fuel cells: thermodynamic engine to a sustainable energy future … carlin.pdf · 2018. 3. 26. ·...
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9.00am Fuel Cells: Thermodynamic Engine to a Sustainable Energy Future Richard T. Carlin Office of Naval Research Abstract Fuel cells operating on hydrogen and other appropriate fuels provide many advantages for meeting Department of Defense (DoD) needs: long endurance mobile platforms, reduced fossil fuel dependence, and increased facility energy efficiency. Representative DoD applications will be briefly discussed. Less recognized is the multifaceted role fuel cells can play in implementing sustainable, reliable electrical grids and micro-grids. Integration of fuel cell systems with renewable electrical generation (wind, photovoltaic, geothermal, etc.) facilitates high-percentage renewable penetration; enhances grid and micro-grid power management; provides efficient electrical power generation from biomass; provides easily scalable micro-grid energy storage; and enables long-endurance distributed backup power. Fuel cells, therefore, are a single, highly reliable, thermodynamically efficient engine providing energy storage, power management, power generation, secured backup power, and more. Biography Dr. Richard T. Carlin is Department Head for the Sea Warfare and Weapons Department at the Office of Naval Research (ONR). As Department Head, Dr. Carlin overseas a broad range of S&T programs for surface ships, submarines, and undersea weapons with an annual budget of approximately $400M per year. Immediately prior to his current position, he was the Director for the Undersea Weapons and Naval Materials Division with responsibilities in undersea weapons and countermeasures, advanced energetics, structural materials, materials for power systems, and maintenance reduction technologies. During his career at ONR, he also served as the Acting Chief Scientist in 2004 and as Director for the Mechanics and Energy Conversion Division from 2001 to 2005. Dr. Carlin joined ONR in 1997 as the Program Officer for Electrochemistry S&T and Undersea Weapons Propulsion with programs covering numerous electrochemical and thermal power technologies. Dr. Carlin serves as the Department of the Navy’s Power & Energy S&T Focus Area executive and is the Navy S&T representative on various energy advisory groups, including Naval Task Force Energy. In September 2010, he was appointed to the DoE Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technical Advisory Committee. Before joining ONR, Dr. Carlin held several positions in academia, industry, and government. These included Senior Research Chemist at Air Products and Chemicals carrying out research on gas-separation membranes; a chemistry faculty appointment at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa performing research on ionic liquids as solvents and electrolytes; and federal service as the Electrochemistry Division Chief at the Frank J. Seiler Research Laboratory located at the United States Air Force Academy leading research on the use of ionic liquids as electrolytes for batteries, supercapacitors, and metal-alloy electrodeposition. Dr. Carlin received his B.S. in Honors Chemistry from the University of Alabama in 1977, and his Ph.D. in Inorganic Chemistry from Iowa State University in 1982. Additionally, he was a postdoctoral fellow in Prof. Robert A. Osteryoung’s electrochemistry research group at the State
University of New York at Buffalo. He has published over 100 technical papers including 57 reviewed papers and one book chapter, and he is also co-inventor on 7 United State patents. His awards include the Senior Executive Service Presidential Meritorious Rank Award; Department of the Navy Superior and Meritorious Civilian Service Medals; 2010 Fuel Cell Seminar and Exposition Award; Assistant Secretary of the Navy (RD&A) Awards for the Rapid Transition of Foreveready Missile Battery and Lithium-Ion Polymer Battery; and the United States Air Force Materiel Command Science and Technology Achievement Award for the development of a novel dual graphite-intercalation battery concept.
27 January 2012University of Southern California
27 January 2012University of Southern California
"Fuel Cells: Thermodynamic Engine to a Sustainable Energy Future"
"Fuel Cells: Thermodynamic Engine to a Sustainable Energy Future"
Richard CarlinOffice of Naval Research
Department Head Sea Warfare & Weapons
Richard CarlinOffice of Naval Research
Department Head Sea Warfare & Weapons
Department of the Navy Energy GoalsDepartment of the Navy Energy GoalsDepartment of the Navy Energy Goals
Energy Efficient Acquisition: Evaluation of energy factors will be mandatory when awarding contracts for systems and buildings.
Sail the "Great Green Fleet": DON will demonstrate a Green Strike Group in local operations by 2012 and sail it by 2016.
