fungicide and insecticide trials

FUNGICIDE AND INSECTICIDE TRIALS

RIDGETOWN COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLGY

RIDGETOWN , ONTARIO

R.E. PITBLADO - A.W. SCHAAFSMA

Ontario

Ministry of Ministere de Ridgetown College College de Ridgetown Agriculture I'Agriculture et of Agricultural technologie agricole Ontario and Food de I'Alimentation de Ridgetown NOP 2C0

51 91674-5456

November 20, I988

To Those Interested in Insect and Plant Disease Controls:

We appreciate the cooperation and assistance provided by the chemical companies and their representatives, their ideas and the chemical samples they have provided for the research work carried out at R.C.A.T. Field crop and vegetable processors have also contributed both financially and have aided in the direction of our research program.

We also appreciate the cooperation of our farmer cooperators who have provided land and assisted in working the land, applying fertilizer, herbicides and planting the crop.

We are indebted to those companies, processors and grower groups who feel this type of research program is desirable and are prepared to financially support this endeavour.

Technical assistance is expertly directed by Mr. Eugene Hoste and Mr. Todd Phibbs of our college staff, and aided by summer students. We thank them.

We trust that the information provided by this research will further the science of insect and plant disease control, and to assist companies in furthering their registrations of agricultural chemicals that will prove beneficial to our Ontario farmers.

Permission to reproduce any or all parts of this booklet must be approved by the authors.

Yours truly,

/%-A-- Dr. R.E. Pitblado Mr. A.W. Schaafsma

Ontario, there's no taste like home Un bon goCt de chez nous

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

CROP

HORTICULTURAL CROPS

PEST PAGE

Peppers European Corn Borers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 Genetic Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Spray Additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Potatoes Colorado Potato Beetles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10

Sweet Corn European Corn Borers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1-12 Super-sweet Corn Varieties .

Chemical Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-14

. . . . . . . . Tomatoes Weather-Timed Spraying TOM-CAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plant Disease Severity Values

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crop Rotation Study

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fungicide Screening . . . . . . . Twin Row vs Single Disease Comparison . . . . . Plant Parasitic Nematode Survey & Control

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stink Bug Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Growth Regulators

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insect Population Graphs 41 -43

FIELD CROPS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Field Beans Common Blight 44-45 Seed Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46-47

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leafhoppers 48-53

Seed Corn Corn Rootworm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54-64

Soybeans Foliar Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Root Rots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Seed Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Wheat Seed Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68-70 Foliar Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1-74

Weather Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

HORTICULTURAL

CROPS

DR. R.E. PZTBLADO

CROP: Peppers, cv. Keystone Resistant Giant a

PEST: European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis

TlTlX OF PRNEXX: Chemical and biological control of European corn borers i n peppers

NAPE OF -(S) AN) THEIR AQSCY: R.E. Pitblado, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario

MATERIAIS: Decis 2.5EC, 5F (deltamethrin), Zolone 500F1 (phosalone), Bactospeine (Bacillus thurinsinensis), Pounce 384EC (pemthrin), Sevin XLR PLUS, 80s (carbaryl) , Furadan 480F (carbofuran)

MEEKXS: Peppers were transplanted on May 30. Plots were single rows spaced Im apart, 8m in length, replicated 4 tires. Spray applications were made using a back pack airblast sprayer using 240 ha of water. Treatments were applied on Aug. 10, 17 and 24. Treatments were evaluated at harvest on O c t . 5 by examining 50 fruits per plot and counting the number of infested pepper fruits.

RESULTS:

Treatments Rate % Corn Borer Infestation

DECIS 25% DECIS 5F ZOLoNE 500F1 POUNCE 384% BACTOSPErn SEVIN 480 XLR PLUS SEVIN 80s mTRADAN 480F l/mTRADAN 480F (2) ; POUNCE 364EC (1)

Check

5. Ob* 7.0b 8.5b 7. Ob 5.0b 4.0b 7.8b 5.5b 5.0b

16.8a

*Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level. (Duncan's Multiple Range Test)

FURADAN 480F (2) ; POUNCE 364EC (1) - Two F'URADAN spray applications followed by a single application of POUNCE.

Under moderate European Corn Borer pressures all of the candidate insecticides significantly reduced the number of insects found in the fruit.

-: Peppers, cv. Keystone Resistant Giant

PEST: European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilal is

TITIE OF P-: European corn borer control using candidate aphicides in peppers

NAME OF -(S) AM> THEIR XIT?3: R.E. Pitblado, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario

m: PIRIMOR 50WP (pirimicarb), RH-7988 480EC, CAPTURE 240EC (bifenthrin), KARATE 50EC (1- cyhalothrin), THIODAN 400EC (endosulfan) , CYGON 480EC (dimethoate)

m S : Peppers were transplanted on May 30. Plots were single rows spaced Im apart, 8m in length, replicated 4 t h s . Spray applications were made using a back pack ai rb las t sprayer using 240 L/ha of water. Treatments were applied on Aug. 10, 17 and 24. Treatments were evaluated a t harvest on October 5 by examining 50 f r u i t s per plot and counting the number of infested pepper f ru i t s .

