fundamentals of sustainability policy nassos george p. and ......•in 2013, reached 400 ppm •in...
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An Executive Short Course
Fundamentals of Sustainability Policy and Practice
Nassos George P. [email protected]
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Το παρόν εκπαιδευτικό υλικό υπόκειται ςε άδειεσ χρήςησ Creative Commons. Για εκπαιδευτικό υλικό, όπωσ εικόνεσ, που υπόκειται ςε άδεια χρήςησ άλλου τφπου, αυτή πρζπει να αναφζρεται ρητώσ.
Άδεια Χρήσης
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An Evolutionary Analogy
• Monday - the earth is created
• Tuesday 8:00 AM – life
• Thursday morning – photosynthesis
• Saturday – oxygen, chlorophyll, coal
• Saturday 4:00 PM – giant reptiles
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An Evolutionary Analogy
• Saturday 10:00 PM – primates
• Sat. 11:59:54 - homo sapiens
• 0.25 sec before midnight - Jesus Christ
• 1/40 sec. - Industrial Revolution
• 1/80 sec. – discover oil, accelerate carbon blowout
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Our Changing Environment
• 70% of fisheries at their biological limit
• 50% of forest cover gone
• 50% of wetlands lost
• 90% of grasslands lost
• 19% of coral reefs are dead
• 40% of species are endangered
• 40% of world experiencing water shortage
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Managing the Ecological Footprint
• Tool for Measuring and Analyzing
• Need a Balance
• Deficit is Growing
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Ecological Footprint for 2007
United Arab Emirates – 10.7 hectares
United States – 8.0
Greece – 5.4
Germany – 5.1
Japan – 4.7
World – 2.7
China – 2.2
Biocapacity – 1.8
India – 0.9
Puerto Rico – 0.04 7
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1960 1980 2007
2030 2050
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With China and India - 2050
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Four Major Environmental Issues
• Climate Change
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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
• Initial meeting – 1992
– Kyoto Protocol – 1997 (set milestones)
– By 2050, 60-80% below 1990 level
– By 2012, 5% below 1990 level
• In 2012, 58% above 1990 level
• Carbon dioxide – historically 280 ppm
• Cannot go above 350 ppm
• In 2013, reached 400 ppm
• In 2015, consistent at 400 ppm
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Four Major Environmental Issues
• Climate Change
• Water – growing shortage
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Distribution of Earth’s Water
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Four Major Environmental Issues
• Climate Change
• Water – growing shortage
• Consumption of natural resources
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Unsustainable Consumption Factor: 32
• 6.5 billion people: 1 – 1 billion people: 32
• China – Double consumption
• India – Triple consumption
• 72 billion
• Everyone must reduce consumption 15
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Four Major Environmental Issues
• Climate Change
• Water – growing shortage
• Consumption of natural resources
• World population – heading north
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Where is the world population heading?
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St. Matthews Island: A Metaphor
for Earth
• Estimated carrying capacity: 1600-2300
• 1944 – 29 reindeer
• 1957 – 1,350
• 1963 – 6,000
• 1966 -
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St. Matthews Island: A Metaphor
for Earth
• Estimated carrying capacity: 1600-2300
• 1944 – 29 reindeer
• 1957 – 1,350
• 1963 – 6,000
• 1966 - 42
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THE INTRODUCTION, INCREASE, AND CRASH OF REINDEER ON ST. MATTHEW ISLAND
By David R. Klein - Alaska Cooperative ildlife Research Unit, University of Alaska, College
St. Matthews Island
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Where is the world population heading?
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Sustainable Development
“The practice of sustainable development assures that the natural resources and energy we use to provide today’s products and services will not deny future generations the resources necessary to meet their needs while building and preserving communities that are economically, socially and environmentally healthy.”
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Brundtland Definition of Sustainable Development
“Development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
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Total Environmental Burden
• EB = P x A x T, where
– P is population
– A is affluence
– T is technology
• How do you keep EB constant, or reduce it?
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Restatement of EB
• EB = P x A , where
T2
T2 is technology that creates products and services sustainably
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Other terms for Sustainability?