Reduce Non‐Tactical Petroleum Use: By 2015, DON will reduce petroleum use in the commercial fleet by 50%.
Increase Alternative Energy Ashore: By 2020, DON will produce at least 50% of shore‐based energy requirements from alternative sources; 50% of DON installations will be net‐zero
Increase Alternative Energy Use DON‐Wide: By 2020, 50% of total DON energy consumption will come from alternative sources
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Winning & Preventing Wars With an Energy Strategy
Winning & Preventing Wars Winning & Preventing Wars With an Energy StrategyWith an Energy Strategy
Win Wars by Increasing Operational Capabilities through Reduced Demand
Implement the use of non‐petroleum alternative fuels
Install secured alternative/renewable energy at CONUS and OCONUS military facilities
Implement alternative/renewable energy for expeditionary and special operations forces
Increase platform and facilities energy efficiencies
Soft Power to Prevent Warswith Strategic Partnerships and Humanitarian Actions
Implement alternative/renewable energy with global partners
Install alternative/renewable energy during humanitarian operations for enduring use
Implement secured energy partnerships with community
at OCONUS military installations
PhotovoltaicPhotovoltaic
Navy Base CoronadoNavy Base Coronado
GeothermalGeothermalNAS FallonNAS Fallon
Stern Flap Stern Flap –– DDG54DDG54
Hybrid Electric Hybrid Electric DriveDrive
Ion Tiger
Interagency CooperationInteragency CooperationInteragency Cooperation
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21 January 2010 June 2011
Development and Support of a Sustainable Biofuels Industry
Strategic Partnership to Enhance Energy Security
July 22, 2010
Encourage Maximum Use of Renewable Energy
Navy & Agriculture Defense & Energy Navy, Energy & Agriculture
1 | Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 2/16/11 eere.energy.gov
Purpos e: • To begin discussing collaboration across DOD and
DOE in keeping with the MOU • To motivate RD&D for APU applications Next Ste ps • Identify specific POCs for DOD activities (RED
DOTS) • Develop GSE Strategic Demo Plan
Enhance Energy Security MOU The purpose of this MOU is to identify a framework for cooperation and partnership between DOE and DOD to strengthen coordination of efforts to enhance national energy security, and demonstrate Government leadership in transitioning America to a low carbon economy.
Aviation APUs Works hop: 9/30/2010
Was te-to -Energy Works hop: 1/13/2011
DOD-DOE MOU
Shipboard APUs Works hop: 3/29/2011
Purpos e: • To identify DOD-DOE waste-to-energy and fuel
cells opportunities • To identify challenge and determine actions to
address them Next Ste ps • Set up an on-going WG to begin coordination,
collaboration, assistance • Develop a guidance document for Feds using third
party financing
• March 2011 • Organized by ONR
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Biofuels-Fuel Cells
Fuel Cell Applications
Biofuels ResearchBiofuels ResearchBiofuels Research
FeedstockProduction
FeedstockLogistics
BiofuelsConversion
Fuel Testing & Approval
Large ScaleDeployment
• Marine Corp• Navy• Air Force
USDA USDA/DoE • DoE & ARPA-E
• DARPA
• DoD/NAVAIR• FAA• CAAFI• DLA
Biofuels Supply Chain
ONR Alternative Fuels Focus•Engine & fuel cell performance•Materials compatibility•Fuel stability•Sustainable biofuels production
ONR Objectives: Accelerate the adoption of biofuels by supporting Navy certification process, and understand & mitigate the impact of emerging biofuels on naval power systems & operations
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S&T ObjectiveElucidate chemical and electrochemical oxidation of hydrocarbon molecules in solid oxide fuel
cells to facilitate optimization of fuel/fuel cell electrochemical power source systems.
