Fundamental Concepts of Fundamental Concepts of Anatomy & Physiology in Anatomy & Physiology in

AyurvedaAyurveda

Dr. S.K. Sharma, M.D. (Ay) Ph.DAdviser (Ayurveda)

Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy,

Unani, Siddha, Homoeopathy (AYUSH)Ministry of Health & Family Welfare,

Government of India

Telefax : 011-23328576E-mail : adv_ayurveda@yahoo.com

www.indianmedicine.nic.in

Ayu + Veda

Life: The unified State ofBody, Mind & Soul

Science: Knowledge

Ayurveda = Science of Life

Mind Body Soul Trinity: Mind Body Soul Trinity: Personality in Ayurveda Personality in Ayurveda

SoulSoul

MindMind

BodyBody

PURUSH CONSCIOUS(Living)

PRAKRITI Non-living Matrix

AYURVEDA-What it has?AYURVEDA-What it has?

Ayurveda is a science of life which deals with promotion of positive health

Etiological factors of various diseases

Pathogenesis of diseases

Clinical manifestations of almost all known diseases

Various dietary and seasonal regimens

Curative methods for treating illness

Vast Materia Medica of Plants, Minerals, Metals and Animal by products for various dosage forms

Eight Branches of AyurvedaEight Branches of Ayurveda “Astang Ayurveda”- As Described by Charaka 3000 “Astang Ayurveda”- As Described by Charaka 3000

yrs agoyrs ago

KayachikitsaKayachikitsaInternal MedicineInternal Medicine

ShalyatantraShalyatantraSurgerySurgery

ShalakyatantraShalakyatantraENT & OpthalmologyENT & Opthalmology

KaumarbhrityaKaumarbhritya Gynae, Obs & PaediatricsGynae, Obs & Paediatrics

Eight Branches of AyurvedaEight Branches of Ayurveda “Astang Ayurveda”- As Described by Charaka 3000 “Astang Ayurveda”- As Described by Charaka 3000

yrs agoyrs ago

AgadtantraAgadtantraToxicologyToxicology

BhootvidhyaBhootvidhyaPsychiatryPsychiatry

RasayanaRasayanaRejuvnative and Anti-aging therapyRejuvnative and Anti-aging therapy

VajikaranaVajikaranaAphrodisiacAphrodisiac

Preventive Care toPreserve Health

Therapeutic means totreat Disease

Disease Care Vs Health Care

Objectives of Ayurveda

Ayurvedic Approach of Health Ayurvedic Approach of Health and Disease and Disease

Promotion of

Health

Preventionof

Disease

Ayurveda Science of Longevitywith quality of life

Holistic management

of disease

Dosha - 3 (Vata, Pitta, Kapha)

Agni - 13 (Metabolic fire)

Dhatu - 7 (Body tissues)

Mala - 3 (Waste products)

Indriya - 5 (Sensory motor organs)

Manas - 1 (Mind)

Atma - Soul

Components of health

Definition of Health

Physical & Physiological

Psychological

Spiritual

One whose doshas, agni, functions of doshas and malas are in state of equilibrium, who has cheerful atman, mind, intellect and sense organs is designated as healthy.

MAN AND BIOSPHEREMAN AND BIOSPHERE

Macrocosm (Universe) Vs Microcosm (Man)

EnvironmentGeographical

S R T

V KP

EnvironmentSocio Cultural

Body

Mind

AYURVEDA

TRIDOSHA THEORY- 3 DOSHAS

PANCHAMAHABHUTA THEORY- 5 elements

VATA PITTA KAPHA

PRITHVIEarth

JALAWater

AGNIFire

VAYUAir

AKASHSpace

EQUILIBRIUM of 3 DOSHAS

DISEQUILIBRIUM of 3 DOSHAS

HEALTH DISEASE

SOUL+

Panch Mahabhutas

Sense Organs

Sensory Faculty

Properties Actions

Space Ears Hearing*Creates natural void in the body

* No distinct tasteProduces softness,

lightness and porosity

Air Skin Touch

*Light, clear and dry.*Governs inhalation, exhalation, opening and closing of eyelids,

extension and contraction of joints, locomotion and other

motor functions.*slightly bitter taste

Creates dryness, lightness and emaciation.

