fundamentals of public administration mpa – 406 lecture - 24

Fundamentals of Public Administration

MPA – 406Lecture - 24

FACILITATORProf. Dr. Mohammad Majid Mahmood

0333-5188677, [email protected]

Reflections

PLANNING COMMISSION AND PLANNING DEVELOPMENT

• The Need for Planning:

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Functions of Planning Commission

Following are the major functions of Planning Commission:

To prepare comprehensive national plan for socio-economic development of the country

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To formulate within the framework of national plan, of annual plan and annual development program projects and programs of national development.

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Monitoring the implementation of all major development projects and programs.

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Continuous evaluation of economic situation and coordination of economic policies

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Examination and technical appraisal of development projects.

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Relationship of Plan and Projects

• There is a complementary relationship between plan and projects.

• Projects are to plan what bricks are to building.

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Process of Project Completion

A project follows a sequential process of “beginning” and ending which is as follows:

1. Projects Identification

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2. Project study (feasibility)

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3. Project Preparation

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4. Project Appraisal

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5. Project Approval

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6. Project Implementation and Monitoring

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7. Project Evaluation

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Provincial Planning Organization

At the provincial level there is Planning and Development Department.

The P&D is headed by the Chairman P&D.

The Secretary P&D is the administrative head.

The Chairman is assisted by a Chief Economist and Members and Joint Chief Economist.

Members are assisted by Chief of Section.

Each Chief of Section deals with one or more sectors of the provincial economy i.e., agriculture, forestry, tourism, livestock, irrigation, industry, water supply, social welfare, population planning education etc.

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Functions of Planning & Development

The functions of P & D are as follows:

1. To prepare Annual Development Programme in coordination with other departments

2. To prepare Five Year and other development plans

3. To coordinate External Capital Assistance

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Decision Making:

The process of examining your possibilities, comparing them, and choosing a course of action.

Six C's of Decision Making

1. Construct. 2. Compile. 3. Collect. 4. Compare. 5. Consider. 6. Commit.


Construct a clear picture of precisely what must be decided.

Compile a list of requirements that must be met.

Collect information on alternatives that meet the requirements.

Decision Making Process


Compare alternatives that meet the requirements.

Consider the "what might go wrong" factor with each alternative.

Commit to a decision and follow through with it.

Decision Making Process

QUALITIES OF A SUCCESSFUL DECISION MAKER

COURAGE – is of particular importance and involves the willingness to take the risks.

SENSITIVITY – good decision makers seem to have some sort of antenna that makes them particularly sensitive to situations and others.

ENERGY – People must have the energy and desire to make things happen

CREATIVITY – Successful decision makers tend to be creative thinkers. They develop new ways to solve problems.

QUALITIES OF A SUCCESSFUL DECISION MAKER

A1 – You solve the problem or make the decision yourself, using information available to you at that time.

A11 – you obtain the necessary information from your subordinates then decide on the solution to the problem yourself.

DECISION MAKING-STYLES


C1 – you share the problem with relevant subordinates individually, getting their ideas and suggestions without bringing them together as a group. You make decisions that may or may not reflect your subordinates’ influence.

C11 – you share the problems with the subordinates as a group, collectively obtaining their ideas and suggestions. Then you make decisions that may or may not reflect your subordinates’ influence.


G11 - you share the problems with the subordinates as a group. Together you generate and evaluate alternatives and attempt to reach agreement on a solution. Your role is much like that of a chairman. You do not try to influence the group to adopt YOUR solutions, and you are willing to accept and implement any solution that has the support of the entire group.


How are decisions madein organizations?

Decision environments include:

– Certain environments.

– Risk environments.

– Uncertain environments.

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Certain environments.– Exist when information is sufficient to predict the

results of each alternative in advance of implementation.

– Certainty is the ideal problem solving and decision making environment.

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Risk environments.– Exist when decision makers lack complete

certainty regarding the outcomes of various courses of action, but they can assign probabilities of occurrence.

– Probabilities can be assigned through objective statistical procedures or personal intuition.