Warfighter & Payoffs Compact, high-power-density fuel cell power sources operating on
diesel-like hydrocarbon fuels (no reformer required!) Insight for development of assured Naval fuels for the future
Warfighter & Payoffs Compact, high-power-density fuel cell power sources operating on
diesel-like hydrocarbon fuels (no reformer required!) Insight for development of assured Naval fuels for the future
Fundamental Chemistry and Physics of Direct-Electrochemical Oxidation (DECO) in Solid Oxide Fuel
CellsR. J. Kee, Colorado School of Mines (FY03 – FY07)
Fundamental Chemistry and Physics of Direct-Electrochemical Oxidation (DECO) in Solid Oxide Fuel
CellsR. J. Kee, Colorado School of Mines (FY03 – FY07)
MURI Focus at microscopic scales
Other programs benefit at systems scales
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Energy Systems S&TEnergy Systems S&TEnergy Systems S&T
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Fuel Cell: Multifaceted EngineFuel Cell: Multifaceted EngineFuel Cell: Multifaceted Engine
ONR 33 - Thailand9
High Electrical Efficiency: >60% Chemical‐to‐Electrical Efficiency
High Electrical + Thermal Efficiency: >80% CHP
Modular & Scalable Size Fuel Cell Modules for Power (watts to megawatts) Size Fuel Storage for Energy (minutes to days)
Multi‐Fuel Capability Regenerative Capability w/ Hydrogen Hydrocarbon & Alcohols w/ Reformation or Direct Oxidation
Provides DC Current Direct Wire to Grid PV & Batteries Compatible w/ MVDC for Future Tactical Platforms
High Reliability: >99%
Reduced Emissions & Low Acoustic/Thermal Signature
WARFIGHTER IMPACTBENEFITS/METRICS
Soldier Portable and Squad Level Fuel CellsSoldier Portable and Squad Level Fuel Cells
• Establish domestic production base
• Reduce unit price on emerging technology
• Economic stimulus to U.S. industry through job creation and retention.
• Develop Soldier Portable (50 watt) and Squad Level (300 watt) fuel cells
• Leverage existing technologies to mitigate risk
• Conduct field testing of systems to prove designs and gain assure user acceptance
• Implement plans to increase reliability and decrease unit cost
• Initiate LRIP• Transition products to PM SWAR and DLA.
DESCRIPTION 50 watt 300 watt
Decreased dependence on fossil fuel generatorsIncreased ability for use of rechargeable batteries in remote locationsManportable, silent energy source for forward basesIncreased user acceptance of this new power sourceFirst Fieldings
USAF Battlefield Airman Operator Kit Increment II Ground Soldier System (2012)Other uses are as power source for standard Army chargers, remote sensor locations and portable APU applications
Usage expected to increase as unit cost goes down and reliability increases 10
Adaptive Materials Inc.
Bren-tronics Inc.
Protonex Technologies
ARRA 300W Fuel Cell ProgramARRA 300W Fuel Cell Program
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Soldier Portable and Squad Level Fuel CellsSoldier Portable and Squad Level Fuel Cells
Unmanned SystemsUnmanned SystemsUnmanned Systems
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Long endurance, Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) power
(26hr flight Nov 2009)
Long endurance , air independent power systems for Unmanned
Undersea Vehicles (UUV)
Ion Tiger in Flight
550 W fuel cell
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SOFC operating on desulfurized JP-8 and synthetic/biofuels fuels
Provides quiet, low IR signature, low emissions mobile power generation
Power Output: 10kW (threshold) 15kW (objective)
Efficiency: >30% Total System Volume: 30
watts/liter Weight: 35 watts/kilogram
Low Signature Generators & APUsLow Signature Generators & APUs
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell APU
Towable PowerVehicle Based APU
Regenerative Fuel Cell System for Silent CampTM Operations
Fuel cell – electrolyzer – diesel generator hybrid power system using hydrogen for energy storage
High pressure Proton Energy electrolyzer coupled to 30 kW tactical diesel generator as the primary power source
High pressure hydrogen stored and used in a 5kW Altergy PEM fuel cell for Silent CampTM
Fuel Cell Pilot Project Defense Depot Susquehanna, PA
Fuel Cell Pilot Project Fuel Cell Pilot Project Defense Depot Susquehanna, PADefense Depot Susquehanna, PA
Customers: Defense Depot at New Cumberland, PA (DDSP)
DOD Benefits: • Develop knowledge of fuel cell powered fork lift
capabilities, costs, limitations, and benefits• Improve Manufacturing Readiness Levels
(MRLs) and costs
