funda gis data strs
TRANSCRIPT
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GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
SYSTEM
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WHAT IS A GIS ?
GEOGRAPHIC implies that locations of the data items areknown, or can be calculated, in terms of Geographic
coordinates (Latitude, Longitude)
INFORMATION implies that the data in a GIS areorganized to yield useful knowledge, often as coloured
maps and images, but also as statistical graphics, tables,
and various on-screen responses to interactive queries.
SYSTEM implies that a GIS is made up from several inter-
related and linked components with different functions.
Thus, GIS have functional capabilities for data capture,
input, manipulation, transformation, visualization,
combinations, query, analysis, modelling and output.
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An organized collection of computer hardware, software,
Geographical data and personnel designed to efficiently capture,
store, update, manipulate, analyze & display all forms of
Geographically referenced information is called GIS.
Definition of GIS
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WHY GIS ? To invent and monitor resources
To test the sensitivity of our analysis
assumptions
To simulate potential impacts of
management alternatives
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Uses of a GIS
Mapping geographical characteristics for
analysis
Modeling alternative processes
for management plans
Managing a utilitys assets
Monitoring changes in environmental
factors
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Application areas ofGIS
Agricultural applications Forestry applications
Water resources applications
Urban and regional planning applications
Wetland mapping Land use/ Land cover mapping
Geologic and soil mapping
Wildlife ecology applications
Archaeological applications
Environmental assessment, monitoring and management
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REPORTING/
OUTPUT
SUBSYSTEMS
DATA
MANIPULATIONAND ANLYSIS
SUBSYSTEM
DATA INPUT/
DATA CAPTURE
SUBSYSTEM
DATA
STORAGEAND
RETRIEVAL
SUBSYSTEM
GIS Architecture
G
I
S
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DATA INPUT/DATA
CAPTURE
SUBSYSTEM
DATA STORAGE AND
RETRIEVAL SUBSYSTEM
REPORTING/ OUTPUT
SUBSYSTEMS
DATA MANIPULATION
AND ANLYSIS
SUBSYSTEM
Key board entry
Manual Digitizing
Scanning and automatic digitizing
DBMS
Format conversion
Spatial measurements
Reclassification
Buffering
Overlay
Modelling surfaces
Maps
Graphical outputs
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MEASUREMENT MONITORING
MAPPING MODELLING
4LULCCADASTRAL
AGRICULTURE
HYDROLOGY
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESMENT
DRAINAGE NETWORK MODEL
TERRAIN MODELS DTM
Ms
ACTIVITIES
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Contribution Disciplines
Geography
Cartography
CAD,CAC
Computer Software
AutomatedCartography
Mathematics
Statistics
Surveying
Photogrametry
Digital
Photogrametry
Remote Sensing
Technology
G
I
S
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REAL
WORLD
RAW
DATA
DATA
MODEL
OUTPUT
DATA
T1
DATA COLLECTION
T2
DATA INPUT
T4
DATA OUTPUT
DATA MANIPULATION AND ANLYSIS
T3
TRANSFORMATION BASED VIEW OF THE GIS
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GEOSPATIAL
DATAUSERS
COMPUTER
SYSTEM
KEY COMPONENTS OF GISKEY COMPONENTS OF GIS
Hardware&SoftwareCapture, Storage,
processing
Analysis, Display etc.,
Maps,Aerial photographs, Satellite
Images, Statistic Tables etc,
Design of Standards, Updating,
Analysis and Implementations
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HARDWARECOMPONENTS
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Arc/Info
ArcView
SpansGIS
PAMAPGIS
GENAGIS
INTERGRAPH
NICATLAS
GIS Software...
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Data Capture Sources
Digitizing from paper maps
Scanning
Traditional surveying techniques
Paper records & field notes
Photogrammetry
Remote sensing GPS
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SPATIAL DATA
Raster
Vector
DATAMODELANDSTRUCTUREDATAMODELANDSTRUCTURE
RASTERMODELRASTERMODEL VECTOR MODELVECTORMODEL
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ATTRIBUTE DATAATTRIBUTE DATAATTRIBUTE DATA
Attributes can be numeric or alphaanumeric data
that is assigned to a point, line or area spatial
features
Example Attributes
Stand ID, Compartment no,Vegetation type,
Name of the Forest Block,Type of Road,VSS
code etc.,
Attributes are the characteristics of the map featuresand holding of the descriptive information about the
geographic features.
Attributes are non spatial data.color
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FEATURESOFACOVERAGE
TICTIC
1 2
3
4
5 6
ABE POI TABE POI T
ODEODE
ARCARCPO D
A OTATIOA OTATIO
PO YGOPO YGO
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Point Features
Spatially distributed entities, activities orevents
Points have a single geographic coordinate
such as:
Tree
Traffic accident
Lamp post
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Line Features
Spatially distributed entities, activities orevents
Lines (Arcs) are a series of geographiccoordinates joined to form a line such as:
Road
Stream
Railway
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Area Features
Spatially distributed entities, activities orevents
Areas (Polygons) are a series of geographic
coordinates joined together to form aboundary such as:
Lake
Soil types
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Topology - mathematical representation of
geographic features(arcs, nodes, polygons and
points)
When topology is built, it creates spatial
relationship among the features
Topology can be very important for certain types of
analysis.
TOPOLOGY
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GISData and Structures
SPATIAL DATA
RASTER DATA
VECTOR DATA
NONSPATIAL DATA / ATTRIBUTE DATA
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPATIAL DATA AND
NON-SPATIAL DATA IS TOPOLOGY
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GRAPHICREPRESENTATIONOFSPATIALDATA
RASTERDATA
REPRESENTATIONVECTORDATA
REPRESENTATION
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RADIOMETRIC CORRECTIONS
GEOMETRIC CORRECTIONS
ENHANCEMENTS
MERGING CLASSIFICATION
CHANGE ANALYSIS
VECTORISATION
Image processing includes ..