RESULTS:

Rate g ai/ha % Corn Borer Infestation

PIRIMOR 5OWP 275 RH-7988 480EC + 250 1.0% v/v AI;RAL 90 CAPTURE 240EC 2 4 KARATE 50EC 12 THIODAN 400EC 550 CYGON 480EC 700 Check

*Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level. (Duncanf s Multiple Range T e s t )

Aphid populations were non existent within the plot, however, populations of European Corn Borer, although low, resulted i n an evaluation of these aphicides towards t h e i r response i n controlling corn borers. Under low European Corn Borer population pressures a l l of the candidate materials significantly reduced the number of corn borer larvae found in the pepper f r u i t s .

CWJP: Peppers

PEST : European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis

T m OF PWX7ECT: Recommended pepper cultivar evaluation - Resistance t o European Corn Borers

NM¶E OF -(S) AN) THElR X E M X : R.E. Pitblado, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario

MEXHOS: Peppers were transplanted on May 31. Plots were single rows, spaced Im apart, 8m i n length and replicated two times. Cultivars w e r e evaluated on October 6 by examining 50 frui ts /plot and counting the number of corn borer infested pepper f ru i ts .

Pewer Cult ivars % Corn Borer Damaqed Fruit

Vinedale Sweet Hungarian Super Set 19 Super Shepherd Early Niagara Giant Golden B e l l Lady Bell Hybelle Ace Staddon' s Select Bell Boy California Wonder m r a l d Giant Bell Tower G r e e n Boy Gedeon Keystone Resistant G Midway Yolo Wonder Long Thick Red (Hot) Hungarian Wax (Hot) Romanian Wax (Hot) Crimson (Hot) Four Comers Magata MA 79525 Florida VR2 GYPSY Green Belle Arso canape Stokes Early Hybrid Super Stuff Early Canada Bell Butter B e l l Jupiter Super Red Pimento

European corn borer pressures w e r e extremely low and, as a result , pepper cultivars could not be adeuqately rated.

m: Peppers, cv. Keystone Resistant Giant

PEST: European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis

TlTU3 QF PWX7ECT: Use of oils, o i l concentrates and surfactants in processing field peppers

NBME OF -(S) AM) THEIR -: R.E. Pitblado, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario

MKEEWES: Assist O i l Conc., Agral 90, Korn O i l Conc., Korn O i l , Frigate, Canplus 411, Superior O i l , Citowett Plus

MFRK3DS: Peppers were transplanted on May 30. Plots were single rows spaced Im apart, 8m in length, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Spray applications were made using a back pack airblast sprayer using 240 L/ha of water. Treatments were applied on Aug. 10, 17 and 24. Treatments were evaluated on Aug. 15 and 30 for phytotoxic effects and a t harvest on October 5 by examining 50 f rui ts per plot and counting the number of infested pepper fruits.

RESULTS:

Product % Corn Borer Phytotoxicity Ratings Treatments Rate Infestation (0-10)

ASSIST OIL CONC. ASSIST OIL CONC. AGRAL 90 KORN OIL CON€. KORN OIL FRIGATE CANPLUS 411 SUPERIOR OIL CITCXdETT PLUS Check

*Values followed by the same le t te r are not significantly different a t the 5% level. (Duncan's Multiple Range Test)

Phytotoxicity Ratings (0-10) 0 - severe leaf and f ru i t damage; 10 - no damage

None of the oils, o i l concentrates or surfactants caused any foliar or f rui t injury a t the rates used. Although most of the products had no insecticidal properties, several additives did significantly reduce a low population of European corn borers. The higher rate of Assist O i l Conc., Korn O i l conc. and Frigate a l l lowered the number of corn borer larvae in the fruits of peppers

Potato, cv. Superior

PEST: Colorado Potato Beetle, Lmtinotarse decemlineata (Say)

TITLE CF PEILXTECT: Biopesticide control of Colorado Potato Beetles

N2WE CF -6) AND THElR A(ENCY: R.E. Pitblado, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario

I@W3UAW: DECIS 50F (deltarnethrin), BACTOSPEINE (Bacillus thurinuiensis var kurstaki), M-ONE (Bacillus thurinaiensis var san dieso) SAN 418 I (BT var tenebrionis)

m: Potatoes were planted in two row plots, 6m in length with rows spaced h apart, replicated 4 times in a randomized ccsnplete block design. Potato seed pieces were planted with a comnercial planter on April 26. Spray applications were made using a back pack airblast sprayer using 240 L/ha of water. Treatrtlents were applied on June 13, 20, July 1 and 12. Assessments were taken by counting Colorado potato beetle larvae and adults and foliar damage ratings throughout the season.

