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KGI – Physiology Syllabus Page 1 of 12
FUNDEMENTALS OF PHYSIOLOGY Course Details
Course Title Fundamentals of Physiology
Course Number BIOL 170
Department Physiology
Credit Hours 4
Grading Type Letter
Course Director Conrad Fischer MD & Niket Sonpal MD
Director’s Email
Campus Director
Campus Email
[email protected] & [email protected]
TBD
TBD
Table of Contents
FUNDEMENTALS OFPHYSIOLOGY ....................................................................................................1
COURSE DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................................................... 2
Course Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 2
Required Texts and Materials ............................................................................................................... 2
Course Structure and Grade Computation ........................................................................................... 2 Course Grade Computation .............................................................................................................................. 2 Preparation ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Classroom ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Lab .................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Exams ................................................................................................................................................................ 3 Grade breakdown: ............................................................................................................................................ 3
Review of sessions topics, lecturer and hours ...................................................................................... 4
Lecture topics, objectives and labs ....................................................................................................... 5
KGI – Physiology Syllabus Page 2 of 12
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Welcome to Human Physiology! Physiology is among the most fascinating and challenging areas
of science, as it is the study of body function, at the molecular, cellular, organ, and system levels
- integration! The primary goal of this course is to instill an understanding of how the various
systems of the human body work together to sustain life. Our approach will be to review some
basic chemistry and the functioning of the unit of living things, the cell. We will emphasize the
importance of the cell membrane and this knowledge will provide the basis for understanding
how the nervous system operates as the chief communication network of the body. This
information, in turn, will allow us to understand the cooperative functioning of the other systems
of the body listed above. Thus, by the end of the semester, you will have a better idea of how
your body works.
Course Objectives
Upon successful completion of the course, a student should be able to:
1. Explain the basic physiological functions of the 11 organ systems within the human body.
2. Compare and contrast normal physiological processes and be able to recognize the
relationship between pathogenic progression and altered physiological responses.
3. Evaluate the health of the human body by analyzing and correctly interpreting
physiological data collected by students utilizing scientific instrumentation.
Required Texts and Materials
1. Physiology, 4th Edition, a. Author = Linda Costanzo b. ISBN =1416061096
2. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 11th edition a. Author = Betrand G. Katzung and et el. b. ISBN =978-0-07-160405-5
Course Structure and Grade Computation
Course Grade Computation
Course Grade: Lecture Exams (2) 60%; sessions 1-4 & sessions 5-7
Final Exam (cumulative) 35%; session 1-8
The Final Examination will be cumulative, encompassing the important points of all the lectures,
scientific articles, including the course video series, which will be available during the course.
Preparation
Students are expected to watch and review all material on or before Thursday at 11:59 p.m. two
days before class. The lectures will include a series of questions that will assist the professor in
identifying areas students are having difficulty with. These areas will be in focus doing the
KGI – Physiology Syllabus Page 3 of 12
classroom discussion. These assessment questions will be graded. It is expected that the
watching and reviewing the reading will take approximately 5 hours per week.
Classroom
Students will work through a series of questions presented by the campus director. This work
will be done in teams and students will enter their answers to those questions via the student
response system, iClicker. The iClicker question will be graded.
Lab
On class days there will also be a 1 to 2 hour lab. You will be expected to dissect, find and
analysis the structures and / or areas listed in the syllabus. Lab will be graded for attendance and
a “bonus” will be awarded to the final grade for exceptional students.
Exams
There will be two exams:
Exam 1 ------------ Sessions 1 – 4. The exam will be given on the Session 5 right after the lab.
Exam II-------------Sessions 5 – 8. The exam will be given after Session 8 lab.
All grades will be rounded up to the nearest 0.1 grade at the end of the course. (i.e. an 85.81%
grade will be rounded to an 85.9%).
