Fundamentals of Criminal

JusticeSteven E. Barkan

University of Maine

George J. BryjakUniversity of San Diego

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Barkan, Steven E.Fundamentals of criminal justice / Steven E. Barkan and George J. Bryjak.

p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-205-29518-5 (alk. paper)1. Criminal justice, Administration of. 2. Criminal justice, Administration of—United

States. I. Bryjak, George J. II. Title.

HV7419 .B37 2004364—dc21

2002038322

Photo credits appear on the last page following the index, which constitutes an extensionof the copyright page.

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 WEB 08 07 06 05 04 03

Brief Contents

Understanding Criminal Justice 1p a r t O N E11: Crime, Justice, and Law in American Society 1

22: Counting and Explaining Crime 22

UNDER INVESTIGATION: Who Commits Crime? 54

33: Crime in the United States 60

UNDER INVESTIGATION: Street Gangs and Motorcycle Gangs 98i n t e r c h a p t e r

i n t e r c h a p t e r

44: Criminal Law 104

55: Victims and Victimization 130

UNDER INVESTIGATION: Terrorists and Victims—A World at Risk 164i n t e r c h a p t e r

Crime and Victimization 104p a r t T W O

Law Enforcement 172p a r t T H R E E66: The Police: History, Organization, and Composition 172

UNDER INVESTIGATION: Community Policing and Militarizing the Police 202

77: Becoming a Cop and Doing Police Work 208

88: Police Misconduct 240

i n t e r c h a p t e r

99: Criminal Courts: History, Organization, and Pretrial Procedures 270

1100: Plea Bargaining and Jury Trials 308

1111: Sentencing 346

Courts and Sentencing 270p a r t F O U R

1122: Prisons and Punishment: Yesterday and Today 376

UNDER INVESTIGATION: The Surge in Incarceration 406

1133: Life behind Bars 410

UNDER INVESTIGATION: Health and Health Care in Prisons 448

1144: Community Corrections and Juvenile Justice 452

i n t e r c h a p t e r

i n t e r c h a p t e r

Punishment and Corrections 376p a r t F I V E

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Contents

Understanding Criminal Justice 1

p a r t O N E

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c h a p t e r 11Crime, Justice,and Law in American SocietyCrime and the operation of the

criminal justice system are two of

the most important issues in

today’s society. This chapter dis-

cusses popular views of crime,

examines the major goals of the

U.S. criminal justice system, and

presents several models of how

the criminal justice system works.

p. 1

The Problem of Crime 2The Problem in Understanding Crime 3

Media Coverage andMyths about Crime 4

The Get Tough Approach 6

The Criminal JusticeSystem 7Events in the Criminal Justice System 8

The Size and Cost of Criminal Justice 10

Understanding theCriminal JusticeSystem 12Goals of Criminal Justice 12

Models of Criminal Justice 13

Focus On Islam: The Islamic Concept of Crime 18

Take a Look xv

A Message from the Authors xxii

Crimes of Violence 63Homicide 64

Robbery 71

Rape and Sexual Assault 72

Aggravated Assault 73

Domestic Violence 74

Property Crimes 75Burglary 75

Larceny–Theft 77

Motor Vehicle Theft 78

Arson 79

Hate Crimes 80Stalking 82

Prostitution 82Drunk Driving 83Illegal Drugs 85Drug Use 87

The Drug DistributionSystem 88

Organized Crime 89

Occupational Crime 91

Focus on Russia: Organized Crime in aChanging Society 94

c h a p t e r 22Counting and Explaining CrimeTo reduce crime, our society must

first know how much crime we

have and why it occurs. This

chapter reviews the primary

ways in which government offi-

cials and criminal justice

researchers measure crime, and

it outlines important explana-

tions of crime from the fields of

biology, psychology, and sociology.

c h a p t e r 33Crime in the United StatesThis chapter is an up-to-

date summary of the major

forms of criminal activity in

the United States, including

stalking, prostitution, drunk

driving, hate crimes, occupa-

tional crimes, and organized

crime. A survey of illegal

drug use is presented,

including an examination of the drug distribu-

tion system beginning with the coca growing

fields of South America.

UNDER Investigation:

Who Commits Crime? p. 54Crime is socially patterned. This Under Investigation examines the kinds of people who are more

likely to commit crime, and the kinds of places that are more likely to have crime. This section dis-

cusses how age, gender, race and ethnicity, social class, and urban residence all affect crime rates.