RESULTS: The results are surrnnarized in tables 1, 2 and 3

Larval populations were significantly reduced after the spray applications of SAN 418 I, M-ONE and DECIS 50F. Statistically significant differences in larval control between SAN 418 I and the other products were not calculated, however, the numerical reduction in Colorado Potato Beetle larvae w i t h the SAN 418 I treatments did translate into a statistically significant reduction in the crop foliage damage ratings. M-ONE provided similar insect control especially at the higher rates while BACTOSPEINE was ineffective in controlling CPB larvae. Repeated use of all but BACTOSPEINE, gradually reduced the populations of Colorado Potato Beetle over time. The BACTOSPEINE treatments along with the non sprayed checks became defoliated due to insect feeding and thus could not support any further larval or adult populations by mid July. Early adult control was noticed with SAN 418 I and M-ONE, however, as the adult populations increased adult control became less effective. SAN 418 I perforrned as well or better than DECIS 50F followed very closely by M-OW. EACTOSPEINE was ineffective in controlling Colorado Potato Beetles.

Table 1 Colorado Potato Beetle larval cnunts and C h p DmMge Ratings after the Jime 13 and 20 Spray Aplicatians.

Colorado Potato Beetle Counts - larvae Crop Damage Fa ings Fate June14 June15 June20 June21 June23 June27 (0-10) l5

Treatments Pr&ct/ha 1 day 2 days 7 days 1 day 3 days 7 days June 24

DECIS 50F BACrOsPEINE BAI=TOSPEINE PISONE M-CJNE M-oNE SAN 418 I SAN 418 I SAN 418 I aEck

1 2 . 3 ~ 95. Oab 8 6 . 3 33.8bc 1 9 . 0 ~ 15. O c 1 1 . 8 ~ 6 . 8 ~ 4 . 3 ~

156.3a

*values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level. (Duncan's W t i p l e Range Test)

11 crcp mtings (0-10) 0, no control, foliage mrplete destrayled, 10, mrplete -1, no f o l i a . feeding damage

Table 2. Colorado Potato Beetle 1- counts and Cnp Damage Ratings after the July 1 spray application

Crop Damage Colorado Potato Beetle Counts - larval Ratings

Rate ~ u l y 1 J u l y 3 J u l y 4 J u l y 7 (0-10) I1 Treatnwt Prod/ha 0 days 2 days 3 days 6 days July 3

80. Ood* 275.0a l87.Sab 200. Oab 162.5bc 8 2 . W 68.- 65. O c d 50.W

201. oab

21.3d l68.8ab 126.- 150. Oab 5 7 . w 26.3d 27.W 13.W 8.8d

200.0a

4.3 30. Oab 23.8ab 43.8ab 23.8ab 3-31

14. Ob 2.5b

15.0b 58.8a

Values followed by the sam letter are not significantly different at the 5% level. (Duncanf s W t i p l e Range Tes t )

Crop Damage Ratings (0-10) 0, no control, foliage c a ~ p l e t e destroyed, 10, ccmplete contx-01, no fo l ia r feeding damage

Table 3. Colorado Potato Beetle Adult Counts after the July 1 Spray Applications

Colorado Potato Beetle Counts - Adults. Rate July 4 July 7 July 11 July 18

Treatments Prod/ha 3 days 6 days 10 days 6 days

DECIS 50F 100g BACTOSPEINE 1.6L BACTOSPEINE 2.6L M-ONE 7. OL M* 9.5L M-ONE 14. OL SAN 418 I 1O.OL SAN 418 I 12.0L SAN 418 I 14.0L Check

28.8abc* 30.0ab 40.0a 21.3ab 26.3abc 30. Oab 22.5abc 50. oab 3.0~ 25. Oab 10. Oc 11.3b 6.0~ 21.5ab 6.8~ 25. Oab 8. Oc 11.3b 37.5ab 63.8a


CROP: Potato, cv. Superior

PEST: Colorado Potato Beetle, Le~tinotarsa decemlineata (Say)

TITLE OF PRlEXX: Colorado Potato Beetle control using foliar insecticides

N€ME OF -(S) AND THEIR BGBCY: R.E. Pitblado, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario

MATERIALS: DECIS 50F (delta~~thrin) DECIS 25% (deltaIEthrin) S-3206 300ECt KARATE 50EC (Lamda cyhalothrin) , FASTAC lOOEC (alphacypemthrin) , BASUDIN 500EC (diazinon) BELMARK 300EC (fenvalerate) , HALMARK 75EC (esfenvalerate) GUTHION 240SC (azinophos-methyl), PIRllvHlR 50W (pirimicarb), RH-7988 480EC, KELTHANE 187.5EC (dicofol) , NIAI;ARA FIXED COPPER (50% copper oxychloride)

~ ~ C D S : Potatoes were planted in two row plots, 6m in length w i t h rows spaced lm apart, replicated 4 times in a randmized conplete block design. Potato seed pieces were planted w i t h a co~rmercial planter on April 26. Spray applications were made using a back pack airblast sprayer using 240 L/ha of water. Treatments were applied on June 13, 20, July 1 and 12. Assessments were taken by counting Colorado potato beetle larvae and adults and foliar damage ratings throughout the season.