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Uncertain environments.– Exist when managers have so little information

that they cannot even assign probabilities to various alternatives and possible outcomes.

– Uncertainty forces decision makers to rely on individual and group creativity to succeed in problem solving.

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– Programmed decisions.• Involve routine problems that arise regularly and can

be addressed through standard responses.

– Nonprogrammed decisions.• Involve nonroutine problems that require solutions

specifically tailored to the situation at hand

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Types of decisions

How do intuition, judgment, and creativity affect decision making?

Intuition.

– The ability to know or recognize quickly any

situation.

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Judgmental heuristics.– Simplifying strategies or “rules of thumb” used to

make decisions.– Makes it easier to deal with uncertainty and

limited information.– Can lead to systematic errors that affect the

quality and/or ethics of decisions.

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Creativity factors.

– Creativity in decision making involves the

development of unique and novel responses to

problems and opportunities.

– Creativity is especially important in a dynamic

environment full of nonroutine problems.37


– Managers copy others.– Managers tend to emphasize problems and

solutions rather than successful implementation.– Managers use participation rarely.

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Reasons for decision making failure

– Is my action legal?– Is it beneficial?– How would I feel if my family found out about

this?– How would I feel if my decision were printed in

the local newspaper?

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Decision Making Checklist

Delegation defined

• Delegation is the process that makes management possible, because management is the process of getting results accomplished through others.

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Delegation

• Unless you delegate tasks to your subordinates, your team will become inefficient and demoralized.

"I not only use all the brains I have, but all I can borrow."

- Woodrow Wilson

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Why Delegate?

– Globalization,

– Information technology explosion,

– Increased mergers,

– Heightened competition, and

– Higher expectations of nearly every customer

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Tasks you should not delegate

Following activities are sensitive & should not be delegated: – Hiring – Firing – Pay issues – Policy

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Conclusion

FACILITATOR

Prof. Dr. Mohammad Majid Mahmood

Fundamentals of Public Administration

MPA – 406Lecture - 25

FACILITATORProf. Dr. Mohammad Majid Mahmood

0333-5188677, [email protected]

Reflections

Advantages of Delegation

Positive aspects of delegation include:

– Higher efficiency – Increased motivation – Develops the skills of your team – Better distribution of work through the group– Faster decision-making

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• The organization: increased productivity.

• The department / team: becomes more enthusiastic, active, and successful.

• Employees: career development, increases energy.

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• Build human resource capabilities

• Encouraging radical ideas and risk-taking

• Improving employee performance to an optimum level

• Being a stronger, more productive company

• Handling change easily and encouraging growth

• Bringing out the very best in people and unlocking potential51

Four Stages to Successful Delegation

• Assume that people who work for you have ability and show you have confidence in them

• Be specific about what is expected. Tell the person: – what should be done; – why it is needed; and – when it should be completed

• Tell them what should be done, but don't tell them how.

• Give credit and praise generously if a person does a good job

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Disadvantages of Poor Delegation

Signs that your delegation is failing include:

• Human Resource morale is down

• You are always working late

• Your team is confused / conflicting / tense

• Not delegating a task because you think that you would do it better than anyone else is a poor excuse. Doing this, will just make life difficult for yourself.

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• Limitations of this approach: assigning authority does not mean that someone has the ability, motivation, and understanding necessary to perform.

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• Are the involved parties coming to you angry and confused? Delegating a project to one department is likely to have implications for other departments. Keep it in mind as you delegate.

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Deliberate Redundancy• If you're thinking that assigning the

same task to multiple managers inspires healthy competition, you're sadly mistaken. This type of delegation actually inspires conflict.

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• Much like parents who do a child's homework thinking they're helping.

• When you delegate responsibility, delegate the earned positive/negative consequences.

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Delegating to weakness• Delegating tasks outside the scope of

one's competence. • Classic examples of this include putting

the financial officer in charge of marketing.

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Conclusion

Effective delegation will enable you to:– develop good people, – it will save you time, and – it will give your business the characteristics of a

well-oiled machine. Poor delegation will get you:– frustration, – poor task execution, and – a group of demotivated employees.