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i n t e r c h a p t e r

p. 22

Counting Crime 25The Uniform CrimeReports (UCR) 26

The National CrimeVictimization Survey(NCVS) 33

Self-Report Surveys 35

Field Research 36

Explaining Crime 37Rational Choice,Deterrence, and RoutineActivities 37

Biological andPsychologicalExplanations 38

Sociological Explanations 41

Theory and Policy:Reducing Crime 48

Focus on Great Britain: ExplainingCrime in theCountryside 49

p. 60

History of CriminalLaw 106Ancient Societies 107

English Common Law 107

American Colonial Law 108

Types of Law andCrimes 108Classifications of Law 108

Serious Crimes versusMinor Crimes 109

Elements of a Crime 110

CriminalResponsibility and Legal Defenses 111Accident, Mistake, and Ignorance 112

Duress 112

Self-Defense 112

Necessity 113

Entrapment 113

Diminished Capacity:Age, DevelopmentalDisabilities, and Insanity 113

Constitutional andProcedural Rights 115The Bill of Rights andLegal Protections 115

The Expansion of DueProcess 118

The Supreme Court andthe Police 118

Focus On InternationalLaw 126

UNDER Investigation:

Street Gangs and Motorcycle Gangs p. 98This Under Investigation gives a brief history of urban street gangs and outlaw motorcycle gangs in

the United States, focusing on their involvement in criminal activity and explanations for this behav-

ior. This section looks at female gang members, including their status in these groups and participa-

tion in various street crimes.

c h a p t e r 44Criminal LawCriminal law governs what

makes certain behaviors crimes

and how the criminal justice sys-

tem works. This chapter sketches

the history of criminal law and

discusses the elements of criminal

acts, legal defenses to criminal

prosecution, and the procedural

rights afforded criminal suspects

and defendants in the United

States.

Crime and Victimization 104

p a r t T W O

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i n t e r c h a p t e r

p. 104

c h a p t e r 55Victims andVictimizationThis chapter addresses the ques-

tions too often overlooked in

criminal justice texts: Who is

most likely to be a victim of street

crime in the United States? Why

are some people repeatedly vic-

timized? What is the relation

between victims and offenders?

Is there a geography of victimization? What

prompted the formation of the victims’ move-

ment, and what services do victims’ organiza-

tions provide?

Defining Crime Victims 134

Victim Characteristics 135Age 135

Gender 136

Race and Ethnicity 137

Immigrants 137

Income 138

Marital Status 138

Region, Urbanization,and Home Ownership 138

The Costs andConsequences ofVictimization 139Economic and Medical Costs 139

PsychologicalConsequences 139

Typology of Victims 142

Victims and Offenders 144The Geography of Crime 144

Victim Precipitation 146

Choosing a Victim andRepeat Victimization147

Victims as Offenders and Offenders as Victims 148

Crime Displacement andVictimization 150

The Victims’Movement 151Victims and Offenders—Restitution andRestoration 152

Victims of Crime Act 154

Victims and Sentencing 158

Focus on Norway:Crime Victims in aWealthy Society 160

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UNDER Investigation:

Terrorists and Victims—A World at Risk p. 164This Under Investigation presents a typology of terrorist groups, explanations for terrorist behavior

including target selection, and a look at the various strategies used by the United States and other

nations to prevent terrorist attacks. This section concludes with a discussion of the impact of the

attacks of September 11, 2001, on the criminal justice system, especially the police and the courts.

i n t e r c h a p t e r

p. 130

Law Enforcement 172

p a r t T H R E E

History 175Origin and Development 175

August Vollmer andO. W. Wilson 179

The Impact ofTechnology 180

Police Unions 181

The Organization of Law Enforcement 183Municipal Police and Sheriffs’ Departments 183

State Police 185

Federal Agencies 186

Special Police Forces 189

Composition of PoliceDepartments 189African American Police 189

Hispanic and AsianPolice Officers 192

Female Police Officers 192

Gay and Lesbian PoliceOfficers 198

Focus on France: TheFrench Police—TwoForces Are Better ThanOne 198

c h a p t e r 66

An engaging social history of

police in the United States,

this chapter provides a con-

text within which police

issues and problems can be

examined. It discusses the

impact of technology on policing as well as the

growth and function of police unions. Along

with a survey of police at the local, state, and

federal levels, this chapter examines the increas-

ing participation of minority officers in Ameri-

can policing, especially African American,

Latino, female, and gay officers.