RESULTS: The results are surrnnarized in Tables 1, 2 and 3

Larval populations of Colorado Potato Beeltes were reduced most effectively using the high rates of DECIS 25EC, KARATE 50EC and KELTHANE 187.5EC and the recommended comrcial rate of GUTHION 240SC. Statistically significant differences could not be demonstrated between the paired coqarisons of DECIS 50F vs 25EC1 DECIS 25EC vs S-3206 300EC and KARATE, 50EC vs FASTAC lOOEC, however, there were consistant nmrical advantages across 8 larval counting dates and 3 crop damage rating intervals to DECIS 25EC over DECIS 50F, DECIS 25EC over S-3206, 300% and KARATE 50EC over FASTAC 100EC. There was a slight, however, not a statistically significant advantage of combining BRSUDIN 500EC with FASTAC 100%. The least effective larvicide was PIRIMOR 50W followed by RH-7988 4988 480% then NUGU?A FIXED COPPER.

Adulticide activity was observed with the high rate of DECIS 25EC, the combination of FASTAC 100EC + BASUDIN 500EC, GUTHION 240EC and KELTHANE 187.5EC. Other materials had difficulty in combatting Colorado Potato Beetle adults.

-10-

Table 3. Colorado Potato Beetle a d d t counts a f t e r the July 1 spray application.

Treatments

Colorado Potato Beetle Counts - Adults Rate July 6 July 7 July 12 July 18 g a i h a 5 days 6 days 11 days 6 days

DECIS 50F DECIS 25EC DECIS 25EC S-3206 300EC KiWXE 50M: KARATE 50EC FASTAC l0OEC FASTAC 100EC + BASUDIN BEIMARK 300EC HAfPllARK 75EC Wl'HION 240% PnuMx 50W FUi-7988 480EC KELTHANE 187.z NIIYaRA FIXED a3PPER Check

25.0ab 8.0b 1.3b 27.5ab 16.3b 2.5b 25. Oab 6.3b 26.3ab 55.0a 7.5b 26.3ab 28.8ab 3.8b 12.5b 36.3ab

25. Oabc 11.8bc 1. oc 39.3ab 48.b 16.8abc 28.8abc 6.3bc 21.3abc 15. Oabc 6.3bc 35. Oabc 28. Oabc 8 . h 25. Oabc 23.-

Values followed by the same letter are not significantly difference at the 5% level. @mcmfs mltiple Range Test)

Csop Damage Ratings (1-10); 0, no control, foliage severely damaged, 10, carplete ccntrol

CROP: Sweet Corn, cv. Commander

PEST: European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, Fall Armyworm (Pseudaletia uni~uncta, Corn Earworm (Heliothis a)

TrPLE OF PROJECT: Screening foliar insecticides in sweet corn

IWE OF - (S ) AND THEIR A(;ENCY: R.E. Pitblado, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario

MATERIALS: CYMBUSH 250EC (cy~emthrin), POUNCX 3 8 m (~mthrin) I m A N 480F (carbofuran), RIPCORD 400EC (cypermethrin), S-3206 300EC, BACTOSPEINE @. thurinsiensis kurstaki), DECIS 25EC, 50F (deltwthrin) , CAPTURE 240EC (bifenthrin) , SEVIN 480 XLR PLUS, 80s (carbaryl) , FASTAC 1 OOEC (alphacypermethrin)

m S : Sweet corn was planted on June 8. Plots were 2 rows, spaced 90 cm. apart, 8m in length, replicated 4 t h s in a randomized complete block design. Spray applications were applied on a seven day spray schedule on July 26, Aug. 2, 9 and 16 using a back pack airblast sprayer at 240 L/ha of water. Treatmnts were evaluated at harvest on September 2 by counting the number of corn insects in 50 sweet corn ears per plot.

RESULTS:

Treatment % % Fall % Corn

Rate ECB Armyworn Earworn

DECIS 50F FASTAC 1OOEC DECIS 25EC SEVIN 480XLR PLUS FURADAN 480F (2) I/; RIPCORD 400% (2) S-3206 300% POUNCE 384% CAPTURE 240EC CYMBUSH 250% SEVIN 80s BACTOSPEINE FURADAN 480F S-3206 300EC BACTOSPEINE cmm

1.0e 2.0e 5.0e 4.0e 14 .Od

16.3cd l6.5cd l6.5cd 18.5cd* l9.5bcd 20.5bcd 21.8bc 21. Obcd 26.833 35.5a

1.0e 1.0e 1.0e 4.5cde 2.0de

6.Ob-e 5. Ocde 5.5b-e 3. Ode 6.Ob-e 5. Ocde 9.0abc 1l.Oab 12.8a 7.5a-d

*Values followed by the s m letter are not significantly different at the 5% level. (Duncant s Multiple Range Test)

