fundamentals of geopolymers
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fundamentals of Geopolymers
By Dr. Radhakrishna
Professor and Head – Civil Engg
RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru
8th June 2020 11.00AM
Webinar Series
Indian Concrete institute, Bengaluru Centre
![Page 2: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cement Concrete will remain as Very popular material
Good in compression More advantages
Per capita Usage is next only to water Each ton releases equal amount of CO2
Need of alternative material
2
![Page 3: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Portland cement • Most energy intensive
• consumes 4GJ per tonne of energy
• Major ingredient of concrete
• Less shelf life
![Page 4: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Cementicious Materials • Different cementicious composites -using
Industrial waste/Marginal
• Fly ash, GGBFS, Lime, Gypsum, etc.
• Potential to use as alternatives to OPC
• Using in construction = the best way to dispose
4
![Page 5: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Worldwide Carbon Emissions C
arb
on
(1
09 m
etri
c to
ns)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Year
Liquid fuel Total
Gas fuel Solid fuel
![Page 6: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Mitigation of Global Warming
• Conservation – Reduce energy needs
– Recycling
• Alternate energy sources – Nuclear
– Wind
– Geothermal
– Hydroelectric
– Solar
– Fusion?
![Page 7: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
How it is possible in Construction industry?
7
![Page 8: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Replacement of OPC by fly ash in different materials
8
![Page 9: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
What is geopolymer?
• Activation of natural materials – clay etc
• Geo = available in earth’s crust
• Polymerization – cementing material
• Low carbon foot prints
9
![Page 10: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Prof. Joseph Davidovtis
French Scientist
Pyramids in Egypt
Postulated a theory – 4500 years
Controversial
![Page 11: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Coal ash
India-Electricity- 65% coal burning
Coal reserves expected to last >100 years.
Fly ash
![Page 12: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Fly ash
By product of TPS Rich in Si and Al
Finer than cement Spherical in shape
Can replace cement 12
![Page 13: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
ASTM Classification of Fly ash
Class F – Ca <5% - Anthracite coal
Not self cemeticious
Very common across World
Class C - Ca>15% - Lignite coal
Self cememnticous
Rare – Lot of commercial value
![Page 14: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Guidance documents used for fly ash quality assurance.
ACI 229R Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM)
ASTM C 311 Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Portland Cement Concrete
AASHTO M 295 ASTM C 618
Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Portland Cement Concrete
ASTM C 593 Fly Ash and Other Pozzolans for Use With Lime
ASTM D 5239 Standard Practice for Characterizing Fly Ash for Use in Soil Stabilization
ASTM E 1861 Guide for the Use of Coal Combustion By-Products in Structural Fills
![Page 15: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Slag
Waste from Ferrous industry Quenched, ground, granulated – GGBS
Rich in Si, Al, Ca 15
![Page 16: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Metakaolin
Burnt clay at high temperature Highly reactive Contains Silica
Can replace cement Not economical
16
![Page 17: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Silica Fume
Contains >90 % Silica Finer than Fly ash – 1 micron
Condensed form Can replace cement
17
![Page 18: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Properties of binders
Binder Specific
Gravity
Percentage
Of Residue
left on 45µ
Loss on
Ignition
Chemical Composition in percentage
