A. B. (4X) C. D. 16101665(Cell)1667 (Optical Microscope)

(Electron Microscope)transmission electron microscopeorganelles(Scanning probe microscopy, SPM) (a)Brightfield(Unstained specimen)

(b)Brightfield(Unstained specimen)

(c)Phase-Contrast

(d)Differential Interference Contrast (Nomarsk)

(Phase-Contrast)

(e)Fluorescence

(f)Confocal

25cm 0.1-0.2mm 0.2mm 0.2m0.2nm

1. (Ocular Lenses or Eyepieces)

10X

2. (Depth of field)

3. 4X,10X,40X,100X()(Magnification, Ex: 40X)(Numerical Aperture, Ex: 0.65)(Working Distance, Ex: 0.6mm)(40X 0.17mm)

4. (Mechanical Length) pqbd pqbd

()()

(Condenser Iris Diaphragm)

(flagella) (cilia)

()()()

()()()

()()()

(Osmotic Pressure)

()()()

()(Cellulose) 30

A B A B

10mL 1. 0.6M 30 2.A,B 15mL (A) NH4OH (B)phenol red

Aphenol red BNH4OH 10

(Lock and Key Model) 1890 Fisher Koshland(Induced-fit Model) (Coenzyme) B (Folicacid) (Biotin)

(Cofactor)Zn2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+

(Apoenzyme)(Holoenzyme) (Prosthetic Group)

Catecholase Catechol Catecholase()Benzoquinone()( Catecholase) Catechol 5 Hydroxyquinone Catechol HydroxyquinoneCatecholCatechol Catechol 37 pH Catechol p H pH=10

mix 2 3 ( Negative Control) ()() catecholase pH

(Carbohydrates)(CH2O)n(Aldose)(Ketose)(Reducing Sugar)()() CuSO4Sodium CitrateNa2CO3

(Lipid) (

) (Proteins) C,H,O,N,S(Biuret reagent,)CuSO4 NaOHCuSO4 C(Vitamin C) C 2,6dichlorophenol indophenol(DCPIP)

(Plastid)(Proplastid)(Etioplast)(Chloroplast)(Chromoplast)(Leucoplast)(Amyloplast)(Elaioplast)(Proteinplast) (Starch Grain) (Crystal)

DNA 1. (DNA) 2. 3. 1 5 4. 3-OH

(Phosphodiester bond) 5. DNA 5-P 3-OH 6. DNA(Adenine,A)(Thymine,T)

(Cytosine,C)(Guanine,G)

7. DNA DNA B DNAAZ DNAB DNA10 bp (Base Pair)0.34nm 1.0nm 0.34nm Major Groove Minor Groove DNA

()DNA()

G1,S,G2,M(G1 G2) S DNA M(Mitosis,) G0(Checkpoint) G1,G2 M(Cyclin)(Cdk,Cyclin-dependent Kinase )

MPF(Maturation Promoting Fator) MPFMPFMPF

G2(G2 of Interphase) (Prophase) (Prometaphase)(Kinetochore)

(Metaphse) (Anaphase) (Telophase)(Cytokinesis)

1(Synapsis) 1

1 12

2

2 2 2

a.(Leptotene) b.(Zygotene)(Synapsis) c.(Pachytene) d.(Diplotene) RNA e.(Diakinesis)DNA

DNARNA()(Histone)(Arginine)(Lysine) H1,H2a,H2b,H3,H4 DNA DNA (Centromere) DNA(Telomere) 5-TTAGGG(Telomerase) DNA H2a,H2b,H3,H4(Nucleosome) H1 linker DNA

Karyotyping 23 Metacentic p arm q arm p q arm Metacentric Submetacentric p arm q arm Submetacentric Acrocentric DNA Acrocentric 7 A 1 3 1 23 B 4 5 Submetacentric C 6 12 XSubmetacentric D 13,14,15Acrocentric

E 16,17,18 F 19 20Metacentric G 21 22 Y 21 (Satellite Chromosome) 5(Group D, Chromosome 21,Chromosome 22) rRNA DNA

C band(constitutive heterochromatin) Y Y G bandG((Giemsa staining) GiemsaGiemsa G-band Q bandQ Quinacrine mustard quinacrine UV R bandR G bandG band R band pHR band G band(terminal deletion)

(Accuracy) (Precision)

(Coefficient of Variation,CV)

(Pipet)(Microliter,L,) pipet P1000 1000-200P200 200-20 (tip)

P5000

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)DNATaqDNATagDNA PrimerdNTPPCRPCR 30-35 94 50-60DNA 72-74TagDNAnPCR 2n-2PCRPCRPCR Primer 17-30G C 50PrimerPCR Annealing TmTmDNA 50Tm=(A+T)2+(G+C)4 PCR dNTP PCR

PCR BioRad PCR GTCA Song PCR Songhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5yPkxCLads GTCA Songhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQEaX3MiDow&NR=1

DNA (Electrophoresis)(DNA,RNA,)(Isoelectric Point)DNA(Agarose)DNA DNA

TAE DNA()() loading 110V 45 EtBr(Ethidium Bromine) 10 UV DNAEtBr DNA Minor Groove UV

(Respiration) 2ATP22NADPH 2 NADPH 2 ATP

(Amylase) (PV=nRT)

(Gene Cloning)(Vector) DNA Clone PCR DNA 1. 2. (Ori) 3. 4. DNA EcoRI 5GAATTC HindIII Haemophilus influenzaedIII

(Comptent)CaCl2DNA(Heat-Shock)DNA(Electroporation)(Transformation)

30 42 5 LB(Luria-Bertani Broth) 37 45 Ampicillin LB Plate LB Plate 37 16-18

DNA (Plasmid) DNA 1000 200000

GTE SDS() DNA(Supercoiled)(Potassium Acetate) DNA(Isopropanol) TE

96 CDACD\CBDAD\BABAD\CDACC\EBDAB\BDDCA\CDADC\CDBDE\ACBCD\BDAEA

16

Hi-Pass 10.12.25