Fire Eyes Visual(Sight)

*Rough & bright eyes*Controls temperature and luster

of body colour.*Pungent taste

Helps in digestion, maturation, improves

eye sight

Earth Nose Smell

*Heavy, immobile, compact & rough.

*Controls organs as teeth, nails, flesh, skin, tendons & muscles.

*Sweet taste.

*Increases firmness & strength of the body*Acts as a nutrient,

emollient and purgative

Water Tongue Taste

*Cold, heavy fluid*Slimy, fat and sweat by nature

*Sweet & astringent, sour & saline taste.

*Imparts glossiness.*Enhances fluid

content & purgative*Acts as nutrient,

emollient and purgative.

Three Doshas (Tridoshas)

Tridoshas are Vata, PItta & Kapha Tridosha concept is applicable in living

organisms Tridoshas are biological entities responsible

for structure, function and behaviour dimensions of all living organisms

Therefore human body mind constitution (Prakriti), diseases, Medicines and Food all has been categorized in Vata type, Pitta type and Kapha type.

But nothing is absolute pure; every thing is permutation and combination of Tridoshas

HUMAN BEING (Soul + Intellect + Mind + Body)

Food: Human body - Three Dosha: Drugs:

V 1. Vatta V V

P 2. Pitta P P

K 3. Kapha K K

Five elements:

S 1. Space S S

A 2. Air A A

F 3. Fire F F

W 4. Water W W

E 5. Earth E E

The MalasThe Malas MalasMalas are the various waste products of the are the various waste products of the dhatusdhatus produced produced

during the normal metabolical process. The three primary malas during the normal metabolical process. The three primary malas being being PurisaPurisa (faeces), (faeces), MutraMutra (urine) and (urine) and SwedaSweda (sweat). (sweat).

PurisaPurisa is the waste left back after nutrients of digested food is the waste left back after nutrients of digested food have been absorbed in the small intestine. have been absorbed in the small intestine.

MutraMutra The first stage of urine formation begins in the large The first stage of urine formation begins in the large intestine where fluids are absorbed into the system. The entire intestine where fluids are absorbed into the system. The entire urinary system (kidneys, uterus, bladder and urethra) takes part urinary system (kidneys, uterus, bladder and urethra) takes part in the formation and elimination of urine, regulating the fluid in the formation and elimination of urine, regulating the fluid balance in our body and also maintaining blood pressure. balance in our body and also maintaining blood pressure.

SwedaSweda is the third primary is the third primary malamala, and it occurs as a waste , and it occurs as a waste product during the synthesis of product during the synthesis of meda dhatumeda dhatu (fatty tissue). (fatty tissue). Eliminated through skin pores, it controls body temperature and Eliminated through skin pores, it controls body temperature and helps to regulate the electrolytic balance. helps to regulate the electrolytic balance.

Concept of Body (Sarira) There are two type of Sarira

Gross body (Sthula Sarira) Sthula sarira:-The gross body is the

combination of the five eternal elements known as the panchamahbhuta and it provide matrix for consciousness. It is also seat of all the diseases and pains

Subtle body (Suksma Sarira) Suksma sarira:- subtle body is composed of

five sense-organs (jnanaindriya) five karmaindriya (motar organs), mahat (intellect), ahamkara (ego), manas (mind) and five tanmatras (subtle elements). Subtle body carries all the impression of previous life through mind. Subtle body is a seat of atma (soul) . It is only Indian concept which elaborates what happens after death & rebirth.