p. 172

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The Police: History, Organization, and Composition

UNDER Investigation:

Community Policing and Militarizing the Police p. 202This Under Investigation examines two simultaneous yet different developments in law enforcement

in the United States over the past 30 years: community policing (working closely with members of

the community in a joint effort to identify and solve local problems) and PPUs (police paramilitary

units). The pros and cons of militarizing the police are discussed in this section.

i n t e r c h a p t e r

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A Typology of PoliceDeviance 243

The Impact ofCorruption 248

Becoming a Crooked Cop 248

Corrupt PoliceDepartments 249

Police and the Use of Force 250

Police Brutality—Definition andFrequency ofOccurrence 251

Police Violence—WhyDoes It Occur? 253Excessive Force IsTolerated 253

Excessive Force as a Riteof Passage 253

The “Dirty Harry”Problem 254

Police Mistakes 254

Police Violence and Race 255

Fear and Fun 257

The War on Crime 257

“Contempt of Cop” 258

The Code of Silence 258

Department Philosophyand Accountability 260

Devil Cops in the City of Angels 261

Policing the Police 263Internal Control 263

Government Control 264

Community Control 264

Focus on Mexico: Police Deviance in a Developing Nation 266

c h a p t e r 88Police MisconductWhy do some cops "go bad"?

This chapter provides a typology

of police misconduct as well as

an examination of the evolution

of a deviant career. Included is a

thorough investigation of the

most serious form of law enforce-

ment deviance: police brutality.

Topics discussed in this section

include the use of force as a rite

of passage, the "Dirty Harry" problem, and

"contempt of cop." This chapter concludes

with an overview of how various forms of

police misconduct can be curtailed.

p. 240

c h a p t e r 77Becoming a Cop 211Requirements andSelection 211

From the Academy tothe Street 216

Doing Police Work 218The Police and Crime 218

On Patrol 220

Criminal Investigationand Undercover Work 223

Traffic Enforcement 226

Police Discretion 228

The Police andProfiling 229

The Police Subculture 233The Police and Suicide 234

Focus on Japan: Police in the Land ofthe Rising Sun 235

This chapter looks at the people

who become police officers, why

individuals choose this career, the

strategies that police departments

employ to attract young men and

women to law enforcement, the dif-

ference between formal training in

police academies and the informal socialization

that occurs in on-the-job training on the streets,

and the police subculture and its effect on police

behavior. This chapter also provides a survey of

police work, including patrol, traffic enforcement,

criminal investigation, and undercover work.

p. 208

Becoming a Cop andDoing Police Work

Plea Bargaining 311Definition and Criticismof Plea Bargaining 311

Prosecutors and Plea Bargaining 315

Judges and PleaBargaining 316

Public Defenders and Plea Bargaining 318

Let’s Make a Deal 319

Is Plea Bargaining Here to Stay? 320

The Trial 321Jury Selection,Composition, and Voir Dire 322

Opening Statements 327

Presenting the Evidence 327

Closing Arguments 329

Instructing the Jury andJury Deliberation 331

The Verdict 333

Appeals 334

Jury Nullification 334

Convicting theInnocent 336

Reforming theCriminal Courts 340

Focus on China: Crimeand Justice in aMarxist Society 341

History 274

Formal Organizations 275State Courts 276

Federal Courts 279

Informal Organization: The Court as aWorkgroup 280

The Major Players 282Judges 282

Prosecutors 285

Defense Attorneys 287

Getting Busted:Pretrial Procedures 292

Arrest 292

Initial Appearance 293

Charging 293

Preliminary Hearing 294

Grand Jury 294

Arraignment 295

Bail and PretrialDetention 295

Pretrial Release and Detention 296

Bail 298

Bail Bondsmen 300

Discovery and Pretrial Motions 301

Focus on Islam: Islam and CriminalJustice 302

c h a p t e r 99

This chapter examines

the organization of

criminal courts in the United States as well

as the principal players in the courts: judges,

prosecutors, and defense attorneys. This chapter

also presents pretrial procedures from arrest

through discovery, with special emphasis on

the pros and cons of the grand jury and bail

(including bondsmen and skip-tracers) and

pretrial detention.

p. 270

c h a p t e r 1100

This chapter provides an

in-depth look at the most

misunderstood and con-

troversial aspect of the

criminal courts—plea

bargaining. This chapter

also presents the dynam-

ics of the criminal trial from jury selection,

composition, and voir dire through the appeals

process. It examines an increasingly important

phenomenon in the criminal trial—jury nulli-

fication. This chapter concludes with an

overview of the numerous ways factually inno-

cent people are falsely accused and convicted of

crimes they did not commit.