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Employee Retention Management

“AN ORGANZATION IS KNOWN BY THE PEOPLE IT

KEEPS”

OUR ASSEST WALK OUT OF THE DOOR EACH EVENING. WE HAVE TO MAKE SURE THAT THEY COME BACK THE

NEXT MORNING

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Talent

Take away our top 30 people and we are Take away our top 30 people and we are left with a mediocre company.” left with a mediocre company.”

Bill GatesBill Gates

Great Staff RetentionGreat Staff RetentionWhy do People Stay? Why do People Stay?

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7%

11%

7%

8%15%

8%

11%

8%

12%

Excellent recruiting practices

Good communication 11%

Training opportunities

Opportunities for promotion 13%

Good pay package

Recognition of performance 15%

Strong leadership

Trust between management & employees 11%

Adequate resources to perform the job

Teamwork culture 12%

13%

Organizations with high levels of Employee Retention

38% Higher Customer Satisfaction Scores 22% Higher Productivity 27% Higher Profits

Employee Engagement Drives Business Results

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Employee Retention

Employee retention is a process in which Employee retention is a process in which the employees are encouraged to remain the employees are encouraged to remain with the organization for the maximum with the organization for the maximum period of time or until the completion of period of time or until the completion of the project. the project.

Employee retention is beneficial for the Employee retention is beneficial for the organization as well as for the employee. organization as well as for the employee.

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Defining HR Retention

“ “ The extent to which an employee is The extent to which an employee is committed to their work and their committed to their work and their organization, and the extent to which this organization, and the extent to which this commitment impacts their performance and commitment impacts their performance and intent to stay with the organization.”intent to stay with the organization.”

““ A positive attitude held by the employee A positive attitude held by the employee towards the organisation and its values.”towards the organisation and its values.”

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So What is it?

Based on these definitions, HR retention is Based on these definitions, HR retention is the total of the behaviour employees the total of the behaviour employees espouse in the organisation which espouse in the organisation which primarily should be characterised by: primarily should be characterised by:

BeliefBelief in the organisation in the organisationDriveDrive to work and make things better to work and make things betterRespectRespect and support for others and support for others DesireDesire to learn new skills to learn new skills

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Retention is Commitment Based

Rational Commitment:Rational Commitment: Employees believe they will personally benefit - Employees believe they will personally benefit -

financially, developmentally, or professionally financially, developmentally, or professionally from the team or organization. from the team or organization.

It makes sense for them to stay with the It makes sense for them to stay with the organization.organization.

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Retention is Commitment Based

Emotional Commitment: Emotional Commitment: Believing in, valuing, or enjoying their day-to-day Believing in, valuing, or enjoying their day-to-day

work, teams, managers or organizations. work, teams, managers or organizations. Because they can make a link between their role Because they can make a link between their role

and organizational objectives and value system, and organizational objectives and value system, and they enjoy or find fulfillment in the workand they enjoy or find fulfillment in the work

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Role Based Levels of Retention

There are five work related roles that an employee can assume There are five work related roles that an employee can assume and these are:and these are:

Job Holder Role:Job Holder Role: employees come to work and do the job that is employees come to work and do the job that is listed in their job description.listed in their job description.

Team member role:Team member role: employees go “above and beyond” to help employees go “above and beyond” to help members of their team work toward common goals. members of their team work toward common goals.

Entrepreneur role:Entrepreneur role: employees come up with new ideas and try employees come up with new ideas and try to get those ideas implemented.to get those ideas implemented.

Career role:Career role: employees do things to enhance their career in the employees do things to enhance their career in the organisation; they learn, they adapt new skills, and more.organisation; they learn, they adapt new skills, and more.

Organisation member role:Organisation member role: employees do things that promote employees do things that promote and help the company even if it’s not part of their jobs or their and help the company even if it’s not part of their jobs or their team’s duties. team’s duties.

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Employee Retention Employee Retention StrategyStrategy

“Here Today, Here Tomorrow”

Transforming your workforce from High-Transforming your workforce from High-Turnover to High Retention.Turnover to High Retention.