Grade breakdown:
A+ >94%
A 90% to 93.9%
A- 86% to 89.9%
B+ 81% to 85.9%
B 77% to 81.9%
B- 75% to 76.9%
C+ 70% to 74.9%
C 67% to 69.9%
C- 64% to 66.9%
D 55% to 63.9%
F <54.9%
KGI – Physiology Syllabus Page 4 of 12
Review of sessions topics, lecturer and hours
Session LectureTopic Lecturer VideoHours
1 Bodyfluids,fluidmembrands Dr.ConradFischer 2
1 Activetransport,Osmosis Dr.ConradFischer 2
2 Actionpotentials,skeletalmuscle Dr.ConradFischer 2.5
2 SmoothMuscle,autonomicnervoussystem Dr.ConradFischer 2.5
3 Autonomicreceptors,sensorysystemandpain Dr.ConradFischer 2.5
3 Vision,audition Dr.ConradFischer 2.5
4 Vestibularsystem,olfaction&taste Dr.ConradFischer 2.5
4 Motorsystems Dr.ConradFischer 2.5
5 Structureoftherespiratorysystem,lungvolume&capacities Dr.ConradFischer 2.5
5 Alveolarventilationandbreathingmechanisms Dr.ConradFischer 2.5
6 Gasexchange,oxygentransport Dr.ConradFischer 2
6 CO2TransportinBlood,Ventilation-Perfusion,controlof
breathing
Dr.ConradFischer
2
7 Renalstructure&fluidcompartmentclearance&bodyfluid
compartments
Dr.NiketSonpal
4
8 Gantrointestinaltractandhormones Dr.NiketSonpal 3
Approximatevideohours 35
Classroomhours 8
Labhours 16
Totalcoursehours 59
Creditsforcourse 4
KGI – Physiology Syllabus Page 5 of 12
Lecture topics, objectives and labs
Lecture Dr.ConradFischerSession 1
DateofClass Saturdaythe14ofJune2014
VideoHours 4
LectureTopic
Reading Pages1-5
LectureObjectives
1 Distinguishbetweenthevariousbodyfluid
compartmentsandsummarizetheionic
(cations&anions)compositionforeach.
4 Describethearchitectureofthecell
membraneanditsfunctions
2 Distinguishbetweenunitsofmeasuring
concentrations(egmilliosmolesvs
millimoles).
5 Describethecellmembraneanddefine
amphipathic/alipidbilayer?
3 Describeredistributionofionsacrossthe
capillarywallaccordingtotheGibbs-Donnan
Equilibrium.
6 Distinguishbetweenthehydrophilicand
hydrophobicpropertiesofthecellmembrane,
andidentifythefeaturesthatdeterminethese
properties.
7 Distinguishbetweenintegralandperipheral
proteins
LectureTopic Active transport, Osmosis
Reading Pages 5-18
LectureObjectives
1 Describethevariousmodesoftransport
acrossthecellmembrane(simplediffusion,
facilitateddiffusion,primary&secondary
active;coandcountertransport)
5 Definethedifferencesbetweenahypotonic,
isotonicandhypertonicsolutionand
equilibriumpotentials
2 Calculatetherateofdiffusionacrossacell
membrane.6 ListtheequilibriumpotentialforNa,Ca,K,&
Cl
3 Characterizesaturation,stereospecificity,&
competitionandrelatetoeffectsoncarrier-
mediatedtransport?
7 DescribetherelationshipbetweentheNernst
equationandequilibriumpotential
4 Listthebodyprocessesthatutilizeeachtype
oftransport.
Lab Osmorality
1 Describethevariousmodesoftransport
acrossthecellmembrane(simplediffusion,
facilitateddiffusion,primary&secondary
active;coandcountertransport)
3 DescribetherelationshipbetweentheNernst
equationandequilibriumpotential
2 Describeredistributionofionsacrossthe
capillarywallaccordingtotheGibbs-Donnan
Equilibrium.