Al2O3 Fe2O3 SiO2 MgO SO3 Na2O Total
Chlorides
CaO
Fly Ash
(FA1)
2.35 0.00 0.9 31.23 1.5 61.12 0.75 0.53 1.35 0.06 3.20
Fly Ash
(FA2)
2.00 71.98 4.0 33.3 0.94 35.2 5.1 2.1 1.5 0.05 3.10
Fly Ash
(FA3)
2.40 9.8 0.9 33.8 0.91 35.0 5.0 2.0 1.5 0.02 3.10
Fly Ash
(FA4)
2.30 2.1 0.8 34.2
0.80 35.0 5.0 2.0 1.5 0.05 3.20
GGBFS 2.50 10.45 0.3 13.24 0.65 37.21 8.65 - - 0.003 37.23
![Page 19: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Ingredients of geopolymer mortar
![Page 20: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Activation
![Page 21: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Water
• Used to make alkaline solution
• Released during geopolymerrisation
• Not used for curing
![Page 22: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Making of Geopolymer
• Same process as cement composites
• Change in ingredients
• Cement --- Alumnino silicates
• Eg of Alumino silicates Fly ash
GGBS
Silica fume
Metakolin
Rice husk ash
Red mud etc - Locally available material
![Page 23: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Making of Geopolymer
• Aggregate is same
Water - Alkaline solution – 8-14 M
– Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate
– Potassium hydroxide and Potassium silicates
Sodium salts +water - Alkaline solution
![Page 24: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Process of making
![Page 25: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Process - Contd
![Page 26: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Strength Development
• Fly ash class F
Geopolymerisation
At elevated temperature – 60 OC
• GGBS
Hydration
Thermal energy – not required
• Fly ash + GGBS
– Geopolymerisation+ Hydration
– Thermal energy – not required
![Page 27: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Molarity
• Concentration of alkaline solution
• NaOH = 40g/mol.
• 1 lithre of water +40g of NaOH = 1M
• For 12 M, 40x12=480g of NaOH in 1 l of water
• Ratio of NaOH/Na2O SiO2
![Page 28: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Alkaline solution
• Tap water + Sodium hydroxide + sodium silicate --- Alakaline solution
• Produces heat upto 80 Degree Celsius
• Stir and cool it
• Use after 24 hours.
![Page 29: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Precautions
• Highly alkaline + hot at early hours
• Not to touch with bare hand
• Use protective measures
• If it falls on skin - loss of skin
• Takes long time for healing
• Avoid falling of solution on
skin, ear, eye etc
![Page 30: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
First Aid
• Immediately splash jet of water on affected area continuously
• Irritation stops in minutes
• If problem persists – Consult doctor
• Many researchers hide this info
![Page 31: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Eyes
Immediately wash eyes with clear water
Consult doctor
Don’t delay
Steroids my be used as prescribed
![Page 32: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Challenges Quality of fly ash - May not be
uniform
GGBS √
Sodium Hydroxide - Flakes
Sodium silicate – Solution
Solidification - Rock like
Trials are preferred
![Page 33: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Geopolymers
![Page 34: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Water – to – Cement ratio
• Water - Fluid
• Cement - Binder
• W/C - Fluid/binder ratio
• Ratio by weight
• Mortar ( masonry unit) – 0.15 to 0.3
• Plastering Mortar – 0.9 – 1.1
• Concrete – 0.3 to 0.6
![Page 35: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Forms of Geopolymers
Paste Mortar
Concrete Masonry
+ =
Fine aggregate
![Page 36: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Geopolymer paste
Fly ash + GGBS+ Alkaline Solution
![Page 37: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Studies on Geopolymer Paste
Alkaline fluid content – a constant function of respective
normal consistency
37
Series Designation, Binder Composition and Molarity of NaOH for Geopolymer Paste Series.