Objectives:• Explore fuel cell infrastructure and functionality in
place of lead acid batteries in forklifts• Develop a business case for fuel cells• Collect and analyze operational data
Approach:• 2-year pilot project• Retrofit 40 forklifts with fuel cells (20 existing lifts
and 20 new leased lifts) • Compare products from two fuel cell producers• Set up storage & indoor dispensing systems for
delivered liquid H2
Performers: Air Products, Plug Power, East Penn/Nuvera
Schedule/Milestones: • Contract award - Aug 2007• Operational phase - Feb 2009 to Feb 2011• Interim business case analysis - Dec 2009• Transition decision - Summer 2010
Budget: $6M
Over 50,000 operating hours, 15,000 refuelings, 10,000 kg of H2 dispensed14
Passenger Ground VehiclesPassenger Ground VehiclesPassenger Ground Vehicles
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Non-tactical Hydrogen Powered General Motors Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Infrastructure
Non-tactical Hydrogen Powered General Motors Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Infrastructure
Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton
MARFORPAC & Marine Corps Base Hawaii
Evaluation ongoing at Camp Pendelton Planned evaluation by MARFORPAC in Hawaii Coordinating with other Services and DoE
Hawaii Advanced Vehicle Working Group (HAVWG)Hawaii Advanced Vehicle Working Group (HAVWG)
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High Power Mobile Platform PowerHigh Power Mobile Platform Power
600 kWe Reformer SystemUsing High Sulfur Logistics Fuel
500 kW Diesel Fuel Processor for a PEM Fuel Cell
Hybrid power: Two 125 kW Ballard fuel cell stacks with 1 MW lead acid battery bank 70 kg of on-board compressed
hydrogenPartnership: CERL, Vehicle Projects
Inc. & Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway
Fuel Cell LocomotiveFuel Cell Locomotive Ship Service Fuel CellShip Service Fuel Cell
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Deployable Modules Hydrogen Fuel Processor (H2FP) uses two electrolyzers;
produces up to 50kg/day. Hydrogen Pressure Management (H2PM) pressurizes H2
up to 5000psi. Hydrogen Pressure Storage (H2PS) stores H2 at 5000psi. Water filtration Power Control MEP 9 Generator for deployment Operating since Nov 2006146 kW Photovoltaic Array Provides power to base grid when station is not
operating. Operating since May 2009Five 10 kW Vertical Axis Wind Turbines Additional renewable energy for hydrogen station; power
to base grid when station is not operating.
H20 H2FPH2PM H2PS
Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam Renewable Hydrogen Production &
Fueling Station
Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam Renewable Hydrogen Production &
Fueling Station
Batteries & Electrolyzers as Grid Management Tools
Batteries & Electrolyzers as Grid Batteries & Electrolyzers as Grid Management ToolsManagement Tools
Service Electrolyzer BatteryUp Reserve Yes Yes
Down Reserve Yes Yes
Up Regulation Yes Yes
Down Regulation Yes Yes
Fuel Production Yes No
Voltage/VAR Support No Yes
MYRTE project: Large scale PV+H2 storage on the island of Corsica
MYRTE project: Large scale PV+H2 MYRTE project: Large scale PV+H2 storage storage on the island of Corsicaon the island of Corsica
Préfecture de Corse
High reliability fuel cell backup power p.19
6th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference (IRES)
28-30 November 2011, Berlin
6th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference (IRES)
28-30 November 2011, Berlin
ONR 33 - Thailand20
Green City Chiang Mai Rajabhat University
Green City Green City Chiang Mai Rajabhat UniversityChiang Mai Rajabhat University
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PV Low Power DC Community Power Grid
ONR 33 - Thailand
Hydrogen-Electric Sustainable Energy Infrastructure
HydrogenHydrogen--Electric Sustainable Electric Sustainable Energy InfrastructureEnergy Infrastructure
ONR 33 - Thailand
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Solar PV Wind
Smart Grid Interface
Fuel Cell / Electrolyzer
Energy Storage
Electric or Fuel Cell Vehicles
Reverse OsmosisWater Unit
Fuel Cell UAV ISR
Fuel Cell UGV ISR / Sentry
OptionalGrid Connection
Ion Tiger in Flight
550 W fuel cell
Hawaii as the Defense Energy Model for Asia‐Pacific Region• Increase penetration of renewable energy into DoD installations and partner communities • Distributed power for Humanitarian Assistance & Disaster Relief (HADR), Expeditionary Ops, and FOBs
Fuel Cell UAV
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