Fungi

Domain EukaryaKingdom Fungi

How Many Kingdoms?Multicellul

ar Animals

Myxozoans

Protozoans

Tracheophytes

Bryophytes

True Fungi

Slime Molds

Red algae

Brown Algae

Green Algae

Chrysophytes

Euglenoids

Archezoans

Archaebacteria

Bacteria

Original Cell

Extant

Extinct

Long Time with

Prokaryotes only

8

5

3

2

1

Fungal Cladogram

Pilobolus

Peziza

Phallus

Agaricus

Mucor

Rhizopus

Saccharomyces

Sordaria

Polyporus

Neurospora

To Animalia, etc.

Phylum: Ascomycota Basidiomycota Zygomycota

One other taxon: Deuteromycota is artificial as sexual stages are unknown for these species. They are likely Ascomycota.

Fungi

Domain EukaryaKingdom Fungi

Phylum Basidiomycota

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http://pkaminski.homestead.com/files/Amanita_virosa_7_L.jpg

Basidiomycota: Amanita virosa (the destroying angel mushroom)

lamellae

= gills

annulus

= ring

stipe

= stalk

volva

= cup

pileus

amatoxin: digestive upset, fever, 2 days, improve 3 days, coma, death

Life Cycle of Agaricus

septatehypha

4 meiotic products extruded from basidium

SYNGAMY

zygote

SporophyteGametophyte

sporangium

sporocytespores

gametangia

gametesgerminationmitosis

differentiation

mitosisgerminationmitosis

mitosis

1N 2Ndifferentiation

differentiation

differentiation

MEIOSIS

Whether this is a zygotic or a sporic life cycle depends upon your interpretation of whether or not the dikaryotic mycelium and basidiocarp is a sporophyte.

karyogamy

4 basidiospores atop basidium

plasmogamy

meiosis

basidium 2N

cup = volva

stalk = stipe

cap = pileus

This dikaryotic mycelium is composed of septate hyphae. It proliferates in the substrate (soil, rotting wood, etc.) and can live this way for weeks, years, decades, even centuries! Under the correct conditions, the dikaryotic mycelium forms basidiocarps. These will have hyphal tips forming a layer (a hymenium) on gills (or other surfaces). The apical cells are called basidia.

dikaryotic mycelium

gills = lamellae

ring = annulus

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http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/photos/Amanita_muscaria(tfl-c0229-35).jpg

Basidiomycota: Amanita muscaria (fly agaric) mushroomibotenic acid, muscimol hallucinogenic near lethal dosePassage through urine stream

SmurfHomes?

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http://pkaminski.homestead.com/files/Coprinus_comatus_6_L.jpg

Basidiomycota: Coprinus comatus (inky cap) mushroom

Fall mushroom, edible as long as you do not drink alcohol at the same meal. Alcohol converts an innocuous compound into a toxin.

Distinctive cylindrical pileus with shaggy coverage. Also called the shaggy-mane mushroom

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http://fp.bio.utk.edu/mycology/images/fairy%20ring.jpg

A Fairy Ring of Mushrooms: a dikaryotic mycelium producing an ever-larger circle of basidiocarps at it edge. Can you tell how the lawn responds? Why does it respond this way?

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http://www.funbeach.com/mushroom/L_Andersen/hires/Mshrms%20Laurie%20Boletus.jpg

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http://www.mykoweb.com/SierraNevada/photos/Boletus_rubripes(mgw-01).jpgBasidiomycota: Boletus a large polypore

(sponge) mushroomThe pores are lined with basidia producing basidiospores

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http://www.bsu.edu/classes/ruch/msa/porteretal/3-22.jpg

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http://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~bh28/pics/phallus.jpg

Mutinus caninus

Phallus impudicus Basidiomycota: Phallales

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http://www.banrep.gov.co/blaavirtual/letra-f/fen/imagenes/hongos/fphallus.jpg

Dictyophora duplicata

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http://users.servicios.retecal.es/amz/Concursos_Fotografia/2000/imagenes/CF01-P02_Clathrus_archeri.jpg

Clathrus archeri

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http://diseyes.lycaeum.org/teo/cub3dung.jpg

Basidiomycota: Psilocybe cubensis

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http://www.shroomwizard.com/graphics/Bradenton/Neil%207.jpg

Growing in natural settingDry “for sale”

These “magic mushrooms” contain psilocybin, a mescaline-class hallucinogen

Adapted from:http://www.biosite.dk/staabi/images/sucralose.gif

You asked about sucralose (Splenda™)…

O

O

OOH

OHOH

OH

Cl

CH2OHCH2Cl

CH2Cl

This molecule is fundamentally sucrose with 3 hydroxyl groups replaced by chlorine…

600 times less needed and is excreted without metabolism (0 cal)