Series ID GP1 GP2 GP3 GP4 GP5 GP6 GP7 GP8 GP9 GP10 GP11
[FA:GGBS ] % 100:0 90:10 80:20 70:30 60:40 50:50 40:60 30:70 20:80 10:90 0:100
Molarity M of
NaOH
12 for GP1 to GP11 and 6, 8, 10 and 12 for GP4
![Page 38: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Studies on Geopolymer Paste contd…
Compressive Strength
Variation of Comp. strength - with age and GGBS content
38
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
GP11
GP10
GP9
GP8
GP7
GP6
GP5
GP4
GP3
GP2
GP1
Age [ Days ]
Ave
rage
Co
mp
ress
ive
Str
en
gth
[M
Pa]
M =12
y = 2.6382x + 7.5709
R² = 0.9886
y = 2.5718x - 2.8582
R² = 0.9825
y = 1.7291x - 3.2018
R² = 0.9768
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
4028 days
7 days
1 day
Linear (28 days)
Linear (7 days)
Linear (1 day)
Ave
rage
Co
mp
ress
ive
Str
en
gth
[M
Pa]
M =12
Fly Ash / GGBS Content [ % ]
![Page 39: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Studies on Geopolymer Paste contd…
Evolution of micro-structure of GP paste GP4 with age
[fly ash to GGBS ratio of 70:30, 12M]
1 day Strength: 2.9 MPa 3 days Strength: 3.3 MPa 7 days Strength: 6.4 MPa
14 days Strength: 14.2 MPa 28 days Strength: 20.4 MPa
39
![Page 40: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
… [fly ash to GGBS ratio of 70:30, 7 days]
6M Strength: 2.6 MPa 8M Strength: 4.8 MPa
10M Strength: 5.4 MPa 12M Strength: 6.5 MPa
40
Evolution of Micro structure with Molarity for GP4
![Page 41: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Findings on Paste
• Strength is more than OPC paste
• Setting Characteristics depends on many factors.
• Can be used for grouting – without curing
![Page 42: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Geopolymer Mortar
![Page 43: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Studies on Geopolymer Mortar.
Mortar Composition and Series Designation of the GeopolymerMortar for different fluid-binder ratios and mortar proportion.
43
Fluid-to-Binder Ratio [ F/B ] = 0.35 for GM-A Series and 0.20 for GM-B Series
Molarity [M] of Sodium Hydroxide : 14
Binder
Composition
[Fly ash : GGBS] %
Series Designation
Mortar Proportion
[Binder : Sand] 1 : 2.0
Mortar Proportion
[Binder : QD] 1 : 1.5
100 : 00 GM-A1 GM-B1
90 : 10 GM-A2 GM-B2
80 : 20 GM-A3 GM-B3
70 : 30 GM-A4 GM-B4
60 : 40 GM-A5 GM-B5
50 : 50 GM-A6 GM-B6
40 : 60 GM-A7 GM-B7
30 : 70 GM-A8 GM-B8
20 : 80 GM-A9 GM-B9
10 : 90 GM-A10 GM-B10
00 : 100 GM-A11 GM-B11
![Page 44: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Studies on Geopolymer Mortar. contd..
VARIATION OF STRENGTH WITH BINDER COMPOSITION AND AGE AT CONSTANT FLOW OF [75±5] %
Variation of strength w. r. t. fly ash-to-GGBS ratio
for different ages at constant flow of [75±5] %.
44
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
100/0 90/10 80/20 70/30 60/40 50/50 40/60 30/70 20/80 10/90. 0/100
28 Days
14 Days
7 Days
Series ID: GM-F M = 14 Flow = [75±5] % B:QD = 1:2
Avg
. co
mp
ress
ive
str
engt
h [
MP
a]
Fly ash/GGBS content [ % ]
![Page 45: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Studies on Geopolymer Mortar. contd..
VARIATION OF STRENGTH WITH MOLARITY OF NaOH
Variation of strength w. r. t. molarity of NaOH solution
in the alkaline fluid, for different ages.
45
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
28 Days
14 Days
7 Days
Ave
rage
Co
mp
ress
ive
Str
en
gth
(M
Pa)
Molarity M of NaOH
Series ID: GM-M FA:GGBS = 40:60 F/B = 0.20 B: QD = 1:1.5
![Page 46: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Studies on Geopolymer Mortar. contd..
VARIATION OF STRENGTH WITH MORTAR PROPORTION
Mortar Composition and the Series Designation
of the GP Mortar for different Mortar Proportion.