To do this we need first to look at the main To do this we need first to look at the main reasons for;reasons for;

Why work for Employees Retention?Why work for Employees Retention? Why Do Employees Stay?Why Do Employees Stay?

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WHY ORGANZATIONS FOCUS ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION

NEW EMPLOYEE HIRING COSTNEW EMPLOYEE HIRING COST

TO KEEP PRODUCTIVITY MAINTAINEDTO KEEP PRODUCTIVITY MAINTAINED

TO RETAIN POTENTIAL TALENTTO RETAIN POTENTIAL TALENT

TO RESCUE FROM THE LEAKAGE OF TO RESCUE FROM THE LEAKAGE OF IMPORTANT INFORMATIONIMPORTANT INFORMATION

TO MAINTAIN GOOD INTERNAL RELATIONSHIPTO MAINTAIN GOOD INTERNAL RELATIONSHIP

HRCritical Findings

One Out of Every Three People Plan on Leaving in

the Next Two Years

Hay Group, USA

One Out of Every Three People Plan on Leaving in

the Next Two Years

Hay Group, USA

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Critical FindingCritical FindingIt Costs Much More to Replace Employees Than to Keep Them

It Costs Much More to Replace Employees Than to Keep Them

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Have you ever hired Have you ever hired the wrong person?the wrong person?

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Hire the Right People

How Do You Know What the RIGHT Person Looks

Like?

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Typical Hiring Practices

Failure to Failure to detect detect motivational fit with jobmotivational fit with job Applicants Applicants "exaggerate" "exaggerate" to get a jobto get a job Most hiring decisions made by Most hiring decisions made by intuitionintuition

during the first during the first few few minutes of the minutes of the interview interview

Two out of three hires prove to be a Two out of three hires prove to be a bad fit bad fit within the first yearwithin the first year

Most interviewers Most interviewers not properly trainednot properly trained Excellent employees placed in the Excellent employees placed in the wrong wrong

jobs jobs grow grow frustratedfrustrated when unable to when unable to utilize their strengthsutilize their strengths

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Why Good People Quit?

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Why Good People Quit

Poor match between the person and the job

Poor fit with the organizational climate and culture

Poor alignment between pay and performance

Poor connections between the individual, their coworkers, and the supervisor

Poor opportunities for growth and advancement

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Lack of respect

Very Few Supportive colleagues:

Organization is more concern toward business

Increase in favoritisms 8181

Reasons why an employee leaves an organization

Employee needs pride in where they work & what they do

Lack of appreciation

Lack of challenges in job

The job or workplace was not as expected

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The Mismatch Between Job and Person

Too Little Coaching and Feedback

Lack of support

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Stress From Overwork and Work-Life imbalance

Loss of Trust and Confidence in Senior Leaders

Less frequency in giving rewards.

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Key FindingKey Finding

Money may attract people to the front door but something

else is needed to keep them from going out

the back.8585

Employee Retention Strategies

The basic practices which should be kept in mind in the employee retention strategies are:

Hire the right people in the first place. Empower the employees: Give the employees the authority to

get things done. Make employees realize that they are the most valuable asset

of the organization. Have faith in them, trust them and respect them. Provide them information and knowledge.

Employee Retention StrategiesThe basic practices which should be kept in mind in the employee

retention strategies are:

Keep providing them feedback on their performance. Recognize and appreciate their achievements. Keep their morale high. Create an environment where the employees want to work and have fun. Creating diversity at work place rather than clones and uniformityCreating diversity at work place rather than clones and uniformity Re-recruit star employees back into organization Compensation should be market linked and not internally focused.

Conclusion

Employers who are able to minimize their employee turnover are going to emerge stronger and healthier than those competitors who can’t retain their employees.

Do everything you can to make sure that you keep your employees happy, engaged, and productive.

ConclusionConclusion

FACILITATOR

Prof. Dr. Mohammad Majid Mahmood

fundamentals of public administration mpa – 406 lecture - 24

Documents

project appraisal

project evaluation

project implementation

sequential process

project preparation

project approval

project study feasibility

major development projects