FURADAN 480F (2) ; RIPCORD 400EC (2) - Two weekly applications of mJRADAN 480F were followed by 2 weekly applications of RIPCORD 400EC

ECB - European Corn Borer

High levels of European corn borer control were observed when using DECIS 50F and 25EC, FRSTAC lOOEC and SEYIN 480 XLR PLUS. Less effective but statistically different from the non sprayed check were products such as rmRADAN 480F plus RIPCORD 400EC, S-3206 300%, POUNCE 384EC, CAPTURE 240% and CnvIBUSH 250%. The formulations of carbaryl showed significant differences with SEVIN 480 XLR PLUS being so much more effective than the wettable powder fomlation SEVIN 80s for the control of European Corn Borer. There were no differences between the deltamethrin formulations DECIS 25EC and DECIS 50F. BACTOSPEINE especially applied at the lower rate gave little control of corn borers.

Fall Armyworm populations were low so comparisons could not be made. Corn Earworm was best controlled using either DECIS formulation and FASTAC 100%.

QMP: Sweet Corn

TITLE OF PIIOJE1CIC: Effect of chemical stress on the emergence of super- sweet corn varieties.

NAME OF -(S) AND THElR AGENCY: R.E. Pitblado, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario

MATERIALS: DYFONATE 20G (fonofos) , DUAL 960EC (metolachlor), DUAL 11 935EC (CGA180937), 28% LIQUID NITRWZN

MJ3EKDS: Eight sweet corn varieties were planted on May 3. Plots were single rows spaced 0.75m apart, 6m in length w i t h seeds spaced 30 cm part. The trial was conducted as a 3 factorial randomized split plot design replicated 4 times. A broadcast application of 500 kg/ha of 20-10-10 was incorporated along w i t h the preplant incorporated herbicide DUAL 960EC and DUAL 11 935EC just prior to planting. Additional fertilizer at a rate of 90 kg active N/ha of liquid Nitrogen (28%) was applied in the row prior to planting. DYFONATE 20G was applied inmediately after planting as a 15 cm band over the row. Assessments were made on May 26 by counting the number of emerged plants in a 2x11 section of each row.

RESULTS:

Treatments % Ehergence

Even Sweeter XPH 2623 Corrunander Crookham 710 Illini Gold Sweet Belle Landnark Yankee Belle

Chemical Treatments

DYE'ONATE 20G 11.25 g ai/100m DUAL I1 935EC 2.5 kg ai/ha DUAL 96OK 2.5 kg ai/ha Check

Treatments % Esnergence

Fertilizer Application

28% LIQUID NITROGEN 90 kg ai/ha 7 1 Check 77

There were no statistically significant interactions. The rate of seedling emergence amongst the sweet corn varieties also were not significantly different. There were, however, significant differences amongst the chemical treatments and the use of the high fertilizer application at the 10% level. The herbicide DUAL 960EC reduced the emryence of sweet corn. DUAL I1 935EC with the reported safener and the granular insecticide DYFONATE applied at planting banded over the row did not affect the emeryence of sweet corn.

The addition of 28% liquid nitrogen also had a delaying effect on the emergence of super-sweet sweet corn.

CW)P: Tomato, cv. H-722

PEST: Early Blight, Alternaria solani, Anthracnose, Colletotrichum coccodes

TITIE: OF PHXJEXX: Evaluation of the timing for the initial fungicide spray application for TOM-CAST

NAME OF m ( S ) AND THEIR ?G3JCY: R.E. Pitblado, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario

MATERIALS: BRAVO 90DG (chlorothalonil) , Dithane M45 (80% mancozeb) MEXMCE)S: Tomatoes were transplanted on May 27 at RCAT in three row plots

spaced 1.4m apart. Two rows were sprayed while the third was left as an untreated check/row. Plots were 8m in length and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The fungicides were applied at the times indicated using a back pack airblast sprayer in 240 L/ha of water. Treatments 1 and 5 were sprayed on a 7 day interval starting as would be recmwnded for a comercia1 spray program on June 21. Subsequent spray dates were June 28, July 4, 11, 19, 25, Aug. 1, 9 and 16. Treatments 2 and 6 c m c e d on July 28 at a Disease Severity Value (DSV) according to TtN-CAST of 36 and repeated every 7 days on Aug. 4, 11 and 18. Treatments 3 and 7 comced on Aug. 2 at a DSV of 45 and repeated on Aug. 9 and 16. Treatments 4 and 8 c o ~ c e d on Aug. 8 at a DSV of 57 and repeated on Aug. 15. Assessments were taken by visually rating the foliar damage caused by Early Blight on Sept. 1, 8 and 18 and by randomly selecting 100 red fruits per plot at hanrest and counting the number of fruits damaged by anthracnose on September 27.

There were no statistically significant differences in tomato foliar disease control whether one applied a Bravo 500 or Dithane M45 application on a 7 day schedule or 3 sprays applied on a weather tinaed basis using TOM-CAST. By delaying the first application beyond a DSV of 45 the effectiveness of Dithane M45 was reduced. All the Bravo 500 treatments significantly reduced the amount of fruit anthracnose whereas Dithane M45 was less effective statistically similar to that of the non sprayed check. Yields were not significantly different.

