FUNGAL DISEASES IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS.

Medically important fungiGROUP PATHOGEN LOCATION DISEASE

1)Superficial mycosis

Piedraia hortae . scalp Black piedra.

Trichosporon beigelii. Beard ,mustache

White piedra.

Malassezia furfur. Trunk ,neck ,face, arms.

Tinea versicolor.

2)Cutaneous mycosis

Trichophyton mentagrophytis ,T.verrucossum, T.rubrum.

Beard hair Tinea barbae.

Trichophyton ,Microsporum canis. Scalp hair Tinea captis

Trichophyton rubrum ,T.mentagrophytes ,Microsporum

canis.

Smooth or bare parts

of skin

Tinea corporis

T.Rubrum , T.mentagrophytes,Epidermophyton floccosum .

Groin, buttocks

Tinea cruris(jock itch).

T.rubrum ,T.mentagrophytes ,E.floccosum.

feet Tinea pedis

T.rubrum. T. mentagophytes, E. floccosum.

nails Tinea unguium (oncomycosis).

GROUP PATHOGEN LOCATION DISEASE

3)Subcutinous mycosis

Phialophora verrucosa

Legs ,feet Chromoblastomycosis

sporothrix schenckii Puncture wounds Sporotrichosis

4)Systemic mycosis

Coccidiodes immitis Lungs ,other parts of body.

Coccidioidomycosis.

Cryptococcus neoformis

Lungs ,skin,bones ,viscera,central nevous system.

Cryptococcosis.

Histoplasma capsulatum

Within phagocytosis Histoplasmosis

5)Oppurtunistic mycosis

Aspergillus fumigatus, A.flavus,

Respiratory system Aspergillosis

Candida albicans Skin or mucous membrane

Candidiasis

Pneumocystis jivoroveci

Lungs some time brain

Pneumocystis pneumonia

Encephalitozooon Lungs some times brain

microsporidiosis

INTRODUCTION

• Fungal disease are usually divided into four types based on the level of infected tissue and mode of entry into the host

1)Superficial,

2)Cutaneous,

3)Subcutaneous and,

4)Systemic.

• Systemic mycoses are typically transmitted through air. e.g.,Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Cry-ptomycosis,and Histoplasmosis.

• Fungal pathogens do not appear to be transmitted by arthropods.

• A number of fungal pathogens are transmitted through direct contact. e.g., superficial -mycosis, cutaneous mycoses(called as ring worms,tineas,or dermatomycosis.)

• Fungal diseases can also be transmitted through food and water .

• Opportunistic diseases are typically arise from the endogenous microbial flora when the host can no longer control them. E.g., Aspergillosis, Microsporidoisis, Pneumocystis Pneumonia.

• Discipline that deals with the fungi that cause human diseases is MEDICAL MYCOLOGY .

• The fungal diseases are called as MYCOSIS.

• Superficial ,cutaneous ,and subcutaneous mycosis are direct contact infections of the skin ,hair, and nails.

INTRODUCTION

• Based on transmission fungal diseases are basically classified into THREE types,

a)AIR BORNE DISEASES

b)DIRECT CONTACT DISEASES and

c)OPPURTUNISTIC DISEASES

a)AIR BORNE DISEASES

• There are four air borne diseases which are most predominant in the world and India are as follows ….

1) Blastomycosis,

2) Coccidioidomycosis,

3) Cryptococcosis and

4) Histoplasmosis.

1)BLASTOMYCOSIS

• Casual organism: Blastomyces dermatitidis.• HABITAT: fungus grows as a budding yeast in

humans but on culture media and in the environment grows as a mold.

• INFECTION: initial infection occurs when Blastospores are

inhaled into lungs. The fungus can spread rapidly ,especially to the

skin ,where cutaneous ulcers and abscess formation occur.

• B.dermatitidis can be isolated from the pus and biopsy sections.

• TREATMENT: Amphotericin B (fungizone),itraconazole(sporanox),or ketoconazole(nizoral) are the drugs of choice for treatment.

• Surgery may be necessary for the drainage of large abscesses.

1)BLASTOMYCOSIS IN HUMANS

BLASTOMYCOSIS IN ANIMALS

LIFE CYCLE OF BLASTOMYCOSIS

2)coccidioidomycosis(valley fever)

• CAUSATIVE ORGANISM: Coccidioides immitis.• It is also known as VALLEY FEVER or

Sanjoaquin fever or Desert Rheumatism because of its geographical distribution.

• HABITAT: They exists in the semi arid ,highly alkaline soils .

• In the soil and on culture media ,this fungus grows as a mold that forms an Arthroconidia at the tips of hyphae .

• DIAGNOSIS: Diagnosis is accomplished by identification of the large sperules(approxmately 80 µm in diameter) in pus ,sputum,and aspirates.

• culturing clinical samples in the presence of pencillin and streptomycin on sabourd agar (used to isolate fungi) also a diagnostic.

TREATMENT : Micanazole(lotrimin), Itraconazole, Ketraconazole and Amphotericin B.

2)COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS(valley fever) IN HUMANS

VALLEY FEVER IN ANIMALS

INFECTED KIDNEY OF DOG

INFECTED LEG OF DOG

INFECTED HEAD

LIFECYCLE OF VALLEY FEVER

3)CRYPTOCOCCOSIS.• CAUSATIVE ORGANISM: Cryptococcus

neoformans. • HABITAT: Aged, dried pigeon dropping's are the

apparent source of infection. saprophytic with world wide distribution. cryptococcus found approximately 15% of AIDS

patients.MODE OF SPREAD : The fungus enters in to

the body by respiratory tract, causing a minor pulmonary infections spread to the skin ,bones ,viscera and the central nervous system

• DIAGNOSIS: it involves in accomplished by detection of the thick walled, spherical yeast cells in pus, sputum, or exudate smears using India ink to define the organism.

