fuel quality measurements at small-scale lbg refuelling stations … · 2017. 1. 4. · westport...
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Fuel quality measurements at small-scale LBG refuelling stationsAnders Karlsson, SP LNG Workshop 2016-06-16, NPL, London, UK
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LNG / LBG in Sweden
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LNG / LBG in Sweden
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LNG / LBG in Sweden
Since 2010 the station located in Gothenburg, Sweden delivers liquefied
biomethane to heavy and medium duty trucks. But in rare occasions, the tank
may be filled with LNG.
The LNG/LBG is delivered from a biogas plant by a trailer
BOG
CNG
LNG
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Gas quality variation
• The truck engines are based on different technologies
• Depending on the technology the engine is more or less sensitive to different
fuel qualities or specific parameters
• The engine technologies have different critical design criteria and can be
optimized for a larger or smaller window.
• Typically, dual fuel technology is more sensitive to varying gas qualities
compared to spark ignited engines in terms of knocking. However, spark ignited
engines are optimized based on specific gas properties.
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LNG Blue Corridor
Jönköping is one of the stations of the LNG blue corridor
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LNG Blue corridor, gas quality discussion
Aspects to be considered, related to gas quality, which affect the engine and gas
infrastructure:
Hydrogen: Risk of embrittlement for the metallic materials
Water: Risk of corrosion and driveability problems.
Hydrogen sulfide: Corrosive in the presence of water, could affect after-treatment devices,
combustion products could cause problems by sticking to the engine valves.
http://lngbc.eu/
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LNG Blue corridor, gas quality discussion
Key parameters discussed regarding LNG and EURO 6 engines are:
Methane Number: The higher MN the better possibility to optimize engine
Wobbe Index: Narrow interval helps to fulfil EURO 6 in terms of specified power and
torque.
Temperature/Pressure: Technology road path indicates need of two pressure intervals:
Spark ignited: minimum ~10 bars HPDI and similar technologies: “As cold as possible”
Siloxanes: Limit needed to secure engine durability (risk of abrasion and increased
probability for knocking)
http://lngbc.eu/
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Task 2.4. Ageing effects at LNG/LBG storage and filling stations
Boiling
temperature
(°C)
Nitrogen -195.80
Methane -161.49
Ethane -88.63
Propane -42.07
n-Butane -0.50
i-Butane -11.73
Neo-Pentane 9.50
i-Pentane 27.85
n-Pentane 36.07
Carbon dioxide -78.50
http://www.gastechnology.org/Training/Documents/LNG17-proceedings/Storage-4-Angel_Benito.pdf
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Task 2.5. Particulate measurements of LNGStakeholder comments
Westport Innovations Inc. (Westport), engineering the world's most advanced natural gas engines and vehicles, is making progress with its Westport High Pressure Direct Injection (Westport™ HPDI) second generation or "HPDI 2.0" development program. The Westport™ HPDI technology is particularly adapted for heavy duty LNG trucks. In October 2015, Westport announced it has entered into new agreements with Volvo Group governing the development, commercial launch and supply of Westport™ HPDI 2.0 technology in its heavy-duty trucks over the next several years.One specific feature of the HPDI system is its high pressure LNG pump located in the LNG tank, which does have a low tolerance to particles. To achieve customer expectations for product cost and LNG pump maintenance intervals at launch, the LNG needs to be delivered clean. Solid particles would otherwise grind the seals and the coating of the pump, leading gradually to material loss from the seals, resulting in turn in LNG pump performance falling below the required fuel delivery rate. Contaminations have been observed by measuring the rate of seal wear at stations equipped with an appropriate fuel filter compared to stations without a fuel filter, showing that the rate of seal wear significantly increases at the latter ones.Measuring the currently available LNG quality with regards to particles is necessary to evaluate the LNG fuel cleanliness and must be done following the same process at all tested sites in order to provide comparable results. These results are needed to develop future onboard filtration solutions and to define filter maintenance intervals. The LNG sampling equipment and particles measurement process will also be a useful diagnostic tool to resolve operational issues.
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LNG / LBG in Sweden: Sampling conditions
Task 2.2. Improved Sampling Techniques
Space a limiting factor
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LNG / LBG in Sweden: Sampling conditions
Task 2.2. Improved Sampling Techniques
Space a limiting factor
Insulation required to avoid pre-
vaporization
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LNG / LBG in Sweden: Sampling conditions
Task 2.2. Improved Sampling Techniques
Space a limiting factor
Insulation required to avoid pre-vaporization
Sampler: Mobile
Time for sampling limited -> needs to be quicklystabilized (temperatures/flow)
A heated and insulated coil of 6m ¼″-SS tubing -> high linear velocity
5 measurement ports (temperature)
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LNG / LBG in Sweden: Sampling conditions
Effects of heating and
flow rate
Unit With warming Without
warming
With
warming
T1 °C -140 ± 5 -135 ± 5 -100± 5
T2 °C -80 ± 5
T3 °C -20 ± 5
T4 °C 0 ± 5
T5 °C 35 ± 5 -135 ± 5 40 ± 5
Gas flow l/min stable at 60 ± 5
l/min*
Unstable (up to
115 but often
about 60 ± 5
30 ± 5 l/min*
P bar 2 5 1-1.2
Liquid LBG
visible at the
end of the
sampler
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LNG / LBG in Sweden: Sampling conditions
Effects of heating and
flow rate 2015-08-21 Theoreticalvalues
Measurements
Vol-% 60 l/min 30 l/min
Methane 98.95 98.95 ± 0.2 99.1
Ethane 0.153 0.145 ± 0.01 0.017 ± 0.01
propane 0.020 0.025 ± 0.01 0.002 ± 0.01
Isobutane 0.003 0.003 <0.001
Butane <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Oxygen 0.185 0.22 ± 0.05 0.15 ± 0.05
Nitrogen 0.691 0.65 0.75
Carbon dioxide 0.000 <0.1 <0.1
Isopentane 0.000219 0.00035 <0.001
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Thank you for your attention!