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Bargaining and Jury Trials

p. 308

Courts and Sentencing 270

p a r t F O U R

History,Organization, and PretrialProcedures

c h a p t e r 1111SentencingOnce someone is convicted of a

crime, sentencing becomes the

next phase of the criminal justice

process—perhaps its most impor-

tant. This chapter discusses the

goals of sentencing, the types

of sentences, and the various

factors affecting judges’ sentenc-

ing decisions.

Judicial Discretion and Sentencing Policy: An Overview 350

Goals of Sentencing 350Rehabilitation 350

Retribution and JustDeserts 352

Incapacitation 355

Deterrence 358

Types of Sentences 360Probation 361

Intermediate Sanctions 361

Incarceration 362

Sentencing Reforms and Incarceration 363

How SentencingHappens 365Presentence Reports and Sentencing Hearings 365

Sentencing Guidelines 366

Victim-ImpactStatements 367

Determinants ofSentencing 368Prior Record andSeriousness of Offense 368

Sentencing Disparity 369

A Final Word on Sentencing 371

Focus on Australia:Mandatory SentencingDown Under 372

p. 346

Punishment inHistorical Perspective 379The U.S. ColonialExperience 380

Prisons in theNineteenth Century 382

Twentieth-CenturyDevelopments 383

Women’s Prisons 383

Prisons and Jails Today 384Prisons 385

Jails 386

The Size and Cost of Corrections 387

Privatization 390History of Privatization 390

Privatization Today 390

Concerns aboutPrivatization 391

The Death Penalty 392History of Executions 392

The Death Penalty in the United States Today 394

The Death PenaltyDebate 397

Focus on Scandinavia and the Netherlands: Prisons andPunishment 402

c h a p t e r 1122

This chapter discusses the history

of prisons and examines the grow-

ing size and cost of the corrections

system. It also examines several

important and controversial cor-

rectional issues in the United

States today, including the privati-

zation of prisons and jails

and the death penalty.

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p. 376

Prisons andPunishment:Yesterday and Today

Punishment and Corrections 376

p a r t F I V E

Who Is Behind Bars? A Profile of Prison andJail Inmates 412Prison Inmates 413

Jail Inmates 416

Inmate Characteristicsand Prison Life 418

Living in Captivity 419The Prison as a TotalInstitution 419

The Pains ofImprisonment 420

Adapting to Prison Life:Inmate Subcultures 421

Conditions behind Bars 422

Living on Death Row 424

Life in the Supermax 424

Correctional Treatment 425Effectiveness 425

Adequacy in Prisons 427

Prison Violence 427Interpersonal Violence 428

Prison Gangs 428

Sexual Violence 430

Prison Riots 431

Women in Prison433Inmate Subcultures 435

Sexual Victimization 436

Medical Needs andServices 437

Women Prisoners asMothers 437

Treatment and Vocational Programs 438

Litigation andPrisoners’ Rights 438What Rights Do Inmates Have? 440

Leaving Prison 440

Guarding Inmates 441Prisonization ofCorrectional Officers 442

Alienation and Stress 442

Women as CorrectionalOfficers 443

Focus on Brazil: Hell on Earth in a Prison Cell 444

UNDER Investigation:

The Surge in Incarceration p. 406The number of inmates in U.S. prisons and jails has surged since the early 1970s, with about 2 mil-

lion Americans now behind bars. This Under Investigation discusses several reasons for the huge

increase in incarceration and examines its consequences for the crime rate and public safety.

c h a p t e r 1133Life Behind BarsThis chapter presents a picture

of life in prison and jail. It

critically addresses several issues

of the prison and jail experience,

including living conditions,

health and health care, prison

violence, and treatment pro-

grams. Additional topics include

the special needs of women

prisoners and the issues facing

correctional officers.