Treatment ate Ini t ia l Spray # of Spray Foliar Disease Ratings (0-lo2/ %

kg ai/ha DSV~/ Applications Sept. 1 Sept . 8 Sept . 18 Anthracnose

BRAVO 500 BRAVO 500 BRAVO 500 BRAVO 500 DITHANE M45 DITHANE M45 DITHANE M45 DITHANE M45 check

June 23 36 45 57 June 23 36 45 57

rrdlue~ followed by the same letter am not significantly different a t the 5% level. (Ihncan's W t i p l e Range ~ e s t )

DSV = Disease Severity V a l w s

2 / Foliar Disease Ratings (0-10) - 0, no control, foliage severely damaged, 10, ccnplete control

CROP: Tomato, CV. H-722

PEST: Early Blight, Altemaria solani, Anthracnose, Colletotrichum cocccdes

TITLE OF PROJfxT: Evaluation of TOM-CAST fungicide spray timing

NAME OF m ( S ) AND THEIR AGENCY: R.E. Pitblado, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario.

MWlBDUS: BRAVO 90DG (chlorothalonil) , DITHANE M45 (80% mancozeb)

MEXHODS: Tomatoes were transplanted on May 25 at FCAT in three row plo ts spaced 1.4m apart. Two rows w e r e sprayed while t h e third was l e f t as an untreated check row. Plo ts were 8m in length and replicated 4 times in a randomized conplete block design. The fungicides were applied a t the t i m s indicated using a back pack a i rb las t sprayer in 240 L/ha of water. Fungicides w e r e i n i t i a t ed according t o TOM-CAST on July 11, (the Disease Severity Values did not reach t o 35 pr ior t o this date) or beginning on June 21 and repeated every 7 days as is custcanary f o r a cornremidl spray program. Subswent treatments using TOM-CAST t o develop the DSVr s were every 15, 20, 25 and 30 DSV. Treatments 1 and 6 were sprayed on June 21, 28, July 4, 11, 19, 25, Aug. 2, 9 and 16. Treatments 2 and 7 w e r e sprayed on July 11, 21, 28 and Aug. 5. T r e a t r e n t s 3 and 8 w e r e sprayed on July 11, 25 and Aug. 4. Treatments 4 and 9 were sprayed on July 11, 25 and Aug. 8 and treatments 5 and 10 were sprayed on July 11 and 28. Assessments were taken by visually rat ing the f o l i a r damage caused by Early Blight on Sept . 1, 8 and 18 and by randomly selecting 100 red f r u i t s per plot a t harvest and counting the number of f r u i t s damaged by anthracnose on September 27.

Initial Additional . . Fate spray Spray In t ml # of % Yield Foliar Disease Ratings (0-10)

Trea tnwt g &/ha A@ication DSv 17 ?+plications Sept. 1 Sept . 8 Sept. 18 Anthracnose ~onnes/ha

BRAVO 500 BRAVO 500 BRAVO 500 BRAVO 500 BRAVO 500 DITHANE M45 DITHANE M45 DITHANE M45 DITHANE M45 DITHANE M45 Check

June 21 July 11 July 11 July 11 July 11 June 21 July 11 July 11 July 11 July 11

7 days 15 20 25 30 7 days 15 20 25 30

8.5ab 8.7ab 9.0a 8.- 7. lde 8.0bcd 7.- 8.0bcd 7.0ef 6.2fg 5-99

1.5ab 1.5abc 1.5abc 1. obc 0 . k 0.75bc 0 . k 0.k 1.2abc 2.7ab 3.2a

*Values followed by the same letter are not s ign i f ican t ly d i f fe ren t a t the 5% level. (Duncan's Multiple Range Test)

A d d i t i d Spray Intervals DSV - P d d i t i d fungicide wlications +ere made at the DSV isea ease Severity Values) shown.

*/ Fol ia r D i s e a s e Ratings (0-10) - 0, no control, foliage severely damaged, 10, carplete cantrol

BRAVO 500 when applied based on a weather-timed program (TOM-CAST) provided equal foliar disease control than a repeated weekly spray prqram with fewer applications. The most cost effective spray program was the application of the in i t ia l fungicide on Ju ly 11 with subsequent spraying every 20 disease severity values. Dithane M45 was less effective a t a l l comparable intervals thus requiring more frequent applications than BRPVO 500. The decision t o terminate any further spraying beyond the middle of August even thouugh CAST identified a need around Aug. 15-17 for several of the treatmnts no doubt would have helped improve disease control especially later on in S e p t d r . There were l i t t l e differences amongst treatrents in anthracnose and yield assesswnts. TOM-CAST is an effective program t o t i n e fungicides for use in field tomatoes.