Variation of strength w. r. t. age [14 M]
46
[Fly ash : GGBS] % = 40 : 60
Molarity [M] of NaOH : 14
[ F/B ] = 0.40
Mortar Proportion
[Binder : QD] Series Designation
1 : 1.0 GM-P1
1 : 1.5 GM-P2
1 : 2.0 GM-P3
1 : 2.5 GM-P4
1 : 3.0 GM-P5
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
GM-P1
GM-P2
GM-P3
GM-P4
GM-P5
Age in days
Avg
. co
mp
ress
ive
str
en
gth
[M
Pa]
Series ID: GM-P F/B = 0.40 FA:GGBS = 40:60 M = 14
![Page 47: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Geopolymer composites Partially saturated
w/c ratio < 0.3 Solids + Liquid + Air Mortar Suitable for making bricks/blocks Requires compaction
Fully Saturated
w/c > 0.3 Solid + Liquid Concrete Suitable for structural material > 20 MPa May not require compaction
47
![Page 48: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Geopolymer Blocks Considered
• Manually made
• Hydraulic Press
Curing Conditions
Heat cured (without water)
Ambient (Without water)
![Page 49: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
Materials mixed in dry condition
![Page 50: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
![Page 51: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51 Alkaline fluid is added
![Page 52: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
![Page 53: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
Mixed to get homogeneous mix
![Page 54: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54 Required quantity of mortar - weighed
![Page 55: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Mridini Developed AT IISc for soil stabilized blocks 55
![Page 56: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
Presses using lever - manually
![Page 57: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57 Mould is lubricated
![Page 58: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
![Page 59: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
Mould is filled with harsh mortar
![Page 60: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60
Mould is pressed with cover plate manually
![Page 61: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
Fresh block is ejected
![Page 62: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62
Weight of the block is noted
![Page 63: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63 Neatly labeled
![Page 64: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
64
Cured in open air
![Page 65: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
65
Three Phase System Mortar
Solids + Liquids + Air (Binder & Aggregates) + Fluid + Voids
![Page 66: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
66
Tested for Compression
![Page 67: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
67 Block with crack – After testing
![Page 68: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
68
Block making – Static and Vibro compaction
![Page 69: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
69
Mould is filled with mortar
![Page 70: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
70
![Page 71: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
71
The mould is covered
![Page 72: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
72 Compacted in hydraulic machine
![Page 73: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
73
Block is taken out
![Page 74: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
74
Cured in Open air
![Page 75: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
75
Mass production of the blocks
![Page 76: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
76
Blocks in open field
![Page 77: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
77
Pavers stacked
![Page 78: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Blocks with different shape and size
CB1 CB2 CB3
PB1 PB2 PB3
78
![Page 79: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Sl no. Block ID Size (mm)
1 PB1 220 × 150 × 60
(outer to outer)
2 PB2 200 × 160 × 60
(outer to outer)
3 PB3 200 × 120 × 60
(outer to outer)
4 CB1 200 × 110 × 60
5 CB2 Cylinder, Dia = 38, Ht =
76
6 CB3 230 × 190 × 90
Dimensions of the blocks
79
![Page 80: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Ambient Cured Blocks No thermal input No traditional Curing No Demoulding Only compress and keep ready
![Page 81: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Heat Cured Geopolymer blocks
![Page 82: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Geopolymer Masonry Blocks
Heat Cured – Oven @60OC
for 24 hours
Ambient Cured – Open Air
![Page 83: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Strength Vs Fluid-to-binder ratio (Heat cured blocks)
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
0.125 0.15 0.175 0.2 0.225 0.25
Fluid-to-binder ratio
Co
mp
ress
ive
stre
ng
th (
MP
a)
10M-Sand-W-1Day
10M-Sand-W-3Days
10M -Sand-W-7Days
12M- Sand-W-1Day
12M-Sand- W-3Days
12M -Sand-W-7Days
14M-Sand -W-1Day
14M -Sand-W-3Days
14M -Sand-W-7Days
14M-QD-W-1Day
14M-QD-W-3Days
14M-QD-W-7Days
14M-QD-UW-1Day
14M- QD-UW-3 Days
14M-QD-UW-7Days
![Page 84: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Ambient Cured Geopolymer Blocks
![Page 85: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Parameters
• Age of the sample: 1, 3,7,14, 28, 56, 90, 120 and 180 days.