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i n t e r c h a p t e r

p. 410

CommunityCorrections 454An Overview 454

Probation 456

Intermediate Sanctions 460

Parole 467

Juvenile Justice 470Understanding JuvenileDelinquency 471

Trends in Juvenile Crime 473

History of JuvenileJustice 474

The Juvenile JusticeProcess 477

Dealing withDelinquency 480

Focus on Canada:Juvenile Justice in Transition 482

c h a p t e r 1144CommunityCorrections andJuvenile JusticeThe U.S. correctional system

includes community correc-

tions for millions of adults

and the juvenile justice sys-

tem for youthful offenders.

This final chapter examines

both of these institutions. A

major theme is the effective-

ness and cost of community corrections for

adults and juveniles compared to incarceration.

Appendix: Criminal Justice Information on the Internet A-1

Glossary G-1

References R-1

Name Index I-1

Subject Index I-8

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UNDER Investigation:

Health and Health Care in Prisons p. 448Convicted criminals bring with them many health problems when they enter prison, and prison con-

ditions themselves can lead to further health problems. This Under Investigation discusses these prob-

lems and critically examines the quality of health care in U.S. prisons.

i n t e r c h a p t e r

p. 452

“If utilized by students,these questions [for exploration]

can be very effective tools.In essence, students have a study

guide for each chapter without theadditional purchase. The questionsare specific enough to elicit a firm

grasp of the material.”

–Angela M. Nickoli, Ball State University

In every chapter . . .� Opening Questions for Exploration organize

the student’s study of the chapter content.

� Each chapter opens with a real-life vignetteto bring the topics under discussion to life.

� Clear topic headings throughout the chaptersreinforce this organized study. Charts, graphs, pho-tographs, and interesting anecdotes within eachchapter also reinforce learning. New terms aredefined in the margins.

Take a look at the many exciting features inside the book . . .

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� Focus OnEach chapter also features an international Focus On box that highlights an aspect of the criminal justice system from another society. Theseboxes familiarize students with the structure and workings of criminal justicearound the world through a comparative perspective. For example, students see that dispensing justice in criminal courts in the United Statesis very different from determiningguilt and innocence in other nations.

� Chapter SummaryAll chapters end with a chapter summary and list of key terms to ensure that students understand thecentral concepts and facts of the chapter.

“The summaries at the end of each chapterare quite extensive and will be very helpfulto students who are seeking to have mainpoints synthesized in an orderly andcomprehensive manner. This is much better than simple conclusions offered in other books.“

–Tod W. Burke, Radford University

“The international focus clearly distinguishes this text from others on the market.“

–Tod W. Burke, Radford University

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� Questions for InvestigationThese questions ask students todemonstrate their comprehension of the topics covered and to connectvarious related concepts.

“I especially like theQuestions for Investigationas they give the student achance to think criticallyabout the subject andprovide me with anexcellent resource for essay-type or discussiontopics.“

–Robert Neville, College of Siskiyous

� It’s Your CallThis feature invites students toassume a role in various hypotheticalsituations that people involved in thecriminal justice system must faceevery day.

“These features are crucial in ashrinking world. The use of focusquestions to each of these sidebarsis great.“

–L. Edward Day, Pennsylvania State University, Altoona

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� A unique format!Six “interchapters” located between chapters give the user the flexibility to branch out from the 14 chapters in several different directions. Topics of these interchapters include “Street Gangs and Motorcycle Gangs,” “Health and Health Care in Prisons,” and “Terrorists and Victims–A World At Risk.”

There are countless ways to use these unique interchaptersin your course: include them as assigned reading; usethem for extra credit projects; assign one or two for in-depth study; ask your students to choose one to use asa launching point for a research project . . . it’s up to you!

“It [the format] adds anotherdimension to the material in the text.

This is a very good technique.”

–Angela M. Nickoli, Ball State University

xviii http://www.ablongman.com/barkan1e

What your colleagues are saying about

Fundamentals of Criminal Justice� “Fundamentals of Criminal Justice lucidly covers standard material for an introductory

course, while maintaining a multicultural, comparative edge. This is the first introductorybook I have seen that systematically includes issues pertinent to women and minorities,such as racial profiling in policing, stalking, jury nullification, hate crimes, female gangparticipation, habitual offender statutes, the family structure debate, and elaborate details about incarceration trends and what this means to the average citizen.I find it extremely enlightening and refreshing.“

– Jana Bufkin, Drury University

� “Students would respond favorably to this text. This is probably the one text that would pryme away from my current textbook. It is very well organized and the material is organized in an interesting and useful manner. Finally, an intro text that covers the essentials withexceptional analysis and practical examples. Nicely done!“

– Tod W. Burke, Radford University

� “The overall approach of the text is simple, yet effective. Unlike other introductory texts,this text does not bog down the material with too much information; yet, it accents thematerial with Focus On boxes and the Under Investigation sections.”

