Functional Neuroanatomy and Applications

IGERT BootcampSeptember 2006

Outline

1. Introduction

2. Visual processing

3. Memory and plasticity

4. Motor systems

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Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus (circa 3000 BC)

First writings of the brain.

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Neuron DoctrineQuickTime™ and a

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Ramon y Cajal

A Course Map of the Brain.

central sulcus

definitions: sulcus vs. gyrus

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A majority of the cortex is devoted to vision.

Adapted from Felleman & Van Essen (1991)

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webvision.med.utah.edu

Cortex is divided into 6 layers.

2 - 6 mmthick

“gray matter”

Outline

1. Introduction

2. Visual processing

3. Memory and plasticity

4. Motor systems

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Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology

The early visual pathway “flips” sides.

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Kolb (2003)

The retina is the beginning of the visual processing.

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Kolb (2003)

A cross-section of the canonical retinal circuit.

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Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology

Spectral sensitivity of each photoreceptor type.

Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology

The basis of a receptive field.

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light stimulus

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Kolb (2003)

But, it’s more complicated …

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Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology

Optic nerve primarily projects to the thalamus.

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Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology

Primary visual cortex is the target of the thalamus.

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webvision.med.utah.edu

Eye-specific layers project to segregated regions.

ocular dominance columns

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Tootell et al (1982)

Retinotopic map in primary visual cortex

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Cortical magnification distorts representation.

webvision.med.utah.edu

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Adapted from Hubel & Wiesel (19xx)

Neurons in primary visual cortex are tuned to orientation.

orientation of bar

tuning curve

stimulusstimulus

ONstimulus

OFFstimulus

OFF

response

Firing rate (Hz)

Ohki et al (2006)

The orientation preference of neurons form a topology on visual cortex.

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• color represents orientation of tuning curve peak

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Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology

Radial columns are the basic sub-units of the cortex.

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Adapted from Felleman & Van Essen (1991)

Visual circuitry beyond the primary visual cortex.

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Two streams of visual information

1. “motion/space” processing

2. “form/shape” processing

Albright (1984)

Neurons in the medial temporal (MT) are tuned to motion.

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medial temporal (MT) cortex

Albright et al (1984)

Motion direction is topologically organized in MT cortex.

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Two streams of visual information

1. “motion/space” processing

2. “form/shape” processing

Desimone et al (1984)

Face-selective cells exist in the inferior temporal (IT) cortex.

The inferior temporal (IT) cortex projects to the hippocampus.

Kreiman et al (2000)

Does the “Bill Clinton” cell exist in the hippocampus?

Kreiman et al (2000)

Object-selective cells do exist in the hippocampus.

Outline

1. Introduction

2. Visual processing

3. Memory and plasticity

4. Motor systems

The hippocampus receives input from all sensory modalities.

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The basic circuitry of the hippocampus. QuickTime™ and a

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Ramon y Cajal

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Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology

The basic circuitry of the hippocampus.

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Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology

Synaptic plasticity exists in the hippocampus.

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Synaptic plasticity exists in the hippocampus.

Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology

Robert Mullerhttp://www.bris.ac.uk/depts/Synaptic/research/projects/memory/spatialmem.htm

Neurons in the hippocampus have non-visual receptive fields.

Emery Brownhttp://neurostat.mgh.harvard.edu

Can we “read the mind” of a rat?

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www.cyberkinetics.com

Can we “read the mind” of a human?

Outline

1. Introduction

2. Visual processing

3. Memory and plasticity

4. Motor systems

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www.brainconnection.com

Motor and decision areas in cortex.

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The Brain from Top to Bottomhttp://www.thebrain.mcgill.ca

The primary motor cortex contains a homunculus of body parts.

A monkey feeds itself with a robot controlled with neural signals.

A. SchwartzUniversity of Pittsburgh

Primary motor cortex (M1)Posterior parietal cortex

Premotor cortex(PMA)

Supplementarymotor cortex(SMA)

Where do motor areas end and decision-making begin?

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Richard Andersenhttp://vis.caltech.edu

Designing a neural prosthetic for humans.

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www.cyberkinetics.com

Actually, neural prosthetics already exist.

Review

1. Historical perspective• Imhotep

2. Visual processing• Organization of visual cortex

3. Memory and plasticity• Hippocampus and Place Cells

4. Motor systems• Neural Prosthestics

1. A few good classes.

Neuroscience 200A - Cellular NeuroscienceNeuroscience 200B - Systems NeuroscienceNeuroscience 200C - Cognitive Neuroscience

2. A few good books.

Kandel, Schwartz and Jessel (2000) Principles of Neural Science.

Squire et al (2003) Fundamental Neuroscience

3. A few good websites.

“Webvision” http://webvision.med.utah.edu“Neuroscience for Kids”

http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html

Resources

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Ventricular system provides cerebrospinal fluid to the brain.