• CSR or CSER or CS&ER
• Environmental & Social Governance (ESG)
• Global Corporate Citizenship
• Triple Bottom Line
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Traditional Triple Bottom Line
Environmental
Social Economic
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Traditional Triple Bottom Line
Earth
Equity Economy
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Traditional Triple Bottom Line
Planet
People Profit
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Realistic Triple Bottom Line
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Realistic Triple Bottom Line
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Realistic Triple Bottom Line
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Adopt Sustainable Strategies
• The CERES Principles
• The Natural Step
• Eco-effective vs. Eco-efficient
• Servicizing
• Biomimicry
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Adopt Sustainable Strategies
• Base of the Pyramid
• Systems Thinking Leads to Tunneling
• Sustaining Fisheries
• Green Buildings
• “Big Hairy Audacious Goal”
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C.E.R.E.S. Components
• About 130 Coalition Members
• About 64 companies endorsing principles
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The CERES Principles
• Protection of the Biosphere
• Sustainable Use of Natural Resources
• Reduction and Disposal of Wastes
• Energy Conservation
• Risk Reduction
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The CERES Principles – more
• Safe Products and Services
• Environmental Restoration
• Informing the Public
• Management Commitment
• Audits and Reports
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Company Network Members
• Apple
• Baxter International
• Coca Cola
• eBay
• Levi
• Nike
• PepsiCo
• Suncor
• Walt Disney
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Eco-efficient or Eco-effective
• Fuel efficiency
• Computing efficiency
• More durable brake pads
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More Efficient Products
• Clocks & Watches
• Leveraging Electrical Demand
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The Natural Step
• Founded by Karl-Henrik Robért
• Developed four system conditions
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Condition No. 1
• Do not systematically increase concentration of substances extracted from the Earth’s crust
– Do not remove fossil fuels, metals, minerals faster than reintegration
– Concentrations would increase in ecosphere
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Condition No. 2
• Do not systematically increase concentrations of substances produced by society
– Similar to first condition (synthetically produced)
– Same impact if neglected
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Condition No. 3
• Do not systematically mismanage the ecosphere
– Do not over-harvest fertile areas, soils, fresh water
– Do not diminish availability of natural systems
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Condition No. 4
• Resources are used fairly and efficiently in order to meet basic human needs worldwide
– Must use most resource-efficient methods possible
– Necessary condition if first three are met
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Companies Employing The Natural Step
• IKEA
• Interface
• Starbucks
• Nike
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Extended Product Responsibility
• Along product chain or lifecycle
• Highlights environmental impacts associated with
– Manufacture
– Use
– Disposal
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Servicizing
• Redefine commerce to deliver service and value, not material
• Maintain control over product life cycle
• Produce more cost efficient products
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Some Servicizing Strategies
• Product miniaturization
• Multipurpose products
• Leasing
• Replacing service product with service
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Application of Servicizing Strategy
• Incandescent Light Bulbs
• Interface – Commercial Carpeting
• Electrolux – Washing Machines
• duPont & Ford – Auto Assembly Paint Shop
• Volvo – Transportation Company
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Student Examples
• Luggage
• Paint
• Ceiling tiles
• Nutrient services
• Mattresses
• Helmet renting
• Perfume refill shop
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Learn From Nature – Biomimicry
Abalone
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Abalone Shells – Stronger than Ceramics
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Learn From Nature – Biomimicry
Abalone
Spider’s silk
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Spider Silk – Stronger than Steel, Tougher than Kevlar
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Learn From Nature – Biomimicry
Abalone
Spider’s silk
Bi-valves
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Learn From Nature – Biomimicry
• Rhinoceros horns
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Rhinoceros Horn – Similar to Carbon Fiber Composites
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Learn From Nature – Biomimicry
Rhinoceros horns
Cow’s enzyme production
Mobile phone screen
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Read Mobile Phone Screen in the Sun
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Bee Hive – Hexagonal Home Built by Bee Engineers
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The Global Pyramid
Low-Income Markets
(BOP)
Emerging Middle Class
Wealthy
Purchasing Power Population in Millions
>$15,000
$1,500 – 15,000
<$1,500
1,000
1,700
4,200
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The Great Leap Downward
Bottom of the Top Base of
the Pyramid
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Driving Innovation from the Base of the Pyramid
• Honda
• LEDs
• Galanz
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Components of System Thinking
• Elements
• Interconnections
• Purpose or Goal
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Tunneling Through the Cost Barrier
• Typical: Diminishing Returns
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Tunneling Through the Cost Barrier
• Typical: Diminishing Returns
• Different Possibility: Whole System
• Straight Pipes
• Insulation and Thermopane Windows
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Current State of U.S. Fisheries is Clearly Unacceptable
• Fifty-four stocks – overfished
• Forty-five – experiencing overfishing
• Over half – uncertain status
• Over 72,000 jobs lost
• Typical fisherman earns 30% less
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Introduce “Catch Shares”
• Innovative, incentive-based tool
• “Limited Access Privilege Programs” (LAPPS)
• Simultaneously
– Protect environment
– Increase profits
– Higher quality fish
– Create more full-time jobs
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Management of Catch Shares
• Determine annual catch
• Allocate annual catch to fishermen
• Enforce the regulation
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Benefits of Catch Shares
• Employs better science and monitoring
• Reduce bycatch
• Limit fishing impacts on habitats
• Safer fishing
• Improving economic performance
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What is a green building?