• Fly ash: FA1, FA2, FA3 and FA4. • Alkaline activator: Sodium hydroxide and potassium
hydroxide. • Ratio of binder-to-aggregate: 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3. • Degree of saturation: 40 and 60%. • Molarity of alkaline solution: 8, 10, 12 and 14 M. • Fine aggregate: Sand, quarry dust and pond ash. • Temperature: 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80oC. • Binder: fly ash, GGBFS, silica fume, metakaolin.
![Page 86: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1 10 100 1000Age (Days)
Co
mp
res
siv
e s
ren
gth
(M
Pa
)
f/b=0.200
f/b=0.225
f/b=0.250
f/b=0.275
f/b=0.300
Strength Development with age - Geopolymer blocks
86
![Page 87: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Strength Development with age
![Page 88: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Typical Stress- Strain Curve
![Page 89: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Modulus of Elasticity
Series
Id.
Avg.
ultimate
compressive
strength
[MPa]
0.25 x Avg.
ultimate
strength
(σ)[MPa]
Strain at stress
level of 0.25 x
avg. ult.
Strength (ε)
Secant
Modulus
(σ /ε) [MPa]
BR1 26.93 6.73 0.000406 16582.5
BR2 20.00 5.00 0.000580 8620.7
BR3 25.20 6.30 0.000354 17806.7
BL 12.63 3.16 0.000352 8977.3
![Page 90: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Weight loss with elevated temperature – 2 hours
![Page 91: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Durability Tests on Blocks
Loss of mass and water content as per
ASTM: D559–2003
Loss of mass - 2.0 %
Water absorption - 2.4%
91
![Page 92: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Geopolymer Blocks as masonry
Bricks
Solid blocks
Hollow blocks
Wallets
![Page 93: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Geopolymer Brick Wallets
CASTING OF GEOPOLYMER BRICKS WALLETES
Fig : Schematic Representation of Typical geopolymer brick
Wallete
Stretcher Bonded Geopolymer Brick Wallete
kept for Curing
Bricks- 8M NaOH bricks
Mortar- 1:6 cement: River sand
mortar of type M2 as per IS 1905-
1987
Bed & Head Joints - 10mm thick
Wallete dimensions- (hxbxt) =
1105mm X 1165mm X 107mm.
h/t ratio= 10.32
![Page 94: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Geopolymer Brick Wallets
TESTING ARRANGEMENT OF GEOPOLYMER BRICKS WALLETES
Fig: Ladder Arrangement for Eccentric
Loading
Fig: Ladder Arrangement for Geopolymer
brick Wallete
Loading assemblage was placed on the centre of bearing area of brick wallete.
For eccentric loading-18mm from the centre of bearing surface of the wallete.
![Page 95: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Geopolymer Solid Block Wallets
FAILURE PATTERN FOR THE GEOPOLYMER SOLID BLOCK WALLETE
Failure Pattern of Axially Loaded Wallete
Eccentrically Loaded Wallete
Vertical cracks developed from top.
Propagated till one third of the
height from top.
Spalling of cement joints at face of
wallete.
![Page 96: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Geopolymer Hollow Block Wallets
TESTING ARRANGEMENT OF GEOPOLYMER HOLLOW BLOCK WALLETES
Fig: Ladder Arrangement for Axially & Eccentrically Loaded Geopolymer Hollow Block Wallete
Eccentricity 25 mm from the centre of bearing surface of the wallete.