CROP: Field Tomatoes

PFST: Early Blight, Alternaria solani, Anthracnose Colletotricum coccodes

TI= OF PIIOJECT: The evaluation of TOM-CAST - a method of timing fungicide sprays across different tomato varieties

NAME OE' m ( S ) AM) T I E l R NXNCY: R.E. Pitblado, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario

MAIIERIAIS: BRAVO 500 (chlorothalonil)

MEZHCDS: Tomatoes were transplanted on May 18 in 3 row blocks spaced 1.411 apart 8m in length and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The transplants were grown locally in the RCAT greenhouse. The main variety blocks were split into single row spray treatment plots randomized throughout the 4 replicated treatrent blocks. The trial was analyzed as a split-plot design. The fungicide BRAVO 500 was applied at the cmrcial rate of 1.4 kg ai/ha using a back pack airblast sprayer in 240 L/ha of water. !I'he timing of the fungicide amlications were based on either a 10 day cmrcial spray program on June 23, July 4, 15, 25, Aug. 3 and 15 or on a weather tin& based program called TaM-T. Disease severity values were calculated from hourly temperatures and leaf wetness values recorded and stored using a Datapod, Model DP 223. The Tm-CAST program called for 4 fungicide applications on July 11, 25, Aug. 5 and 15 rather than the 6 cmrcially called for spray timings. Assessments were taken by visually rating the foliar damage caused by Early Blight on Sept. 1, 9 and 18. Anthracnose counts were taken by randomly selecting 50 ripe fruits per plot at harvest and counting the ncrmber of fruits damaged by anthracnose 4 days later. Yields were taken on Sept. 21.

RESULTS:

Table 1 The evaluation of TOM-CAST - a tomato disease forecaster for the timing of fungicides across different tomato varieties.

Fungicide Foliar Disease Ratings Tomato spray (0-10) 2/ 'ti Yield Varieties Program Sept. 1 Sept. 9 Sept. 18 Anthracnose Tomes/ha

Maumee

Malinta

Easy Winner

Easy Harvest

Ohio 8442

E'M 6203

Ohio 832

H-2 653

H-722

H-1706

TOM-CAST Commercial Check

rn*T Commercial Check

TCM-CAST Comrcial Check

TOM-CAST Corrnnercial Check

TOMUST Comrcial Check



Tm-CAST Comrcial Check



9.3abc 9.3abc 5.81mn

9.6ab 9.6ab 6.0klm

9. la-d 9. la-d 6.6i-1

9.4abc 8.9a-e 7.Oh-k

7.8e-i 7.8e-i 2.5g

8.5b-f 8.5b-f 6. Oklm

9. la-d 9.6ab 6.3jkl

9.8a 9.8a 6.3jkl

8.8a-e 8.5b-f 6. Oklm

9.3abc 9.3abc 5.51-0

8.5abc 8.8a 4. Ohi

8.4abc 8.4abc 3.5hij

7.4a-g 8.4abc 3.5hi j

8. la-d 7.8a-f 3.8h-i

7.5a-g 8.0a-e 2.0k

7. lc-g 7.333-9 4.3hi

8.3abc 8.6ab 3.5hij

8.0a-e 7.6a-g 3.5hij

8.0a-e 8.0a-e 4.5h

8.3abc 8.3abc 4.5h

4.0~-i 3.5d-i 4.8b-g

0.8f-i 0.5 5.3b-e

l . Oe-i 0.5ghi 5.Ob-f

0. Oi 0. Oi l . Oe-i

1.5e-i 1.8e-i 7.8-

3.3d-i 2.0e-i 7.0a-d

0. Oi l . Oe-i 1.5e-i

0.3hi 0.Oi 2.5e-i

0. Sghi 0.5ghi 5.0b-f

0.Oi 0.Oi 2.0e-i

TOM-CAST 8.8a-e 7.39-j 6.3g 1.5e-i 34.7e-i Commercial 9.la-d 7.5f-i 6.4fg 1.5e-i 35.3e-i Check 6.3g 3.8~ 2.3jk 3.5d-i 34.4f-i

TOM-CAST 8.3b-f 8.Od-h 6.8d-g 2.0e-i 37.9d-i Commercial 8.5a-f 8.3c-g 6.6efg 2.8d-i 35.6e-i Check 6.3g 5.0mno 3.0ijk 10.5a 34.41%

TOM-CAST 8.5a-f 7.Oh-k 6.8d-g 3.W-i 19.0 jk Con-unercial 8.0~-f 7.Oh-k 6.5fg 4.5b-h 17.9jk Check 7.0fg 4.50~ 3.8hi 10.5a 16.9jk

TOM-CAST 10.0a 9.0a-d 8.6ab 0. Oi 44.2a-f Cananercial 9.5abc 9.0a-d 8.6ab 0.3hi 43.8a-g Check 7.3efg 4.8nop 4.3hi 8.5ab 41.6b-h

* Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level. (Duncan's Multiple Range Test)

Fungicide Spray Program - Bravo 500 was applied at 1.4 kg ai/ha 4 times for the weather-timed program TOM-CAST and 6 times on a 10 day comrcial spray program.

