““Fuel Quality and Vehicle Fuel Quality and Vehicle Emissions”Emissions”

Michael P. WalshMichael P. Walsh

Developing Fuel Quality Developing Fuel Quality Roadmaps in AsiaRoadmaps in Asia

Manila, May 22, 2006Manila, May 22, 2006

CLEAN

VEHICLE

TECHNOLOGY

CLEAN

FUELS

APPROPRIATE

MAINTENANCE

ELEMENTS OF A COMPREHENSIVE

VEHICLE POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGY

TRANSPORTATION & LAND USE PLANNING

Why Are Fuels Important?Why Are Fuels Important?• Fuel Constituents Directly Affect

Emissions

• Fuel Changes Can Immediately Impact on Emissions/Air Quality

• Fuel Composition Can Enable/Disable Pollution Control Technology

ÖL

Motivation For ImprovedMotivation For Improved Fuels Qualities Fuels Qualities

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Hydrocarbons (HC)

Nitrogen oxides (NOX)

Particulate matter (PM)

Sulfur (SO2)

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)

Greenhouse Gases

ImprovedImprovedfuel qualitiesfuel qualities

ImprovedImprovedair qualityair quality

Environmental Environmental benefitsbenefits

ReducedReducedemissionsemissions

Gasoline – Lead/Sulfur

Diesel –Sulfur

Other Parameters

Improved human health

Reduced corrosion

Improved crop yield

Less acidification, eutrophication and forest damage

Climate Change

Ambient Pb Concentrations in BangAmbient Pb Concentrations in Bangkok and Pb in Gasoline from 1988 - 1kok and Pb in Gasoline from 1988 - 1

998998

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Pb

Co

nte

nt

in G

aso

lin

e (g

/l)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Av

era

ge

Pb

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n (m g

/m3 )

Pb Content in Gasoline Ambient Pb Concentration

Premium ULG was introduced in 1991

Regular ULG was introduced in 1993

Complete phase out of regular leadedgasoline in 1993

Complete phase out of premium leadedgasoline in 1995

36.4

29.7

25.326.8 26.4

22.9

0

5.943.26

6.25

1.711.58

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

School 1 School 2 School 3 School 4 School 5 School 6

Per

cen

t

1993 2000

Percentage of School Children with Blood Percentage of School Children with Blood PbPb

Levels Levels ≥≥ 10 10 mmg/dlg/dl

The Three-way Catalytic Converter: A Familiar Technology Re-Engineered for High Performance in Close-coupled and

Underfloor Applications

•Layered washcoat architectures and support materials with high thermal stability•Integrated HC adsorption functions• Mounting materials with improved durability• High cell density ceramic or metallic substrates• Insulation schemes for heat management

Can Only Be Used With Lead Free Fuel!

Lead Free Gasoline Worldwide, Lead Free Gasoline Worldwide, 20042004

Lead Free

Leaded

Status of Lead Free Gasoline in Status of Lead Free Gasoline in AsiaAsia

100% Lead Free

Sulfur in Fuel is the Next PrioritySulfur in Fuel is the Next Priority

• Lowers Emissions From Existing Vehicles– SO2 From All Vehicles– PM From Diesel Vehicles– CO, HC, NOx, Toxics From All Catalyst

Vehicles

• Enables Advanced Technologies & Tight Standards For New Vehicles

• Enables Retrofit Technologies To Clean Up Existing Vehicles

The “Technology Enabling” Fuels Story in EuropeThe “Technology Enabling” Fuels Story in Europe-Introduction of Lower Sulphur Fuels --Introduction of Lower Sulphur Fuels -

• Lowering of sulphur levels on both Diesel (to 2000ppm) and Gasoline (unleaded to Lowering of sulphur levels on both Diesel (to 2000ppm) and Gasoline (unleaded to 500 ppm) in late 80’s largely driven by direct concerns over urban air quality (SO500 ppm) in late 80’s largely driven by direct concerns over urban air quality (SO22) )