– Angela M. Nickoli, Ball State University

� “I think this text will be a good addition to the options already available for introductorycourses. I believe that the students will find the text stimulating yet comprehensive.“

– Robert Neville, College of Siskiyous

� “There is a certain set of topics that needs to be covered in all introductory criminal justicecourses. This text hits the right spots. I was especially pleased to see jury nullification gettingspecial attention. . . . Perhaps its best quality is that, as opposed to their competitors, theauthors actually demonstrate a bit of courage.You can actually find critical evaluations of the system and our knowledge of it. When the textbooks we use provide few examples of critical thinking, it should be no surprise that our students don’t either.”

– L. Edward Day, Pennsylvania State University, Altoona

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Instructor’s Manual and Test BankThis Instructor’s Manual/Test Bank includes unit objectives,unit outlines, a wealth of thought-provoking discussionquestions, and activities. The Test Bank contains hundreds of challenging multiple-choice, true-false, short answer, and essay questions along with an answer key. The questions closely follow the text units and are cross-referenced with corresponding page numbers.

Online Text-Specific PowerPoint™ Lecture PresentationsA complete set of chapter-by-chapter PowerPoint™ lecturepresentations, containing approximately 20 slides perchapter and specific to Fundamentals of Criminal Justice,is also available to adopters, giving instructors countlesspresentation options for their introductory course.

TestGen EQ: Computerized Test BankThis computerized version of the Test Bank is available withTamarack’s easy-to-use TestGen software, which lets youprepare tests for printing as well as for network and onlinetesting. It provides full editing capability for Windows andMacintosh. Fax-in testing is also available!

VideosQualified adopters receive one or more videos, including the Allyn and Bacon Interactive Videos for Criminal Justice, or “Prime Time Crime,“ and can also choose from a complete Video Library. Contact your publisher’srepresentative for information on how you can access the latest news footage that relates directly to text content.

Digital Media Archive for Criminal Justice,Version 2.0Newly updated for adopters of Fundamentals of CriminalJustice, this CD-ROM contains electronic images of charts, graphs, maps, tables, and figures; media elementssuch as video and audio clips and related weblinks; and introductory criminal justice PowerPoint™ lecture presentations. Instructors can customize pre-formattedPowerPoint™ lectures or import the media assets into their own presentations.

The Blockbuster Approach: Teaching Criminal Justice and Criminology with Video, 2/eThis supplement effectively guides the instructor on how to integrate feature films into the introductory course successfully and offers hundreds of film suggestions for the general topics covered in the course. Includes the latest Hollywood films!

CourseCompass for Introductory Criminal JusticeInstructors can focus on teaching the course—not on the technology—and create an online course with noheadaches. CourseCompass combines the strength of Allyn and Bacon content with state-of-the-art technology that simplifies course management. This easy-to-use andcustomizable program enables instructors to tailor thecontent and functionality to meet their individual needs. Visit www.coursecompass.com

WebCT and BlackboardA WebCT e-Pack or Blackboard Cartridge is available withpublished content that can be loaded into your course. Seeyour Publisher’s Representative or visit www.ablongman.com/techsolutions for more information.

Custom Publishing OpportunitiesCreate your own customized reader with content and organization that matches your course syllabus. Select from hundreds of readings available throughBoundaries, the Pearson Custom Publishing database in deviance, crime, and criminal justice. The anthologyincludes readings on the hottest topics such as terrorism and white collar crime, news articles from the latestheadlines, and a wealth of state-specific information. You may also include your own writing, course-relatedinformation, or readings from outside sources. Contact your publisher’s representative for more information on how easy and inexpensive it is to “go custom”!

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Careers in Criminal Justice, 2/eTextbook + FREE Careers in Criminal Justice, Second EditionValuePackage ISBN: 0-205-40672-6

This set of biographies of criminaljustice professionals helps studentsand professors answer the often-asked question, “What can I do with a degree in criminal justice?“ The text provides meaningful

answers to a specific, targeted audience—typical studentswho are taking their first criminal justice course. The biogra-phies are organized by various subfields and include discus-sions of what can be done with a B.A., M.A., Ph.D., or acombination of degrees.