![Page 97: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Geopolymer Hollow Block Wallets
Table 23: RESULTS OF STRETCHER BONDED GEOPOLYMER HOLLOW BLOCK WALLETE
Type of
loading
Wallete
No
Load at first
crack (KN)
Ultimate load
(KN)
Compressive
strength (MPa)
Avg. Compressive
strength (MPa)
Axial
loading
1 300 425 2.27 2.31
2 380 442 2.36
Eccentric
loading
1 270 375 2.01 1.95
2 245 355 1.89
Normalized Stress-Strain curve for Axially Loaded Wallete Normalized Stress-Strain curve for Eccentrically Loaded Wallete
Strength of Eccentrically loaded block wallets is 84% of Axially loaded wallets.
![Page 98: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Pictures of Masonry Structure in Field
![Page 99: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Application of Geopolymer Masonry Units
During Construction
Geopolymer Model House
OBSERVATION MADE
No change in dimensions bricks and
the walls.
Brick edges remain sharp.
No erosion.
No pitting.
Less water absorptions.
No distress.
Even after two years there was no
sign of any deterioration of the walls
of the geopolymer brick model house.
The roof slab is casted after 24
months.
![Page 100: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Thermal Comfort during winter
![Page 101: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Geopolymer Concrete
![Page 102: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Studies on Geopolymer Concrete
Parameters Considered: For GPC(GC)
For Reference Concrete (NC) Concrete Proportion [OPC: QD : CA] 1 : 2.0: 3.0
Slump : (100±10) mm W/C = 0.6
102
Concrete Proportion [Binder : QD : CA] 1 : 2.0: 3.0
Sodium Silicate : Sodium Hydroxide :: 2 : 1
Molarity [M] of Sodium Hydroxide : 10
Slump : (100±10) mm.
Series
Designation
Binder Composition
[Fly ash : GGBS] % F/B ratio
GC 1 100 : 00 0.65
GC 2 80 : 20 0.65
GC 3 60 : 40 0.70
GC 4 40 : 60 0.75
GC 5 20 : 80 0.75
GC 6 00 : 100 0.75
![Page 103: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Studies on Geopolymer Concrete. contd.. MASS DENSITY: For GC, 2424-2516 kg/cum
For NC, 2504-2550 kg/cum
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH:
Variation w. r. t. fly ash-GGBS Variation w. r. t. age.
103
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
90 days
56 days
28 days
7 days
3 days
Co
mp
ress
ive
Str
engt
h [
MP
a]
Fly ash/GGBS content [%]
Mix Proportion 1 : 2 : 3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 20 40 60 80 100
GC 6
GC 5
GC 4
GC 3
GC 2
NC
GC 1
Age [Days]
Mix Proportion 1 : 2 : 3
Co
mp
ress
ive
Str
en
gth
[ M
Pa
]
![Page 104: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Studies on Geopolymer Concrete. contd..
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH:
Variation w. r. t. fly ash-GGBS Variation w. r. t. age.
104
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
90 days
56 days
28 days
7 days
3 days
Fly ash/GGBS content [%]
Mix Proportion 1 : 2 : 3
Split
Ten
sile
Str
engt
h [
MP
a ]
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0 20 40 60 80 100
GC 6
GC 5
GC 4
GC 3
NC
GC 2
GC 1
Mix Proportion 1 : 2 : 3
Split
Ten
sile
Str
engt
h [
MP
a]
Age [Days]
![Page 105: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Studies on Geopolymer Concrete. contd..
FLEXURAL STRENGTH:
Variation w. r. t. fly ash-GGBS Variation w. r. t. age.
105
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
90 days
56 days
28 days
7 days
3 days
Fly ash/GGBS Content [%]
Fle
xura
l St
ren
gth
[ M
Pa
]
Mix Proportion 1 : 2 : 3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 20 40 60 80 100
GC 6
GC 5
GC 4
GC 3
GC 2
NC
GC 1
Fle
xura
l St
ren
gth
[M
Pa]
Age [Days]
Mix proportion 1 : 2 : 3
![Page 106: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Studies on Geopolymer Concrete. contd..