• Further move on Transport Diesel in early 90’s (2000Further move on Transport Diesel in early 90’s (2000 500 ppm largely seen as 500 ppm largely seen as “enabling” step for oxidation catalyst on LD Diesel required to meet 1996 emission “enabling” step for oxidation catalyst on LD Diesel required to meet 1996 emission standards standards

• First European Auto Oil programme (93-96) indicates lower sulphur gasoline First European Auto Oil programme (93-96) indicates lower sulphur gasoline enhances catalyst performance: 2000 limit: 150ppm and 2005 limit at 50ppmenhances catalyst performance: 2000 limit: 150ppm and 2005 limit at 50ppm

• Same programme indicated lower sulphur diesel contributes to lower particulates Same programme indicated lower sulphur diesel contributes to lower particulates both directly and through enabling higher performance technology: 2000 limit: both directly and through enabling higher performance technology: 2000 limit: 350ppm and 2005 limit at 50ppm350ppm and 2005 limit at 50ppm

• More recent concerns over growing COMore recent concerns over growing CO22 contribution from road transport has contribution from road transport has driven move to “Ultra Low” sulphur gasoline and diesel to facilitate “high fuel driven move to “Ultra Low” sulphur gasoline and diesel to facilitate “high fuel efficiency”/“high environmental performance” transport :efficiency”/“high environmental performance” transport :

European Fuel Sulfur Levels European Fuel Sulfur Levels (PPM)(PPM)

500

150

5010

500

350

5010

0

100

200

300

400

500

Gasoline Diesel

Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5

Widely AvailableIn 2005; 100%In 2009

The Three-way Catalytic Converter: A Familiar Technology Re-Engineered for High Performance in Close-coupled and

Underfloor Applications

•Layered washcoat architectures and support materials with high thermal stability•Integrated HC adsorption functions• Mounting materials with improved durability• High cell density ceramic or metallic substrates• Insulation schemes for heat management

Maximum Emissions Performance Is Achieved With Near Zero Sulfur Fuel

33%

67%

26%

74%

30%

70%

CO/10 HC NOx0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Compared to 150 PPM SulfurPercent Increase

500 ppm 800 ppm

Increase in In-Use Vehicle Emissions Increase in In-Use Vehicle Emissions in Bangkok Due To Sulfur in Fuel in Bangkok Due To Sulfur in Fuel

(Gasoline)(Gasoline)

Impact on Vehicles Meeting EURO 3 Standards

Impact of Sulfur on Emissions From Impact of Sulfur on Emissions From 5 Euro 3 Chinese Cars After 80,000 5 Euro 3 Chinese Cars After 80,000

KilometersKilometers

- 30

- 25

- 20

- 15

- 10

- 5

0

相比300ppm

/%燃

油变

化率

300ppm 200ppm 100ppm

汽油硫含量

硫含量对综合工况车辆尾气初始排放的影响

HCCONOX

The Effect of Fuel Sulfur on NH3 and Other The Effect of Fuel Sulfur on NH3 and Other Emissions from 2000-2001 Model Year VehiclesEmissions from 2000-2001 Model Year Vehicles

CRC Project No. E-60CRC Project No. E-60 • Over the US06 cycle, statistically significant increases in NH3

emissions with increasing gasoline sulfur levels. Fleet average NH3 emissions for the 150 ppm fuel were 27% higher than those for the 5 ppm and 12% higher than those for the 30 ppm fuel.

• For the FTP, NOx emissions were higher at a statistically significant level for the 150 ppm fuel compared with both the 5 and 30 ppm sulfur fuels. For fleet average NMHC, emissions were higher at statistically significant levels for the 150 ppm fuel compared with the 30 ppm fuel, although the magnitude of this fuel effect was small.

• There was a statistically significant increase in N2O emissions for the 150 ppm fuel compared to both the 30 and 5 ppm fuels on the FTP.

• The effects of fuel sulfur on both fleet average NMHC and NOx emissions were found to be statistically significant over the US06 cycle. The magnitude of the fuel sulfur effects over the US06 for NMHC and NOx was also found to be larger on a relative basis than those found for the FTP cycle. For fleet average CO emissions, only the fuel effects between the 5 and 150 ppm fuels were found to be statistically significant at the 90% confidence limits.

