theseareneededtoensurethegrowingsupplyofwoodandotherproducts.Whatconstitutessustainableplantations?

6. Needforintegration.Mostdriversofchange(suchasforland-usechange)areoutsideforests.Todevisesolutions,needtointegrateagricultureandforestrytogether.

7. Knowledgeanddevelopmentgap:Keychallengeishowtomakeresearchresultsavailableandusable,especiallyforsmallscalefarms.Howtouseknowledge?

8. ToimplementtheCFSagenda,countrieswillneedsupport,data,knowledgeandinnovativegovernancesolutions,policies,withtheinvolvementofallpartners.FAOdisseminatesknowledgeandtechnicalsupport.Itdependsonresearch.


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The CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA) is the world’s largest research for development program to enhance the role of forests, trees and agroforestry in sustainable development and food security and to address climate change. CIFOR leads FTA in partnership with Bioversity International, CATIE, CIRAD, ICRAF, INBAR and TBI.

FTA’s work is supported by the CGIAR Trust Fund.

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