Dhatubheden Purush Dhatubheden Purush VivechanaVivechana

Ek Dhatu PurushEk Dhatu PurushShaddhat purshShaddhat purshChaturvinshatmak dhatu purushChaturvinshatmak dhatu purush

Concept of Sapta Dhatus Concept of Sapta Dhatus ( 7 Body Tissues) ( 7 Body Tissues)

Body is made up of Seven Tissues and their Body is made up of Seven Tissues and their function is to maintain the body matrixfunction is to maintain the body matrix

1. Rasa 1. Rasa (Plasma)(Plasma)

3. Mansa3. Mansa(Muscles)(Muscles)

4. Medas4. Medas(Fats)(Fats)

5. Asthi5. Asthi(Bones)(Bones)

6. Majja6. Majja(Bone marrow)(Bone marrow)

7. Shukra7. Shukra(Reproductive (Reproductive

tissues)tissues)

2. Rakta2. Rakta(Blood)(Blood)

OjasOjas(Responsible for Immunity)

Dhatu Nirmana & Poshan KramaDhatu Nirmana & Poshan Krama

Ksheer-dadhi Nyaya: Ksheer-dadhi Nyaya:

(Whole conversion)(Whole conversion)

Kedari-kulya Nyaya: Kedari-kulya Nyaya:

(Sequential Conversion)(Sequential Conversion)

Kalekapot Nyaya: Kalekapot Nyaya: (Whole conversion but time taken (Whole conversion but time taken

for conversion depends on sequence)for conversion depends on sequence)

Body-Mind Constitution Body-Mind Constitution (Prakriti)(Prakriti)

It is the group of specific characters emerged by the union the “Shukra” (Spermatozoa) and the “Shonita” (Ovum) of the parents at the time of conception.

This formulate the Genetic Architect of body-mind and decides health, likes & dislikes

It can tell us the diseases susceptibility of an individual.

Concept of Prakriti Concept of Prakriti (Body Mind Constitution and Temperament)(Body Mind Constitution and Temperament)

Concept of Prakriti (human constitution) Concept of Prakriti (human constitution) occupies prime position in relation to occupies prime position in relation to physiological attributes to health and disease. physiological attributes to health and disease.

Prakriti is a composite whole of Mind-Body Prakriti is a composite whole of Mind-Body complex. It is determined by relative complex. It is determined by relative predominance of dosha in intra-uterine life of a predominance of dosha in intra-uterine life of a fetus. fetus.

Prakriti is unchangeable throughout the life Prakriti is unchangeable throughout the life span, but one can take remedial measures in span, but one can take remedial measures in diet and behavior suitable to his/her prakriti to diet and behavior suitable to his/her prakriti to maintain health and prevention of disease. maintain health and prevention of disease.

A. Deha Prakriti (7 types)Physical manifestations: Single, Dual and Three Doshaj

Types of Saririk Prakriti (7)

Vataja, Pittaja, Kaphaja, Vata+Pitta, Vata+Kapha, Pitta+Kapha, and Tridoshaj

B. Manas Prakriti (16 types)Psychic Manifestations:

Types of Manasik Prakriti

Satvik (7), Rajasik (6),Tamasik (3)

Prakriti

Significance of Prakriti in Clinical Significance of Prakriti in Clinical Medicine Medicine

For Promotive & Preventive HealthFor Promotive & Preventive Health Know your prakriti and diseases susceptibilityKnow your prakriti and diseases susceptibility Prakriti will tell the risk factors, course of disease, Prakriti will tell the risk factors, course of disease,

complications and prognosiscomplications and prognosis Follow your diet, behaviour, profession and life Follow your diet, behaviour, profession and life

style suitable to your prakriti to lead a healthy style suitable to your prakriti to lead a healthy life.life.

Curative HealthCurative Health Select the drugs and dose as per prakritiSelect the drugs and dose as per prakriti Drug body interaction and reaction pattern Drug body interaction and reaction pattern

depend upon the prakriti of individual & drugdepend upon the prakriti of individual & drug Associated complications of a disease, prognosis Associated complications of a disease, prognosis

and their treatment can be improved as per and their treatment can be improved as per prakriti of disease & individualprakriti of disease & individual

Disease Susceptibility & Prakriti

Vataj person:Insomnia, Neurological disorders, Joint

disorders etc.Pittaj person:

Peptic ulcer, Bleeding disorders, Liver disorders etc.