SHEAR STRENGTH: {Bairagi and Modhera [134] and Baruah and Talukdar [135]}
Variation w. r. t. fly ash-GGBS Variation w. r. t. age.
106
0
1
2
3
4
5
90 days
56 days
28 days
7 days
3 days
Mix Proportion 1 : 2 : 3
Fly ash/GGBS Content [ % ]
She
ar S
tren
gth
[ M
Pa
]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 20 40 60 80 100
NC
GC 6
GC 5
GC 4
GC 3
GC 2
GC 1
Shea
r St
ren
gth
[M
Pa]
Mix Proportion 1 : 2 : 3
Age [ Days ]
![Page 107: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Studies on Geopolymer Concrete. contd..
IMPACT STRENGTH: [Schruder’s Impact Testing]
Specimen Size =150mm dia. and 60 mm thick
Impact Energy = w.h.n
w = 45.4 N, h = 0.457 m., n = No. of blows to cause the
failure.
107
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
final failure
first crack
Mix Proportion 1 : 2 : 3
Imp
act
En
ergy
[N
-m]
Fly ash/GGBS Content [%]
![Page 108: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Studies on Geopolymer Concrete. contd..
108
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Specimen 1 GPC
Specimen 2 GPC
Mix Proportion 1 : 2 : 3 ; Geopolymer Concrete Fly ash/GGBS = 70/30
Bo
nd
St
ress
[M
Pa]
Slip [mm]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Specimen 1 NC
Specimen 2 NC
Bo
nd
Str
ess
[ M
Pa
]
Slip [ mm ]
Mix Proportion 1 : 2 : 3 ; Reference Concrete
Bond stress v/s relative bar slip for GP Concrete Bond stress v/s relative bar slip for Ref. Concrete
PULL-OUT STRENGTH
![Page 109: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Studies on Geopolymer Concrete. contd..
Typical S-S curve for GP concrete Normalized S-S curve for GP concrete
Ult.(cylinder) compr. strength: 31.1 MPa Avg. ult.(cylinder) compr. strength: 32.53 MPa
109
y = -4E+06x2 + 21443x R² = 0.9595
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
Typical Stress Strain Curve for GPC
Mix Proportion 1 : 2 : 3 ; M=10 Fly ash/GGBS = 70/30 ; F/B = 0.65 Sod. Silicate: Sod. Hydroxide = 2 : 1
Strain
Co
mp
ress
ive
Str
ess
[ M
Pa
]
y = -1E+07x2 + 19295x R² = 0.849
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0.0000 0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040
Normalized Stress Strain Curve for GPC
Mix Proportion 1 : 2 : 3 ; M = 10 Fly ash/GGBS = 70/30 ; F/B = 0.65 Sod. Silicate : Sod. Hydroxide = 2:1
No
rmal
ized
Str
ess
[M
Pa]
Normalized Strain
![Page 110: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Comparison
Conventional • Strength – Hydration
• Cement is binder
• Water/Stream curing
• Water is used for mixing
• Definite procedure for mix design
Geopolymer • Strength – Geopolymerisation
+hydration
• Fly ash, GGBS….. Are binders
• Thermal curing – if only fly ash
• Alkaline solution is sued
• Developing stage
![Page 111: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Concluding Remarks
• Geopolymers can be developed in line with
Portland cement products
• High compressive strength, Durable
• Used for special applications
– Precast industry
– Fast grouting
– High early strength masonry units
– Lining of furnace
![Page 112: Fundamentals of Geopolymers](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012013/6158dc73b57ee54d251d867e/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Concluding Remarks
Geopolymer Concrete Satisfy
– Slump
– Compressive Strength
– Split tensile Strength
– Flexural Strength
– Impact Strength
– Shear Strength
With out OPC and Curing