• TREATMRNT : It includes Amphotericin B or Itraconazole.

• There is no preventive or control measures.

3)CRYPTOCOCCOSIS IN HUMANS

Mouth infected with cryptococcus

Eye infected with cryptococcus

Lungs effeted with cryptococcusLungs effeted with cryptococcus

CRYPTOCOCCUS IN ANIMALS

LIFECYCLE OF CRYPTOCOCCUS

Distribution of disease throughout the world

4)HISTOPLASMOSIS.

• CAUSATIVE ORGANISM: Histoplasma capsulatum. A facultative parasitic fungus that grows as intracellular.

• HABITAT: It is present in the form of mycelium in the soils throughout the world.

• At 25 C it grows as a mold producing small microconidia.(1 to 5 µm in diameter), large macroconidia (8 to 16 in diameter), are also formed on conidiophores.

• MODE OF SPREAD : Humans aquire histoplasmosis from airborne microconidia.

• TREATMENT: Amphotericin B ,Ketoconazole, or Itraconazole.

4)HISTOPLASMOSIS IN HUMANS

HISTOPLASMOSIS LIFECYCLE

HISTOPLASMOSIS SENSITIVITY IN THE WORLD

2)DIRECT CONTACT DISEASES

• A)superficial mycosisBLACK PIEDRAWHITE PIEDRA

SOME TIMES CALLED AS TINEAS

Superficial mycosis

• These are very common in the tropics.• The fungi responsible are limited to the outer

surface of hair and skin and hence are called as superficial.

• Infections of the hair shaft are collectively called as PIEDRAS. E.g., Black piedra-caused by Piedraia hortae and forms hard, Black nodules on the hairs of the scalp. WHITE PIEDRA- is caused by the yeast Trichosporon beigelii and forms light colored nodules on the beard and mustache.

TINEAS

TINEAS IN ANIMALS

B)CUTANEOUS MYCOSISTINEA BARBAE

TINEA CAPTIS

TINEA CORPIS

TINEA PEDIS(ATHELET’S FOOT)

1)TINEA BARBAE• C.O: Trichophyton

mentagrophytes.

• It is predominantly a disease of men who live in rural areas and acquire the fungus from infected animals.

2)TINEA CAPITIS

• It is an infection to scalp hair .

• It is characterized by loss of hair, inflammation and scaling.

• It is predominantly of a childhood disease.

• A woods lamp (a UV light )can help in the diagnosis of the tinea capitis ,because fungus infected hair flourescences when illuminated by UV radiation.

3)TINEA CORPORIS

• It is caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T.mentagrophytes or Microsporus canis.

• It occurs any party of the skin.

• The disease is characterized by circular ,red,well-demarcated ,scaly, vesiculopustular lesions accompanied by itching.

•

4)Athelets foot

• It is scientifically called as TINEA PEDIS.

• They infect feet and hands

• It is caused by T. rubrum ,T .mentagrophytes .

C)SUBCUTINOUS MYCOSIS

• 1)CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS

• Subcutaneous mycoses are normal saprophytic inhabitants of soil and decaying vegetation because they are unable to penetrate the skin.

• In chromoblastomycosis the nodules are dark brown.

• These fungi exist world wide • Most of the infections involve in the legs and

feet.

• 2)SPOROTRICHOSIS

• Sporotrichosis is caused by a dimorphic fungi( i.e sporothrix schenckii.)

• The disease occurs throughout the world .• The fungus is found on the living plants and soil.• The disease have an occupational hazard to the

florists ,gardeners ,and forestry workers.• Sporotrichosis typically treated by ingestion of

potassium iodide or Itraconazole (sporanox).

3)OPPURTUNISTIC MYCOSES

• ASPERGILLOSIS

• Aspergillosis is widely distributed throughout the world than any other fungi can(omnipresent).

• Aspergillus fumigatus is the casual organism of aspergillosis some times A. flavus also causes the disease.

• Invasive disease typically results in the pulmonary infection(with fever chest pain, and cough).

• The major portal of entry is respiratory tract.

DISTRIBUTION OF ASPERGILLOSIS

2) CANDIDIASIS • Oral candidiasis or thrush is a

fairly common disease in newborns.

• It is caused by a dimorphic fungi i.e Candida albicans or C.glabrata.

• These are normal microbiota of gastro intestinal tract ,respiratory tract ,and mouth.

• In healthy individuals they will not produce disease because growth is suppressed by other microbiota.

• Candidiasis is a sexually transmitted disease.

• 3)MICROSPORIDIASIS

• Microsporidia is a term used to describe obligate ,intracellular fungi that belongs to the phylum microspora.

• It is an emerging infectious disease found mostly in HIV patients.

• Its unique character is the production of highly resistant spores.

• It also possess a unique organelle known as the polar tubule.

• Microspora infection leads to the wide variety of patient symptoms.

• These includes hepatitis ,pneumonia ,skin lesions etc..,

DISTRIBUTION OF MICROSPORIDIA

4)PNEUMOCYCTIS PNEUMONIA

• It is found in the lungs of wide variety of mammals.

• Serological data indicates that humans are exposed to pneumocystis by the age of 2-4.

• This pneumonia also occurs in premature malnourished infants and in more than 80% of AIDS patients.