Body fluids, fluid membrands
KGI – Physiology Syllabus Page 6 of 12
Lecture Dr.ConradFischerSession 2
DateofClass Saturdaythe21ofJune2014VideoHours 5
LectureTopic Action potentials, skeletal muscle
Reading Pages 18-39
LectureObjectives
1 Defineactionpotential 7 Defineexcitatory&inhibitorypostsynaptic
potentials,includeionicconductanceandlist
theneurotransmittersfacilitateeachpotential
2 Describedepolarization,hyperpolarization,
inward&outwardcurrent,threshold,
overshoot&undershoot,refractoryperiod
8 Distinguishspatialfromtemporalsummation
3 Reconstructthemechanismofanaction
potential;stereotypicalsize&shape,
propagation,all-or-noneresponse
9 Listthemainneurotransmittersanddescribe
themechanismofactionforeach
4 Characterizetheionicbasisforeachphaseof
anactionpotential?10 Listanddefinethestructuralcomponentsof
skeletalmusclefibers(actin,myosin,titin,
tropomyosin)
5 Distinguishbetweenabsoluteandrelative
refractoryperiod11 Explaintherelationshipbetweenlengthand
tension(passive+active=totaltension)
6 Defineaccommodation 12 Explaintherelationshipbetweenlengthand
tension(passive+active=totalExplainthe
relationshipbetweenforceandvelocity&
Distinguishisometrictension)fromisotonic
contraction.
LectureTopic
Reading Pages 39-58
LectureObjectives
1 Listanddefinethedifferencesbetween
smoothmuscleandskeletalmuscle4 DescribethefunctionoftheANSandexplain
howtheANSregulateshomeostasis
2 Listthetypesofsmoothmuscle,compareand
contrastunitaryandmultiunit5 Compareandcontrastthedivisionsofthe
ANS;sympatheticvs.parasympathetic
3 Describetheprocessofexcitation-contraction
couplinginsmoothmuscle.6 Listanddescribethespinalandcranialorigins
ofthesympatheticandparasympathetic
nervoussystem.
Lab ActionPotentials
1 Define action potential 3 List and define the differences between
smooth muscle and skeletal muscle
2 Describe depolarization, hyperpolarization,
inward & outward current, threshold,
overshoot & undershoot, refractory period
4 Describe the process of excitation-
contraction coupling in smooth muscle.
Smooth Muscle, autonomic nervous system
KGI – Physiology Syllabus Page 7 of 12
Lecture Dr.ConradFischerSession 3
DateofClass Saturdaythe28ofJune2014
VideoHours 5
LectureTopic
Reading Pages 58-77
LectureObjectives
1 Locateanddefinethefunctionofeach
autonomicreceptorα1,α2,β1,β2,nicotinic,
muscarinic
4 Define“adaptation”toasensorystimulusand
compareandcontrastphasicandtonic
receptors
2 Defineagonistandantagonist 5 Listandlocateeachtypeofmechanoreceptor
andidentifythesensoryinformationthey
transduce
3 IntegratethefunctionoftheANSwitheach
organ;heart,vascularsmoothmuscle,
bronchioles,GIT,bladder,malegenitalia,eye,
skin,lacrimalglands,liver,adiposetissue,
kidney
6 Definenociceptorsandlisteachtype;thermal,
mechanical,&polymodalnociceptors
LectureTopic
Reading Pages 78-89
LectureObjectives
1 Describetheanatomyoftheeye 4 Identifythestructuresoftheear;outer,
middle&innerear.
2 Compareandcontrastthestructural,chemical
andfunctionaldifferencebetweenrodsand
cones
5 Distinguishperilymphfromendolymphboth
compositionandfunction
3 Explaintheroleofbipolar&horizontalcellsin
receptivefields6 Describethefunctionoftheorganofcorti
Lab Vision & auditon
1 Describe the anatomy of the eye 3 Identify the structures of the ear; outer,
middle & inner ear.
2 Explain the role of bipolar & horizontal
cells in receptive fields
4 Describe the function of the organ of corti
Autonomic receptors, sensory system and pain
Vision, audition
KGI – Physiology Syllabus Page 8 of 12
Lecture Dr.ConradFischerSession 4
DateofClass Saturdaythe12ofJuly2014
VideoHours 5
LectureTopic
Reading Pages 90-96
LectureObjectives
1 Describethefunctionofthevestibularorgan;
semicircularorgans,ampulla,cupula,otolith
organ(utricle,saccule).
4 Definehypogeusia,hypergeusia,dysgeusia.
2 Describethevestibularpathwayandrelatethe
structuretotheprocessofvestibular
transduction.
5 Describetheolfactoryreceptor.
3 Definenystagmus. 6 Describethemechanismofsignaltransduction
foreachofthefivetastequalities;bitter,
sweet,umani,sour,andsalt.
