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Fungi, part 2 •  Review General

Fungal Life Cycle –  Mating types –  Plasmogamy –  Karyogamy

•  Major groups of fungi •  What is a lichen? •  Ecological role

•  Evolution of Animals

April 12, 2019

GeneralFungalLifeCycleHaploid (n) Heterokaryotic Diploid (2n) PLASMOGAMY

(fusion of cytoplasm) Heterokaryotic stage

Spore-producing structures

Spores (n)

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Mycelium

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei)

Zygote (2n)

GERMINATION GERMINATION MEIOSIS

Spores (n)

Fungi Chytrids (1,000 species)

Zygomycetes (1,000 species)

Glomeromycetes (160 species)

Ascomycetes (65,000 species)

Basidiomycetes (30,000 species)

Ascomycota(sacfungi)

Sporesdevelopinsacs(ascii)

Basidiomycota(clubfungi)Basidiomycete Life cycle

Diploid (2n)

Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n +n)

Key

PLASMOGAMY

Mating type (+)

Haploid mycelia Dikaryotic mycelium

Mating type (–)

Basidia (n+n)

KARYOGAMY

Diploid nuclei

MEIOSIS

Dispersal and germination

Basidiospores (n)

1 µm

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A foliose (leaflike) lichen

A fruticose (shrublike) lichen

Crustose (encrusting) lichens

What is a Lichen?

What is a Lichen? soridium

EcologicalRole

Mycorhizae

Decomposers

FoodFermentation

&HumanUses

Antibiotics

Fungaldiseases

(b) Tar spot fungus on maple leaves

(a)  Corn smut on corn (cuitlacoche)

(c) Ergots on rye

AmphibiandeclinefromChytridfungus

Archaea

Bacteria

Eukarya

COMMON ANCESTOR

OF ALL LIFE

Plants Green algae

Red algae

Forams Ciliates

Dinoflagellates

Cellular slime molds Amoebas

Animals Fungi

Euglena Trypanosomes

Leishmania

Sulfolobus

Thermophiles

Halophiles

Methanobacterium

Green nonsulfur bacteria

(Mitochondrion)

Spirochetes Chlamydia

Cyanobacteria

Green sulfur bacteria

(Plastids, including chloroplasts)

Diatoms

What is an animal?

General characteristics of animals:

– Multicellular

– Heterotrophic

– Internal digestion

– Motile

But there are exceptions to all of these….

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Isthisyourancestor?

•  Colonial Choanoflagellates are the sister group to all other animals

These are protists Not fully multicellular organisms

Eukaryotes Diplomonads

Parabasalids

Euglenozoans

Stramenopiles

Alveolates

Rhizarians

algae G

reen

Am

oebozoans Opisthokonts

Excavata

Diatoms

Golden algae

Brown algae

Dinoflagellates SAR

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Radiolarians

Forams

Cercozoans

Red algae

Chlorophytes

Charophytes

Plants

Slime molds

Tubulinids

Entamoebas

Nucleariids

Fungi

Choanoflagellates

Animals

Unikonta

Archaeplastida

Ch 31

Ch 32-34

Unikonts è

OTHEREUKARYOTES

Choanoflagellates

Sponges

Otheranimals

Animals

Individualchoanoflagellate

Collarcell(choanocyte)

SimpleAnimalPhylogenyBrief History of Life

TheBurgessShalefossilbedHallucinigenia

Cambrian Devonian