Kaphaj person:Obesity, Diabetes, Heart diseases etc.

OjasOjasEssence of all body tissuesEssence of all body tissuesSite of Ojas- HridyaSite of Ojas- HridyaGets nutrition from foodGets nutrition from foodTwo typesTwo types

Par Oja- ArdhanjaliPar Oja- ArdhanjaliApar Oja- Eight DropsApar Oja- Eight Drops

OjakshayaOjakshayaVisransan: Mild deficiencyVisransan: Mild deficiencyVyapat: Moderate deficiencyVyapat: Moderate deficiencyKshaya- Severe deficiency- Loss of ImmunityKshaya- Severe deficiency- Loss of Immunity

Twacha (Skin), Kala Twacha (Skin), Kala (Membranes)(Membranes)

Six LayersSix LayersAvbhasiniAvbhasiniLohitaLohitaShwetaShwetaTamraTamraVediniVediniMansdharaMansdhara

Six KalasSix KalasMansadharaMansadharaRaktadharaRaktadharaMedadharaMedadharaShelshmadharaShelshmadharaPrishadharaPrishadharaPittadharaPittadhara

Asthi (Bones)Asthi (Bones)

Bones form the structure Bones form the structure and whole body rests on and whole body rests on this structurethis structure

Bones are formed from Bones are formed from Pitraj Bhava during Pitraj Bhava during embryonic developmentembryonic development

There are 206 bones in There are 206 bones in the bodythe body

Sandhi (Joints)Sandhi (Joints) The places where Bones meet are called SandhisThe places where Bones meet are called Sandhis Number of Sandhis in bodyNumber of Sandhis in body

As per Charaka- 290As per Charaka- 290 As per Sushruta- 210As per Sushruta- 210

Types-Two: Chala & Achala Types-Two: Chala & Achala Types-Eight: Kora (Hinge Joints), Types-Eight: Kora (Hinge Joints),

Ulukhal (Ball & Socket), Ulukhal (Ball & Socket),

Samudag (Slightly movable), Samudag (Slightly movable),

Pratar (Gliding), Pratar (Gliding),

Tunnasevni (Suture), Tunnasevni (Suture),

Vayastunda (Jaw), Vayastunda (Jaw),

ShankavartaShankavarta

Anatomical Division of BodyAnatomical Division of Body

ShadangShadangShakha (4)- ExtremitiesShakha (4)- Extremities

- two hands, two legs- two hands, two legsMadhya Sarira- Middle BodyMadhya Sarira- Middle BodyUrdhvajatru- Above neckUrdhvajatru- Above neck

Concept of Srotas in BodyConcept of Srotas in Body(Macro & Micro Channels of (Macro & Micro Channels of

Circulation)Circulation) Human body is made up of srotas Human body is made up of srotas

(Macro- & Micro- Channels)(Macro- & Micro- Channels)

Smooth flow of materials inside Smooth flow of materials inside channels leads to health & fitnesschannels leads to health & fitness

Obstruction in srotas initiates the Obstruction in srotas initiates the disease process- intracellular to disease process- intracellular to system levelsystem level

E.g.- The function of athero-E.g.- The function of athero-thrombotic plaques is responsible thrombotic plaques is responsible for Cardiovascular disordersfor Cardiovascular disorders

Endothelial dysfunction leads to Endothelial dysfunction leads to obstruction and variety of diseases obstruction and variety of diseases in the bodyin the body

Srotas concept is very significant Srotas concept is very significant from clinical point of view for from clinical point of view for prevention & cure of diseasesprevention & cure of diseases

Charaka Samhita describes Charaka Samhita describes thirteenthirteen srotas. srotas.

