Lecture 15

Lecture 16Lecture 16

Kingdoms Fungi& PlantaeKingdomsKingdoms Fungi& Plantae

Plantae Fungi Animalia

Protista

Monera

Fungi and PlantsFungi and PlantsFungi and PlantsThree lines of evolution from Protistabased on mode of nutrition:

Animals: IngestionFungi: AbsorptionFungi: AbsorptionPlants: PhotosynthesisPlants: Photosynthesis

Fungi and PlantsFungi and PlantsFungi and Plants

Fungi have about 100,000 known species. Estimated 1.4 million total.Plants have about 300,000 known species. Estimated about 500,000 total.

FungiFungiFungi

RustsAtelocauda digitata, Endoraecium

hawaiense, Helminthosporium maydis, Ustilago cynodontis, ring

worm

Phytophthora, Plasmopara

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Spoilage and RotPenicillium on oranges,

Pycnoporous sanguineus, Merulius lacrymans

Edible Fungi

Magic Mushrooms Ergot of RyeLSDLSD

Medicinal FungiWhat is a Fungus (pl.=fungi)?What is a Fungus (pl.=fungi)?What is a Fungus (pl.=fungi)?

EukaryoticEukaryoticHeterotroph (decomposer, parasite, symbiosis)Derive nutrition by absorptionabsorption“Body” multicellular, specifically myceliummycelium or yeastyeast with cell wall composed of chitinchitinReproduce by sporesspores

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HeterotrophHeterotrophHeterotrophDecomposerDecomposer: Recycle non-living organic materialParasiteParasite: Derive nutrition from another living organism

SymbiosisSymbiosis: Lichen = fungus + alga or cyanobacteria

Mycelium and YeastMycelium and YeastMycelium and Yeast

Mycelium: branched filaments

Yeast: Single cells

HyphaHyphaHuman

hair

Cell wall composed of chitinchitin: Mechanical strength, prevents drying out.

AbsorptionAbsorptionAbsorption

Fungus lives in its “food”HyphaHypha

SporesSporesSpores

Spore: Reproductive structure composed of one to a few cells.

Flagellated spores can

swim

Flagellated Flagellated spores can spores can

swimswim

Kingdom FungiKingdom Kingdom FungiFungiDivision Oomycotamycota

Division Zygomycotamycota

Division Ascomycotamycota

Division Basidiomycotamycota

“Form Division” Deuteromycotamycota

Note: ending for divisions in fungi is “mycota” (Latin = fungi)Note: ending for divisions in Note: ending for divisions in

fungi is “fungi is “mycotamycota” (Latin = fungi)” (Latin = fungi)

Kingdom FungiKingdom Kingdom FungiFungi

Oomycota

Zygomycota

BasidiomycotaAscomycota

Deuteromycota?

Closely related to “Brown Closely related to “Brown Algae”= Algae”= ProtistaProtista

Lecture 15

Division OomycotaDivision Division OomycotaOomycotaWater Molds, e.g. downy mildew, potato blightRelated to “Brown” algaeSwimming sporeDecomposers & parasites

475 species

No “septa”

Downy Mildew

Late Blight of PotatoLate Blight of PotatoLate Blight of Potato Sexual SporesSexual SporesSexual SporesRemaining fungi characterized by sexual spores:

Zygomycota = ZygosporesAscomycota = Ascospores in asciBasidiomycota=Basidiospores on basidium

Division ZygomycotaDivision Division ZygomycotaZygomycotaZygote fungi, bread molds

Zygospore developed from “mated” hyphal strands

Live in soil, water

Some are parasites

600 species

Division ZygomycotaDivision Division ZygomycotaZygomycotaTwo hyphae designated as “+” and “-” requiredThe “+” and “-” strains grow together

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Mature ZygosporeMatureMature ZygosporeZygospore

Bread mold Asexual spores borne in balls at top

Division AscomycotaDivision Division AscomycotaAscomycotaSac fungi, includes truffles and morels

Sexual spores, Ascospores in asci

“Body” is yeast and/or mycelium

Beer > 6,000 years

Wine > 8,000 years

Decomposers, pathogens30,000 species

Sexual spores borne in a “sac”= ascus

ascusascospores

Division AscomycotaDivision Division AscomycotaAscomycotaSexual spores

YeastYeast cells reproducing

Division AscomycotaDivision AscomycotaAscomycota

Mycelium

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Truffles-they cost about $800/lb.

Truffles-they cost about $800/lb.

Truffle hunter with truffle pig

Truffle hunter with truffle pig Fruiting bodies

Sac & sexual spores borne in above mycelialstructures.

Sac & sexual Sac & sexual spores borne in spores borne in above above mycelialmycelialstructures.structures.

Phylum AscomycotaPhylum Phylum AscomycotaAscomycota

Fungus from which LSD was first isolated

Division BasidiomycotaDivision BasidiomycotaClub fungi, , mushrooms

Basidiospores borne on club-shaped basidia

Food

Decomposers and plant diseases

25,000 species

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Basidium and basidiospores

basidiosporesbasidiospores

basidiumbasidium

Division DeuteromycotaDivision DeuteromycotaDeuteromycota

“Imperfect fungi” – Includes many economically important fungi

Sexual reproduction unknown in this group!