Companion Website(www.ablongman.com/barkan1e)This dedicated Website gives students the opportunity to quiz themselves on key chapter content online and to explore additional activities and resources.

State SupplementsAllyn & Bacon currently offers 11 state supplements withstate-specific information on each state’s criminal justice system. The following states are currently available and canbe packaged FREE with Fundamentals of Criminal Justice:CA, FL, IL, KY, MI, NC, NY, OH, PA, TX, and WV.

eThemes of the Times for Introductory Criminal JusticeThis online collection of about 30 contemporary articles from the award-winning New York Timesbrings currency and relevancy to the classroom. With additional pedagogy around eThemes articles, such as discussion and research questions, students practice their critical thinking and reading skills.

Research Navigator Guide: Criminal JusticeTextbook + FREE Research Navigator for Criminal Justice ValuePackage ISBN: 0-205-40673-4

This helpful booklet explains how to do high-quality onlineresearch and how to document it properly. It containsweblinks and activities specific to criminal justice. This bookletalso contains an access code to Research Navigator.

Research Navigator™ (www.ablongman.com/researchnavigator)Pearson’s new Research Navigator™ is the easiest way for students to start a research assignment or research paper.Complete with extensive help on the research process andthree exclusive databases of credible and reliable sourcematerial, including EBSCO’s ContentSelect™ Academic Journal Database, New York Times Search by SubjectArchive, and “Best of the Web” Link Library, Research Navigator™ helps students make the most of their research time.

Research Navigator™ requires a Pearson Access Code, which is included in Allyn & Bacon’s Research Navigatorfor Criminal Justice.

. . . and for students to learn!

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Steven E. BarkanSteven E. Barkan is the author of numerous books and articles on crime, criminal justice, andsocial movements. He is the author of Criminology: A Sociological Understanding, Second Edi-tion (Prentice Hall, 2001), Collective Violence (with Lynne L. Snowden; Allyn & Bacon, 2001),Discovering Sociology: An Introduction Using ExplorIt, Second Edition (Wadsworth, 2003), andseveral articles on political justice and on racial prejudice and punitive attitudes toward crimi-nals. He and his wife, Barbara Tennent, enjoy walking their dog, Sadie, whom they adoptedfrom an animal shelter. Their older son, Dave, is a software engineer in the field of bioinfor-matics, while their younger son, Joe, is presently in college.

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Meet the Authors

We finished writing this text after the tragic attacks ofSeptember 11, 2001, when commercial airliners hijackedby terrorists crashed into New York City’s World TradeCenter, the Pentagon, and farmland in western Penn-sylvania. More than 3,000 people died that terrible day,including dozens of police officers who rushed into theWorld Trade Center before it collapsed.

In the aftermath of this tragedy, the nation strug-gled with many issues, including how best to balancethe need for security with civil liberties guaranteed bythe Constitution.Among other actions, the governmentdetained hundreds of Middle Eastern immigrants,many of whom were neither informed of the chargesagainst them nor allowed to consult attorneys; otherswho were allowed to consult lawyers were told thattheir conversations would be monitored. Criticscharged that these actions violated constitutional safe-guards, whereas defenders of these measures arguedthey were a necessary response to the continuing ter-rorist threat facing the nation.

This debate makes clear the fact that the criminaljustice system—law enforcement, the criminal courts,and corrections—continues to play an important yetcontroversial role in life in the United States, both inordinary times and during national crises. This bookaddresses several key topics and questions for under-standing the role that criminal justice plays, the con-troversies it raises, and its potential for addressing thecrime problem.

A first topic, and probably the most important forstudents to learn, is how the criminal justice system isstructured and how it works in reality (as opposed to howit functions ideally). Because most students obtain theirknowledge of this system from television programs and

movies, their understanding of the practice of criminaljustice is necessarily limited or even gravely mistaken.Our book provides them with an accurate and compre-hensive view of the police, the criminal courts, and cor-rections in the United States.

A second and related topic is the role played byrace, class, and gender in the operation of the criminaljustice system. This role is both complex and signifi-cant, and most other texts do not treat it adequately.For a complete and accurate understanding of the crim-inal justice system, students must be aware of the im-pact of these essential components of contemporaryU.S. society.

A third topic involves the tension between publicsafety and civil liberties that came to the forefront af-ter the September 11 attacks. In a democracy, it is cru-cial to strike that delicate balance between these twogoals, but this is extremely difficult to accomplish.Weaddress this issue in the first chapter and return to itperiodically throughout the book.

