fundamentals of fluorescence microscopy e. d. salmon university of north carolina at chapel hill...
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Fundamentals of Fluorescence Microscopy
E. D. Salmon
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
References: Murphy Book; http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/
Fluorescence; and
www.chroma.com
Basic Features of Fluorescence
• Excitation occurs in 10-15 sec• Emission occurs in 10-12 – 10-8 sec• Usually broad excitation spectrum w peak• Usually broad emission spectrum w peak• Stokes shift is separation of Ex. & Em peaks
• Iem = Iexcl
• Photobleaching: Rate depends on Iex ,environment
Fluorophore Parameters
• Absorption coefficient at peak absorption • Quantum efficiency at peak emission• Photostability (e.g. fluorescein has 10,000
excitations before bleaching event)• Stokes Shift• Widths of excitation and emission spectra• Fluorescence is polarized: absorption and
emission usually for E vector in plane of conjugated bonds
Quantum Yields
• Compound Solvent Ex. (nm) Quantum Yield
• Acridine Orange Ethanol 366 0.46
• Benzene Ethanol 248 0.04
• Eosin Water 366 0.16
• Fluorescein Water 366 0.92
• Rhodamine-B Ethanol 535 0.97
• Chlorophyl-A Ethanol 644 0.23
Molecular Fluorescent Probes
• Specific Fluorescent Dyes (e.g. DAPI)• Covalently bind fluorescent dye to purified protein• Fluorescent Antibodies (e.g immunofluorescent
labeling with primary and fluorescent secondary antibodies)
• Express in cells Green (C,Y,R) Fluorescent Protein (G, C,Y, R-FP) fused to protein of interest
There are Different Fluorescent Molecules for Different Jobs
See Molecular Probes Catalog; Sigma Catalog; CloneTech for GFP
Arc Lamps for Epi-Fluorescence • Lamp Type:• XBO 150W/1 XBO 75W/2 HBO 200W/2 HBO 100W/2 HBO 50W/3• Current:
DC DC DC DC DC
• Rate Power (watts): 150 75 200 100 50
Luminous Flux (lumens): 3000 950 10000 2200 1300Light Intensity (Candella):
300 100 1000 260 150Avg. Brightness (cd/cm):
15000 40000 40000 170000 90000Arc Size (w x h in millimeters):
0.50 x 2.20 0.25 x 0.50 0.60 x 2.20 0.25 x 0.25 0.20 x 1.35Life (Hours):
1200 400 400 200 200
Objective Lens
Specimen
Objective BackFocal Plane
Eye
Eyepiece
Tube Lens
IntermediateImage Plane
Emission Filter
Filter Cube
Dichromatic Mirror
Excitation Filter
LampArc
Arc Image
Condenser Diaphragm
FieldDiaphragm
Arc image
MICROSCOPE ALIGNMENT FOR EPI-FLUORESCENCE KOEHLER ILLUMINATION
Collector Lens
Alignment of Arc and Mirror Images at Objective Back Focal Plane (Use
Centering-Screen or white Card on Stage W/O Objective)
The Dichromatic Mirror Further Isolates the Emission Light from the Excitation
Light
Modern Interference-Reflection filter Design Can Give Sharp Cut-Off with High Transmission Efficiency for the Pass Wavelengths.See web-sites for “Chroma Technology” and “Omega Optical”
Chroma Technology Corp. is an employee- owned company that produces the world's finest optical filters and filter sets. The
company specializes in the design and manufacture of optical filters and coatings for applications which require the greatest
precision in color separation, optical quality and signal purity. For more about us, see our About Chroma page. Welcome to our new website! This site is under construction, so if you don't find what
you need please give us a call at (800) 824-7662.
Handbook of Optical Filters for Fluorescence Microscopy:
Download a copy of our "Handbook of Optical Filters for Fluorescence Microscopy"
in Adobe Acrobat PDF format.
www.chroma.com
Parameters for Maximizing Sensitivity• Use High Objective NA and Lowest Magnification:
Ifl ~ IilNAobj4/Mtot
2
• Use high efficiency filters• Use as few optical components as possible• Close Field Diaphragm down as far as possible• Buy the newest objective: select for best efficiency• Match magnification to camera resolution:
MMax = 3*Pixel Size of Detector/Optical Resolution
E.g.: 3*7 m/[0.6 *520nm/1.4] = 91X• Reduce Photobleaching• Use High Quantum Efficiency Detector in Camera
Reducing Photobleaching
• For fixed specimens use anti-fade compounds: These reduce oxygen effects
• 95% glycerol works quite well
• For live specimens, reduce oxygen with:
- Oxyrase
- Catalase + glucose + glucose-oxidase
Reducing Photobleaching: Anti-Fade Reagents for Fixed Specimens
• p-phenylenediamine: The most effective reagent for FITC. Also effective for Rhodamine. Should be adjusted to 0.1% p-phenylenediamine in glycerol/PBS for use. Reagent blackens when subjected to light exposure so it should be stored in a dark place. Skin contact is extremely dangerous.G. D. Johnson & G. M. Araujo (1981) J. Immunol. Methods, 43: 349-350
• DABCO (1,4-diazabi-cyclo-2,2,2-octane): Highly effective for FITC. Although its effect is slightly lower than p-phenylenediamine, it is more resistant to light and features a higher level of safety.G. D. Johnson et. al., (1982) J. Immunol. Methods, 55: 231-242.
• n-propylgallate: The most effective reagent for Rhodamine, also effective for FITC. Should be adjusted to 1% propylgallate in glycerol/PBS for use. H. Giloh & J. W. Sedat (1982), Science, 217: 1252-12552.
• mercapto-ethylamine: Used to observe chromosome and DNA specimens stained with propidium iodide, acridine orange, or Chromomysin A3. Should be adjusted to 0.1mM 2-mercaptotheylamine in Tris-EDTAS. Fujita & T. Minamikawa (1990), Experimental Medicine, 8: 75-82