• Increasing efficiency
– Energy
– Water
– Materials
• Reducing building impacts on
– Human health
– Environment
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LEED History
• LEED 1.0 in late 1998 – Many shortcomings – 40 credits
• LEED 2.0 in March 2000
– Expanded to 69 credits – Still needed refinement
• LEED 2.1 in early 2003
• LEED-NC 2.2 in November 2005
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More Versions of LEED
• LEED – EB
• LEED – CI
• LEED – CS
• LEED – H
• LEED – ND
• LEED Application Guides
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LEED Application Guides
• Retail
• Multiple Buildings
• Campuses
• Lodging
• Healthcare
• Laboratories
• Schools
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LEED Certification Levels – NC
• Certified 26-32
• Silver 33-38
• Gold 39-51
• Platinum 52-69
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Earning LEED Points for NC
• Sustainable Sites 14
• Water Efficiency 5
• Energy & Atmosphere 17
• Materials & Resources 13
• Indoor Environmental Quality 15
• Innovation & Design Process 5
– Total 69
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Earning LEED Points for EB
• Sustainable Sites 14
• Water Efficiency 5
• Energy & Atmosphere 23
• Materials & Resources 16
• Indoor Environmental Quality 22
• Innovation & Design Process 5
– Total 85
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Shortcomings of LEED
• Go after easy points
• Regional differences
• Need weighting factors
• LCA is missing
• Must define “green material or product”
• Analysis of cost vs. benefit
• Must link “green building” to “specific benefit”
• Point totals confusing
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New Point System for All Projects
• Certified 40 – 49
• Silver 50 – 59
• Gold 60 – 79
• Platinum 80+
• Additional bonus of 10 points
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LEED Improvements
• New since 2010
– LEED Retail New Construction
– LEED Retail Interiors
• LEED-NC 3.0 includes carbon footprint requirement
• Accreditation
– 2001 - 2009 one test
– Since June 2009
• LEED Green Associate
• LEED AP BD+C, or ID+C, or Homes, or O+M, or ND
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Human & Social Benefits
• Day lighting improved test scores
• Higher sales with sky lights
• Increased productivity
• Reduced respiratory diseases
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Searle/Monsanto Q Research Building
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Certainly Not LEED Certified
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“Big Hairy Audacious Goal”
• Washing machines
• Toilets
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Toilet Lid Sink
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“Big Hairy Audacious Goal”
• Washing machines
• Toilets
• Farming
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Vertical Farm
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Advantages of Vertical Farming
• Year-around crop production
• No weather problems
• All food grown organically
• Eliminates agricultural runoff
• Farming in urban centers
• Reduces fossil fuel use
• Converts black and gray water
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SKY Farm
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The Sharing Economy
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Examples of Sharing Economy
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The Circular Economy
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Examples of Circular Economy
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Additional Sustainability Solutions
• Cost of Natural Capital
• Impact on Financial Performance
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COC Differentials Industrial Manufacturing Companies
106
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
OSHKOSH CORP
FLOWSERVE CORP
JOY GLOBAL INC
INGERSOLL-RAND PLC
IDEX CORP
BUCYRUS INTERNATIONAL INC
DANAHER CORP
EATON CORP
SPX CORP
NAVISTAR INTERNATIONAL CORP
PARKER-HANNIFIN CORP
GARDNER DENVER INC
DEERE & CO
DOVER CORP
SNAP-ON INC
PALL CORP
CATERPILLAR INC
TIMKEN CO
ILLINOIS TOOL WORKS
LINCOLN ELECTRIC HLDGS INC
PENTAIR INC
AGCO CORP
CUMMINS INC
CNH GLOBAL NV
METSO OYJ
DONALDSON CO INC
KUBOTA CORP
MAKITA CORP
VOLVO AB
ATLAS COPCO AB
KENNAMETAL INC
SKF AB
TATA MOTORS LTD
WABCO HOLDINGS INC
KOMATSU LTD
PACCAR INC
Points Versus S&P Average
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Additional Sustainability Solutions
• Cost of Natural Capital
• Impact on Financial Performance
• Corporate Training
• Academic Training
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Why Sustainability Has Not Made a Breakthrough
“There is an important job to be done, and Everybody expects that Somebody would do it.
Anybody could do it, but Nobody did it. Somebody gets angry about that because it is
Everybody’s job. Everybody thinks that Anybody should do it,
but Nobody realizes that Everybody would not do it. It ends up that Everybody blames Somebody
when Nobody does what Anybody has to do.” 109
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Later is TOO Late
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Χρηματοδότηση
• Το παρόν εκπαιδεσηικό σλικό έτει αναπηστθεί ζηα πλαίζια
ηοσ εκπαιδεσηικού έργοσ ηοσ διδάζκονηα.
• Το έργο «Ανοικτά Ακαδημαϊκά Μαθήματα Ε.Μ.Π.» έτει
τρημαηοδοηήζει μόνο ηη αναδιαμόρθωζη ηοσ εκπαιδεσηικού
σλικού.
• Το έργο σλοποιείηαι ζηο πλαίζιο ηοσ Επιτειρηζιακού
Προγράμμαηος «Εκπαίδεσζη και Δια Βίοσ Μάθηζη» και
ζσγτρημαηοδοηείηαι από ηην Εσρωπαϊκή Ένωζη
(Εσρωπαϊκό Κοινωνικό Ταμείο) και από εθνικούς πόροσς.