25,000 species

PenicilliumPenicillium

Source of penicillinSource of Source of penicillinpenicillin

Candida albicans“yeast infection”

Helminthosporium maydisCause of corn epidemic in 1970

Botrytis: “Noble Rot”

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Plant-Fungal SymbiosisPlantPlant--Fungal SymbiosisFungal SymbiosisMycorrhizaeMycorrhizae: literally “fungus-roots”

> 90% of plants have this symbiotic association

Very important to enhancing uptake of nutrients

Soil surface

Plant roots

Mycorrhizae

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom PlantaePlantae

Eukaryotic

Embryo stage

Photosynthetic

Multicellular

Cell walls of cellulose

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Kingdom PlantaePlantae

Division BryophytaphytaDivision PteridophytaphytaDivision LycoDivision LycophytaphytaDivision SphenoDivision SphenophytaphytaDivision ConiferophytaphytaDivision Anthophytaphyta

Note: All divisions end in “Note: All divisions end in “phytaphyta””

Bryophyta

Pteridophytes

ConiferophytaPlant KingdomPlant Plant KingdomKingdom

Anthophyta

ChlorophytaChlorophytaChlorophyta=Green Algae=Green Algae

Plants evolved Plants evolved from Green from Green Algae ancestorAlgae ancestor

Lecture 15

Adaptation to LandAdaptation to LandAdaptation to LandAlgae must stay in water to survive. No means of retaining water.In order to live on land must at least have a means of retaining water and reproduce.

Division BryophytaDivision BryophytaBryophytes, Mosses, hornworts and liverworts

Plants short, growing close to soil.

16,000 species

CuticleCuticle present, , waxy layer that prevents water loss.

Reproduction by AirAir--borne sporesborne spores

Division BryophytaDivision BryophytaNo water and food transport No water and food transport tissue or support tissue.tissue or support tissue.

No roots, water diffuses into No roots, water diffuses into plant.plant.

This is why these plants are This is why these plants are short!short!

Very similar in appearance to Very similar in appearance to first land plants.first land plants.

Tollund Tollund Man from Man from Silkeborg Silkeborg MuseumMuseum

http://www.nawwal.orghttp://www.organics.pl.net

Niedersächsischen Landesamt für Denkmalpflege

Non-Seed Vascular PlantsNonNon--Seed Vascular PlantsSeed Vascular Plants

Includes the following divisions:Lycophyta (Club Mosses)Sphenophyta (Horse Tails)Pterophyta (Ferns)

Non-seed vascular plants commonly called Pteridiophytes

Lecture 15

PteridophytesPteridophyteshttp://www.science.siu.edu

Horse Tails

PteridophytesPteridophytes

Club Mosses

Ferns

Non-Seed Vascular PlantsNonNon--Seed Vascular PlantsSeed Vascular Plants

RootsRoots present

Support tissueSupport tissue present

Taller plants than Bryophyta. Better photosynthesis!Better photosynthesis!

Pteridophytes

Water and food transport tissues present

12,000 species

Disadvantage of Ferns and Bryophytes

Disadvantage of Ferns Disadvantage of Ferns and Bryophytesand Bryophytes

Sexual reproduction important!

Sperm must swim to egg!

So must have water in order to have sexual reproduction!

Moss life cycles summary

Lecture 15

Coal FormationCoal Formation

Artist conception of Carboniferous Period

Extinct PteridophytesExtinct Pteridophytes

Seed Plants:Seed Plants:Seed Plants:Gymnosperms: Cone plants seeds “naked”

Angiosperms: Flowering plants seeds borne in fruits

GymnospermsGymnospermsGymnospermsIncludes pines, douglas firs, red woods, cedars, etc.

Naked seedsseeds borne in a cones. Advantage?

Seed has food supply. Can wait until conditions are right to germinate.

PollenPollen delivers sperms to egg. Water not needed

500 species GymnospermsGymnospermsGymnospermsBoth seed and pollen can be air-borne.

Important source of wood, paper

Red WoodRed Wood

AngiospermsAngiospermsAngiospermsDivision: Anthophyta, “Flowering plants”Most number of species and most Most number of species and most successful plants! successful plants! Seeds borne in fruitsfruits.Fruit gives more mechanism of seed dispersal than conifers, e.g. water, animals and wind.

230,000 species

Some seeds need to pass through animals digestive system before germination.

Lecture 15

Division AnthophytaDivision AnthophytaAnthophytaPollen borne in flowerPollen borne in flowerEvolution of floral appearance, e.g. Evolution of floral appearance, e.g. shape, color, smell, etc. all for shape, color, smell, etc. all for pollination!pollination!Pollination can occur by wind, water, and various animals..

230,000 species

Humming bird pollinating flower.

MimicryMimicry: flowers mimic female insects