LectureTopic
Reading Pages 96-101
LectureObjectives
1 Definemotorunit. 4 Defineanddescribemusclespindle
2 Classifythetypesofmotoneuronsand
describetheroleforeachinmuscle
contractionorrelaxation
5 Describehowthemusclespindlefunctionsas
areceptor.
3 Distinguishbetweenextrafusalandintrafusal
fibers6 Describethespinalcordreflexes;stretch,golgi
tendon,flexor-withdrawalreflex..
Lab Motorsystem
1 Define motor unit. 3 Describe the spinal cord reflexes; stretch,
golgi tendon, flexor-withdrawal reflex..
2 Describe how the muscle spindle functions
as a receptor.
4 Distinguish between extrafusal and
intrafusal fibers
Motor systems
Vestibular system, olfaction & taste
KGI – Physiology Syllabus Page 9 of 12
Lecture Dr.ConradFischerSession 5
DateofClass Saturdaythe19ofJuly2014
VideoHours 5
LectureTopic
Reading Pages 183-189
LectureObjectives
1 Recallthenormalanatomyoftherespiratory
airways4 Compareandcontrastanatomicand
physiologicdeadspace
2 Listanddescribeeachoftherespiratory
zones.5 Calculatephysiologicdeadspace.
3 Listanddescribeeachofthevolumesand
capacities(tidalvolume,residualcapacity,
reservevolumeandvitalcapacity,minute
ventilation)
6 Calculateventilationrates.
LectureTopic
Reading Pages 189-202
LectureObjectives
1Calculatealveolarventilation
5 ExplaintheroleofsurfactantLocatewhere
isitmade,Identifywhenisitmade,
2 Calculatealveolarpressureofagas. 6 Calculateairflowoftheairways.
3 Describeforcedexpiratoryvolumeand
relatetoobstructiveandrestrictivelung
diseases
7Describeacompletebreathcycle.
4 Comparethecomplianceofthelungand
chestwalltolung-chestwallsystem.8 listanddescribethemusclesofinspiration
&expiration
Lab Respiration
1 List and describe each of the volumes and
capacities (tidal volume, residual capacity,
reserve volume and vital capacity, minute
ventilation)
3 Explain the role of surfactant Locate where
is it made, Identify when is it made,
2 Calculate alveolar ventilation 4 Describe a complete breath cycle.
Alveolar ventilation and breathing mechanisms
Structure of the respiratory system, lung volume & capacities
KGI – Physiology Syllabus Page 10 of 12
Lecture Dr.ConradFischerSession 6
DateofClass Saturdaythe26ofJuly2014
VideoHours 4
LectureTopic
Reading Pages 202-2015
LectureObjectives
1 ListanddescribetheGaslaws;includeGeneral
gaslaw,Boyles’law,Dalton’slawofpartial
pressure,Fick’slaw.
5 Distinguishoxygen-bindingcapacityfrom
oxygencontent.