45%

94%

0%5%

16%

33%

HC NOx PM0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Percent Increase Compared to 150 PPM Sulfur

350 ppm 500 ppm

Increase in In-Use Vehicle Emissions Increase in In-Use Vehicle Emissions in Bangkok Due To Sulfur in Fuel in Bangkok Due To Sulfur in Fuel

(Diesel)(Diesel)

Impact on Vehicles Meeting EURO 3 Standards

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

PPMFuel Sulfur

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

gram

s/ki

lom

eter

PM

Em

issi

ons

Other PMSulfur

Linkage Between Fuel Sulfur and Linkage Between Fuel Sulfur and PM EmissionsPM Emissions

Oxidation Catalyst

PM Filter

2000 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2010

EPA 98NOx = 4.0 P = 0.10

EPA 04NOx = 2.5 P = 0.10

EPA 07NOx = 0.25 P = 0.01

EURO IIINOx = 5.0 P = 0.10

Combined

EURO III-IV

EURO IVNOx = 3.5 P = 0.02

EURO VNOx=2.0 P=0.02

Diesel 15 ppm

Diesel 50/10 ppm

g/bhp-hr

g/kW-hr

Consent Decree

10/02

10/05 10/08

Close Linkage Between Vehicle Emissions Close Linkage Between Vehicle Emissions Standards and Fuel Sulfur LevelsStandards and Fuel Sulfur Levels

EPAEPA

EUROEURO

15 months Caterpillar,Cummins,Detroit Diesel,Volvo,Mack Trucks/RenaultNavistar

Measurement results indicate that Diesel PM levels have been significantly reduced.

（ With cooperation from the Bureau of Construction ）

Cancer-causing agents

Up to - 58%

Carbon (EC)- 49%

Comparison of two two-day periods Mar. 11-12, 2001 (Left bars, black and yellow)

Nov. 9-10, 2003 (Right bars, black and yellow)

Comparison of two two-month periods　 Sept.-Oct. 2001 (Left bar)　 Sept.-Oct. 2003 (Right bar)

Carbon (EC)

- 30%

Cancer-ausing agents- 36%

Comparison of two six-day periods Sept.-Oct. 2000 (Left bar) Oct.- Nov. 2003 (Right bar)

Meguro St. roadside(By Prof. Uchiyama of

Kyoto University)

Osakabashi Air Monitoring Station

Iogi Tunnel （ Loop 8 ） （ Emissions reduced per vehicle ）

RoadsideAutomobile tunnel

Without WithWeather influence

（ By the Research Institute for Environmental Protection ）

Metropolitan Tokyo in-Use Diesel Retrofit Program

Requirement 1996 (Euro 2) 2000 (Euro 3) 2005 (Euro 4) 2009 (Euro 5)

GasolineVapour Pressure (Summer)max kPa

60 60 ?

Benzenemax Vol % 1 1 ?

Aromaticsmax Vol % 42 35 ?

Sulphurmax ppm 500 150 50/10 10

Diesel

Cetane Numbermin 48 51 51 ?

Densitymax kg/m3 845 845 ?

Polycyclic Aromaticsmax Mass % 11 11 ?

Sulphurmax ppm 500 350 50/10 10

Selected EU Fuel Quality Requirements

Impact of Fuels on Light Duty Diesel Vehicles

Diesel Fuel Characteristic

Pre-Euro

Euro 1

Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5[

Sulfur↑ SO2, PM↑ If oxidation catalyst is used, SO3, SO2, PM↑

If Filter, 50 ppm maximum, 10-15 ppm better

Cetane↑ Lower CO, HC, benzene, 1,3 butadiene, formaldehyde & acetaldehyde

Density↓ PM, HC, CO, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde & benzene↓, NOX↑

Volatility (T95 from 370 to 325 C)

NOX, HC increase, PM, CO decrease

Polyaromatics↓ NOX, PM, formaldehyde & acetaldehyde↓ but HC, benzene & CO ↑

Impact of Fuels on Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles

DieselPre-Euro

Euro 1

Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5

Sulfur↑ SO2, PM↑ If oxidation catalyst is used, SO3, SO2, PM↑

If Filter, 50 ppm maximum, 10-15 ppm better

Cetane↑ Lower CO, HC, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde & acetaldehyde

