functions of nervous system: –sensory input-(from inside and outside of body) –integration and...
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• Functions of Nervous System:
– Sensory Input-(from inside and outside of body)– Integration and regulation of body systems.– Motor output-(Muscles and glands)
• Two Divisions:– Central: Brain and spinal cord.– Peripheral: nerves of body.• Attached to spinal cord.
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Motor Neuron
•Multipolar
•Cause muscles to contract or glands to secrete
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Sensory Neuron
•Unipolar
•Take signals from a sensory organ to CNS.
•Eyes, ears, pain receptors.
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Interneuron•Multipolar
•Only in CNS
•Convey information and coordination of signals.
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• Resting Potential
•Polarized membrane- + on outside, - on inside.•Resting potential.•Na/K pump , pumps Na out and K into axon.–Helps keep many more Na on outside and many more K ion inside.
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Fig. 8.3a
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• Action Potential:– Axon is conducting nerve impulse.
– Axon depolarized: inside becomes + and outside -.• Na moves to the inside.
– Then axon is repolarized: + Out, - Inside.• K moves to the outside,
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Fig. 8.3b
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• Conduction of Action Potentials:–Myelination helps speed up how fast
nerve impulses can travel through the axon.
•Action potential jumps from node of ranvier to next node of ranvier.
•Called Saltatory conduction.
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Fig. 8.4
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Fig. 8.5a
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Fig. 8.5b
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Fig. 8.5c
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Brain and CNS
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Fig. 8.6b
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• Cerebrum:– Largest.– Divided into hemispheres.– Coordinates other parts of the brain.– Center of higher thought processes.• Learning• Memory• Language • Speech
– Divided into 4 lobes:• Occipital, Temporal, Frontal and Parietal
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Fig. 8.9
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• Diencephenon:– Contains the hypothalamus and thalamus
• Hypothalamus: regulates hunger, thirst, sleep, body temp.–Link between endocrine and nervous systems.
• Thalamus: Memory, emotions and signals to proper part of the brain.
• Pineal Gland: makes melatonin. Regulates body rhythms and biological clock..
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• Cerebellum:
–Regulates body posture and balance.
–Regulates smooth body actions.
•Coordinates voluntary movements.
• Plays a huge role in learning new motor skills.
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• Brain Stem:– Mid-brain: Relay station.
– Pons: Bridge between cerebellum and rest of CNS and regulates breathing and reflex movement of head.
– Medulla oblingata: Regulates heart rate, breathing, vomiting, coughing, swallowing, etc.
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Peripheral Nervous System
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• Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is composed of the nerves and ganglia that are outside the CNS.– Nerve: Bundles of myelinated axons.– Ganglia: Swellings associated with nerves that
contain cell bodies.
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• System divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.– Somatic: Serves skin, skeletal muscle and tendons.
Includes sensory neurons.
– Autonomic: Regulates cardiac and smooth muscle.
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• Two Types of Nerves:– Cranial: Attached to brain directly.• 12 pairs in humans.
• Most are somatic and control head neck and face.
• Vagus is an exception.: Autonomic and runs to most internal organs.
– Spinal: Attached to spinal cord:• 31 pairs in humans.
• Divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral.
• Mixed nerves:– Sensory signals enter via posterior root.
– Motor signals by the anterior root.
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Fig. 8.12
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Fig. 8.11b
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• Somatic Nervous System:–Many actions are voluntary. •Brains tells us to move arm, we send the signal via a somatic motor neuron to move the arm.
–Some actions are involuntary.•Reflexes.
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Fig. 8.13
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• Autonomic System:– Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.–Both function automatically and involuntarily.–Both connect to internal organs.
– Sympathetic: Fight of Flight.•Accelerates heartbeat, dilates bronchi in
lungs, inhibits digestive tract.
– Parasympathetic: Housekeeping.• Promotes food digestion, slows heart rate,
helps body relax.