2 Calculatethepartialpressureofagas 6 DefineP50
3 Describelung-diffusingcapacityandexplain
howisitalteredbyemphysema,fibrosis,
edema,&exercise
7 Listanddescribeconditionsthatcause
left/rightshiftoftheO2-hemoglobin
dissociationcurve
4 Explainoxygentransportbyblood 8 Explaintheeffectofcarbonmonoxideonthe
affinityofO2tohemoglobinandO2content
LectureTopicReading Pages 215-234
LectureObjectives
1 DescribeCO2transportbyblood 7 Identifypartsofthelungandrelateto
ventilationandperfusion
2 ExplaintherelationshipbetweenCO2and
bicarbonate
8 Listanddescribetheregulatorycentersinthe
brainstemanddescribetheregulationof
breathing
4 Recalltheregulationofpulmonarybloodflow 9 Compareandcontrastcentralandperipheral
chemoreceptors
4 Listanddescribethezonesofthelungand
compareandcontrastthepressuresineach
zone
10 Describetheeffectofexerciseandaltitudeon
breathing
5 DescribetheV/Qratioforeachlungzone. 11 Definehypoxemiaandhypoxia
6 Defineshunt,andexplain
ventilation/perfusion(V/Q)mismatches
Lab Respirationpart2
1 Describe CO2 transport by blood 3 List and describe conditions that cause
left/right shift of the O2-hemoglobin
dissociation curve
2 List and describe the zones of the lung and
compare and contrast the pressures in each
zone
4 Explain the effect of carbon monoxide on
the affinity of O2 to hemoglobin and O2
content
Gas exchange, oxygen transport
CO2 Transport in Blood, Ventilation-Perfusion, control of breathing
KGI – Physiology Syllabus Page 11 of 12
Lecture Dr.NiketSonpal Session 7
DateofClass Saturdaythe2ofAugust2014
VideoHours 4
LectureTopic Renal structure & fluid compartment clearance & body fluid compartments
Reading Pages 235-247
LectureObjectives
1 Recallbasicrenalanatomyandvasculature. 6 Definerenalclearance
2 Defineandlisttheregionsofthenephron 7 Describetheclearanceofalbumin,glucose,
inulin,&PAHbythekidney
3 Explainbodyfluiddistributionand
measurement8 Describetheuniquepropertiesofinulinthat
makeitaglomerularmarker
4 Calculatedfluidcompartmentvolume. 9 Explainandcalculatetheclearanceratioofa
substancetoinulin,anddetermineabsorption
orreabsorptionofthesubstance
5 Explaintheeffectofdiarrhea,burns,sweating,
fever,diabetesinsipidus,adrenalinsufficiency,
isotonic/hypertonicfluids,&SIADHoneach
fluidcompartment
LectureTopic
Reading Pges 247-257
LectureObjectives
1 Definerenalbloodflow(RBF)&renalplasma
flow(RPF)Distinguishthetwo.CalculateRBF&
RPF
7 ListanddescribetheStarlingforcesfavoring
glomerularfiltration
2 Explaintheregulationofrenalbloodflowby
ANS,angiotensinII,prostaglandins,&
dopamine
8 Decribetheeffectsof
vasoconstriction/dilationofafferentand
efferentarteriolesonglomerularfiltration
3 Listanddescribetheautoregulatory
mechanismsmediatingRBF9 Explainthemeasurementofglomerular
filtrationrate(GFR)
4 Defineglomerularfiltration 10 Calculateglomerularfiltrationrate(GFR)
5 Describetheglomerularfiltrationbarrier. 11 Listandexplainthemarkersusedtomeasure
glomerularfiltration
6 Explainwhyproteinsarenotfiltered 12 Defineandcalculatefiltrationfraction
Lab TheKidney
1 Recall basic renal anatomy and vasculature. 3 Describe the clearance of albumin, glucose,
inulin, & PAH by the kidney
2 Define and list the regions of the nephron 4 Define renal clearance
Renal blood flow and the GFR rate
KGI – Physiology Syllabus Page 12 of 12
Lecture Dr.NiketSonpal Session 8
DateofClass Saturdaythe9ofAugust2014
VideoHours 3
LectureTopic Gantrointestinal tract and hormones
Reading Pages 327-335
LectureObjectives
1 Describethestructurallayersofthe
gastrointestinaltract.4 Distinguishbetweenhormones,paracrines,
andneurocrines.
2 Describetheintegratedfunctionsofthe
sympathetic,parasympathetic&enteric
nervoussystemininnervatingtheGItract.
5 ExplaintheroleofACh,norepinephrine,VIP,
GRP,enkephalins,neuropeptideY&substance
PininnervatingtheGItract
3 Listanddescribetheneurotransmittersand
neuromodulatorsoftheentericnervous
systemandexplaintheiractions
6 Definethesiteofsecretion,regulationand
actionofgastrin,CCK,secretin,&GIP.
LectureTopic
Reading Pages 359-369
LectureObjectives
1 Distinguishbetweendigestionandabsorption 4 Describehowfatsareemulsified
2 Listthedigestedproductsofcarbohydrates,
proteins5 Definemiscelle
3 ListthemonosacchridesabsorbedbytheGI
tract.6 Listanddefinethedigestiveenzymesoffats
Lab Nolab
Digestion and absorptioin of carbohydrates & lipids