ThreeThree srotas connect the individual to the external world: srotas connect the individual to the external world: Prana vaha srota--the channels carrying prana, the breath. Prana vaha srota--the channels carrying prana, the breath. Anna vaha srota--the channels transporting solid and liquid foods Anna vaha srota--the channels transporting solid and liquid foods Udaka vaha srotas--the channels transporting water (no Western Udaka vaha srotas--the channels transporting water (no Western

equivalent) equivalent)

SevenSeven srotas represent channels to and from the tissues (dhatus): srotas represent channels to and from the tissues (dhatus): Rasa vaha srotas--the channels carrying plasma and lymph Rasa vaha srotas--the channels carrying plasma and lymph Rakta vaha srotas--the channels carrying blood cells and specifically Rakta vaha srotas--the channels carrying blood cells and specifically

hemoglobin hemoglobin Mamsa vaha srotas--the channels carrying muscle nutrients and wastes Mamsa vaha srotas--the channels carrying muscle nutrients and wastes Meda vaha srotas--the channels supplying the various adipose tissues of Meda vaha srotas--the channels supplying the various adipose tissues of

the body the body Asthi vaha srotas--the channels bring nutrients to the bones and Asthi vaha srotas--the channels bring nutrients to the bones and

transporting wastes. transporting wastes. Majja vaha srotas--the channels supplying the bone marrow and nerves Majja vaha srotas--the channels supplying the bone marrow and nerves

including the brain including the brain Sukra vaha srota--the channels carrying the sperm and ova and Sukra vaha srota--the channels carrying the sperm and ova and

supplying their nutrients supplying their nutrients

Conti….Conti….

ThreeThree srotas regulate the elimination of metabolic waste srotas regulate the elimination of metabolic waste products:products:

Purisha vaha srotas--the channels which carry the feces Purisha vaha srotas--the channels which carry the feces Mutra vaha srotas--the channels which carry the urine Mutra vaha srotas--the channels which carry the urine Sveda vaha srotas--the channels which carry perspiration Sveda vaha srotas--the channels which carry perspiration

TwoTwo srotas are specific for women: srotas are specific for women: Artava vaha srotas--the channels which carry the menstrum Artava vaha srotas--the channels which carry the menstrum Stanya vaha srotas--the channels carrying the breast milk Stanya vaha srotas--the channels carrying the breast milk

during lactation during lactation

OneOne srota is associated with the mind (manas): srota is associated with the mind (manas): Mano vaha srota--the channels which carry thoughts, ideas, Mano vaha srota--the channels which carry thoughts, ideas,

emotions, and impressions emotions, and impressions

Obstruction of Srotas in Aetiopathogenesis of Diseases

Intestinal Obstruction

Common Bile Duct Obstruction

ArthroscerosisCoronary Artery

DiseaseTransient Ischemic

Attack

Panchkarma procedures like Sweating, Emesis, Panchkarma procedures like Sweating, Emesis, Purgation, Enema etc. are meant for Purgation, Enema etc. are meant for purification of Srotas – At Macro- & Micro- purification of Srotas – At Macro- & Micro- levelslevels

Kaphahara medicines are aimed to reduce the Kaphahara medicines are aimed to reduce the obstruction of srotasobstruction of srotas

Activities like fasting, exercise also clear the Activities like fasting, exercise also clear the Srotas – lead to good healthSrotas – lead to good health

Yogic Shatkriya (Six procedures)- Neti, Dhauti, Yogic Shatkriya (Six procedures)- Neti, Dhauti, Nauli Basti, Kapalbhati, Trataka etc.Nauli Basti, Kapalbhati, Trataka etc.

Cleaning-Purification of Srotas for Treatment of Diseases

Concept of Agni – Metabolic Concept of Agni – Metabolic FireFire

Physiological concept of digestion and Physiological concept of digestion and metabolism is based on the concept of Agni- metabolism is based on the concept of Agni- Metabolic fireMetabolic fire

Food digestion in stomach & GIT is initiated Food digestion in stomach & GIT is initiated by major Jathragni. This can be equated with by major Jathragni. This can be equated with enzymes, hormones and secretions of enzymes, hormones and secretions of digestion.digestion.