A final topic is the capacity of the criminal justicesystem (either as it currently exists or with appropri-ate reforms) to control criminal behavior and to reducecrime. This capacity is the very reason for having acriminal justice system, and our treatment will helpstudents recognize both its potential and its limitationsfor protecting society.

In addressing these issues, the book casts a criti-cal but balanced eye that draws on sociology and otherdisciplines and is grounded in the most recent empir-ical evidence. We recognize that students come fromvaried settings (like us, one a Californian and the othera Mainer), and that they have different views on, andexperiences with, issues of crime and justice.Thus, we

A Message from the Authors

George J. BryjakGeorge J. Bryjak received his Ph.D. from the University of Oklahoma in 1980 and is a professor of soci-ology at the University of San Diego. His areas of interest include criminology, deviant behavior, the soci-ology of developing nations, and the sociology of sport. He is the co-author of three books (with MichaelP. Soroka): Sociology: Changing Societies in a Diverse World, Fourth Edition (Allyn & Bacon, 2001), SocialProblems: A World at Risk, Second Edition (Allyn & Bacon, 1999), Sociology; The Biological Factor (PeekPublications, 1985). He was the recipient of a summer Fulbright fellowship to India (1981), and was avisiting professor at a teacher's college in Zakopane, Poland (1993). His social commentary articles appearregularly in the San Diego Union-Tribune. He and his wife, Diane, have three passions in life: travelling,hiking in the mountains, and their granddaughter Elizabeth—not necessarily in that order.

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encourage students from both two-year and four-yearinstitutions to draw their own conclusions on themany issues the text addresses, and we provide themwith engaging yet comprehensive discussions of thelatest research to help them do so.

We, the authors and publishers, would like to cau-tion readers about the graphic subject matter and lan-guage within some of the chapters and interchaptersin Fundamentals of Criminal Justice, especially withinquoted materials. Changing such subject matter andlanguage would have resulted in a lack of authenticityand jeopardized the integrity of such materials.

Acknowledgments

Writing a textbook requires a great deal of intellectual,and even physical, energy and has occupied much ofour time. After completing such an endeavor, it istempting to think in terms of “we did it,” that is, thetwo authors. However, numerous people have givengenerously of their time and talent in the preparationof this book.

We are especially grateful to sociology editorKaren Hanson for having faith in our ability as sociol-ogists and writers. Series editor Jennifer Jacobsonprodded us (even pushed us a bit) down paths we didnot always want to go. Monica Ohlinger and JoanneVickers of Ohlinger Publishing Services did a terrificjob in shaping the manuscript in the final months ofthe project. A special thanks to Joanne whose insight-ful comments and editorial skills contributed immea-surably to what we believe is a first-class textbook.

The University of San Diego provided two facultyresearch grants and a full-year sabbatical toward thecompletion of this project. The reference librarians atthis institution never failed to provide needed infor-mation, in many cases long after hope had been lost ofever locating an obscure journal or foreign newspaper.Research assistant Kate Martin spent many summerafternoons in San Diego perusing library stacks andreturning with an armload of books and journal arti-cles. We would also like to thank the reviewers whocarefully read early drafts of the manuscript, madeinnumerable comments (many of them incorporatedin the final draft), and pointed out any mistakes oroversights. We sincerely appreciate your time andeffort. These reviewers include: Roger C. Barnes, Uni-versity of the Incarnate Word; Barbara Belbot, Univer-sity of Houston, Downtown; Jana Bufkin, DruryUniversity; Tod W. Burke, Radford University; LigunCao, Eastern Michigan University; Katherine A.Culotta, Indiana State University; L. Edward Day, Penn-sylvania State University, Altoona; Thomas E. Fields,Cape Fear Community College, UNC–Wilmington; Ann-Victaire Lawrence-Robinson, Kean University; WilliamJ. Mathias, University of South Carolina; NicholasMeier, Kalamazoo Valley Community College; RobertNeville, College of Siskiyous; Angela M. Nickoli, BallState University; Jeannette M. Sereno, California StateUniversity, Stanislaus; and Brad Smith,Terra Commu-nity College.

Finally, we acknowledge our significant others,Diane Kulstad and Barbara Tennent. They endured anendless work schedule and our book-writing highs andlows during the preparation of this text. We are grate-ful for their understanding, support, and love.