Density↓ HC, CO ↑, NOX↓

Volatility (T95 from 370 to 325 C)

Slightly lower NOX but increased HC

Polyaromatics↓ NOX, PM, HC ↓

Impact of Gasoline Composition on Emissions from Light Duty Vehicles

Gasoline No Catalyst Euro 1

Euro 2

Euro 3 Euro 4

Euro 5

Lead ↑ Pb, HC↑ CO, HC, NOX all increase dramatically as

catalyst destroyed

Sulfur ↑ (50 to 450 ppm)

SO2 ↑ CO, HC, NOX all increase ~15-20%

SO2 and SO3 increase

Olefins ↑ Increased 1,3 butadiene, increased HC reactivity, NOX, small

increases in HC for Euro 3 and cleaner

Aromatics ↑ Increased benzene in exhaust

potential increases in HC, NOX

HC↑, NOX↓,

CO↑

HC, NOX, CO ↑

Benzene ↑ Increased benzene exhaust and evaporative emissions

Ethanol ↑ up to 3.5% O2

Lower CO, HC, slight NOX increase

(when above 2% oxygen content),Higher aldehydes

Minimal effect with new vehicles equipped with oxygen sensors, adaptive learning

systems

MTBE ↑ up to 2.7% O2

Lower CO, HC, higher aldehydes

Minimal effect with new vehicles equipped with oxygen sensors, adaptive learning

systems

Impact of Gasoline Composition on Emissions from Light Duty Vehicles (Continued)

Gasoline No Catalyst Euro 1

Euro 2

Euro 3 Euro 4

Euro 5

Distillation CharacteristicsT50, T90↑

Probably HC↑ HC↑

MMT ↑ Increased Manganese Emissions

Possible Catalyst Plugging

Likely Catalyst Plugging

RVP ↑ Increased evaporative HC Emissions

Deposit control additives ↑

Potential HC, NOX emissions benefits

Impact of Gasoline Composition on Emissions from Motorcycles

Gasoline No Catalyst

India 2005 Euro 3 India 2008 Taipei,China

Stage 4

Lead ↑ Pb, HC↑ CO, HC, NOX all increase dramatically as catalyst

destroyed

Sulfur ↑ (50 to 450 ppm)

SO2 ↑ CO, HC, NOX all increase

SO2 and SO3 increase

Olefins ↑ Increased 1,3 butadiene, HC reactivity and NOX

Aromatics ↑ Increased benzene exhaust

Benzene ↑ Increased benzene exhaust and evaporative emissions

Ethanol ↑ up to 3.5%

O2

Lower CO, HC, slight

NOX

increase

Minimal effect with oxygen sensor equipped vehicles

MTBE ↑ up to 2.7% O2

Lower CO, HC

Minimal effect with O2 sensor equipped vehicles

Impact of Gasoline Composition on Emissionsfrom Motorcycles Continued

Gasoline No Catalyst

India 2005

Euro 3 India 2008

Taipei,China

Stage 4

Distillation characteristics T50, T90 ↑

Probably HC↑

HC↑

MMT ↑ Increased Manganes

e Emissions

Possible Catalyst Plugging

RVP ↑ Increased evaporative HC Emissions

Deposit control additives ↑

potential emissions benefits

ConclusionsConclusions

• Reformulated diesel fuels can effectively reduce oxides of nitrogen and particulate emissions from all diesel vehicles. These fuels have reduced sulfur, reduced aromatics, and increased cetane number.

• Certain Aftertreatment technologies are especially sensitive to the sulfur content of the fuel.

• Gasoline properties that can be adjusted to reduce emissions include, roughly in order of effectiveness, sulfur level, vapor pressure, distillation characteristics, light olefin content, and aromatic content.

• Catalyst technology is emerging for 2-3 wheeled vehicles and therefore lead free and lower sulfur gasoline will be important for these vehicles as well.

• Monitoring programs are necessary to assure that specifications are achieved and to minimize or eliminate adulturation