Nutrition & tissue metabolism is carried out Nutrition & tissue metabolism is carried out by seven Dhatwagnies – at various tissues of by seven Dhatwagnies – at various tissues of bodybody

Micro-digestion and bio-transformation at Micro-digestion and bio-transformation at cellular, subatomic and elemental levels is cellular, subatomic and elemental levels is carried out by 5 Bhutagnis at gene levelcarried out by 5 Bhutagnis at gene level

Therefore from gross to subtle level, Therefore from gross to subtle level, digestion, nutrition & metabolism is carried digestion, nutrition & metabolism is carried out by 13 types of metabolic fires-Agnisout by 13 types of metabolic fires-Agnis

The status of health and nutrition depends The status of health and nutrition depends upon the status of Agniupon the status of Agni

CONCEPT OF AGNI (BIOLOGICAL FIRE)

Normal Agni

Food

Essence of digested Waste products (Mala) food (Sara) normal excretion

- Nutrition to body

- Organs

- Tissues

- Cells

- Nutrition of Panchbhoota (5 elements)

Balance of Dosha – VPK - Health

CONCEPT OF AMA (Toxic metabolites are produced due to improper

digestion)Abnormal Agni (abnormal biological fire)

Aahar (Food)

Improperly digested Improper waste

products food products &

accumulation of wastes

- Malnutrition of the body tissue

- Formation of Ama (undigested toxic food

products)

- Toxic metabolites (act as allergens)

- Start of Antigen- Antibody Reaction

- Stimulates – auto-immune complex formation

(Ama) - (Start of pathological process)-DISEASE

Significance of Agni in Aetiopathogenesis / Clinical Medicine Digestive Disorders

Dyspepsia Irritable Bowel Syndrome Colitis

Allergies of Skin, Respiratory system

Autoimmune Disorders Rheumatoid Arthritis

Life Style Disorders Metabolic Syndrome Obesity

Six Stages of Pathogenesis - Shatkriyakala

6. Bhedavastha (Stage of Complications)

2. Prakopa (Stage of Vitiation)

1. Sanchaya(Stage of Accumulation)

3. Prasara (Stage of Spread)

4. Sthansamshraya (Stage of Deposition at weak site)

5. Vyaktavastha (Stage of Disease Manifestation

Signs & Symptoms)

SAMPRAPTI

Marma Vigyana Marma Vigyana (Vital Points of Body)(Vital Points of Body)

Trimarma- Vasti, Hridya, ShirTrimarma- Vasti, Hridya, ShirTotal Numbers of marmas: 107Total Numbers of marmas: 107Types- Based on Structure & Based Types- Based on Structure & Based

on Discomfort/ Dysfunctionon Discomfort/ Dysfunction Mansamarma, Siramarma, Snayumarma, Mansamarma, Siramarma, Snayumarma,

Sandhimarma, Asthimarma, DnamnimarmaSandhimarma, Asthimarma, Dnamnimarma Sadhyapranahara, Kalantarpranahar, Sadhyapranahara, Kalantarpranahar,

Vaikalyakar, Vishalyagh, RujakaraVaikalyakar, Vishalyagh, Rujakara

Trividh Naadi, Shatchakra- Trividh Naadi, Shatchakra- Components of Nervous SystemComponents of Nervous System

Ida, Pingala SushmunaIda, Pingala Sushmuna14 major Nadis, Overall14 major Nadis, Overall

more than 3.5 Lakhmore than 3.5 LakhShatchakraShatchakra

MuladharMuladharSwadhishthanSwadhishthanManipoorManipoorAnahatAnahatVishuddhVishuddhAgyachakraAgyachakra

IndriyshariraIndriysharira

Gyanendriyas (Sensory Organs)Gyanendriyas (Sensory Organs)EyesEyesEarsEarsNoseNoseSkinSkinTongueTongue

Karmendriyas (Motor organs)Karmendriyas (Motor organs)Mana Mana

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