2/ Foliar disease Ratings (0-10) - 0 - no control, foliage severely damaged, 10 - complete control

Table 2 - Tomato varietal differences without the use of foliage fungicides

Foliar Disease Ratings (0-10) % Yield

Varieties Sept. 1 Sept. 9 Sept. 18 Anthracnose Tomes/ha

Maumee Malinta Easy Winner East Harvest Ohio 8442 EN 6203 Ohio 832 H-2 653 H-722 H-1706 H-1810 HY 9230 HY 9464 HY 9478 LSD. 05

Foliar disease Ratings (0-10) - 0 - no control, foliage severely damaged, 10 - complete control

Table 3 - Fungicide spray application comparison - conventional vs. TOM-CAST, a weather based spray program

Foliar Disease Ratings Yield spray # of Spray (0-10) */ % Tomes/ program1/ Applications Sept. 1 Sept. 9 Sept. 18 Anthracnose ha

TOM-CAST 4 9.5a* 8.7a 7.7a 1.3a 36.5a Carranercial 6 9.4a 8.7a 7.8a 1.3a 36.9a Check 0 7.9b 5.4b 3.83 5.3b 34. lb LSD. 05 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.8 1.5

* Values followed by the same le t te r are not significantly different a t the 5% level. (Duncan's Multiple Range Test)

Fungicide Spray Program - Bravo 500 was applied a t 1.4 kg ai/ha 4 t h s for the weather-timed program TOM-CAST and 6 times on a 10 day c m r c i a l spray program*

Foliar disease Ratings (0-10) - 0 - no control, foliage severely damaged, 10 - camplete control

Foliar blights caused by Early Blight and f ru i t rots caused by Anthracnose were effectively controlled using both the TOM-CAST and c m r c i a l spray programs. TOM-CAST, the weather-timed spray program provided equal disease control t o that of the comrc ia l spray program with two fewer fungicide applications (4 vs. 6 ) . Yield losses were recorded in the non sprayed checks. A s ta t is t ical interaction occurred between tomato varieties and the various spray programs. Some tomato varieties were kept disease free t o a higher or lower degree by the spray programs. Varieties H 1810, HY 9230, HY 9464 showed more signs of foliar blight later in the season than did the other varieties ever when sprayed with a fungicide. This interaction needs t o take into consideration crop maturity as the earlier maturing varieties often show more sign of disease and break down later i n the season. On the other hand, Ohio 8442 appeared t o be very susceptible t o Early Blight and Anthracnose yet the spray schedules proved especially effective on this tomato cultivar.

ClMP: Tomato, cultivars HY9230, H1706, H722

PEST: Early Blight, Alternaria solani, Anthracnose, Colletotrichurn cocccdes

TITLE OF PWX7ECT: Grower evaluation of TOM-CAST, a weather-timed fungicide spray program for f i e l d tomatoes.

N2U!E OF m ( S ) AND THEIR XENcY: R.E. Pitblado, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario, G.M. Hastie, H.J. Heinz Co. of Canada Ltd. , Leamington

MATERIALS: Bravo 500 (chlorothalonil) , Dithane M45 (80% mancozeb)

MEXlKOS: Growers selected 2 hectare blocks where they agreed t o apply the c m r c i a l rates of either Bravo 500 and/or Dithane M45 based on the following weather-timed model.

1. The ins ta l la t ion of the weather recording sensors should be placed w i t h i n a tomato row i n an area of anticipated disease pressure, by May 23.

2. The i n i t i a l spray applications should be applied on July 11 or earlier i f the Disease Severity Values (DSV) have reached an accumulative value of 35 for tomatoes transplanted before May 23 and 45 fo r tomatoes transplanted a f t e r May 23.

3. Subsequent sprays should be applied a f t e r accumulating 20 disease severity values since the l a s t fungicide application when using Bravo 500 o r 15 disease severity values since the last fungicide application i f either Dithane M45 or Manzate 200 are used.

4. The l a s t fungicide applications can be made 14 days pr ior t o harvest on land following a 2 year crop rotation and not showing significant disease synptoms pr ior t o harvest o r 10 days i n fields following minimal o r no crop rotation.

A similar sized block adjacent t o the TOM-CAST (TC) t r e a m t s were sprayed according t o a standard commercial spray program (CSP) on a 10-14 day interval with the growers choice of fungicides.

Hourly leaf wetness values and temperatures were recorded on an &midata Datapod, Model DP 223 a t two locations: Loc. A, C. Huffman, R.R. #1 Harrow and Loc. Bf Triple K F~DIIS~ R.R. #3 Leamington. The weather information was collected on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays soon a f t e r 1100 and disease severity values calculated (DSV) . The l a s t 7 days disease severity values w e r e recorded on a phone recorder/answering device located at the H.J. Heinz Co. i n Leamington. Growers would phone a t t he i r convenience t o determine when t o spray based on the thresholds provided by TOM-CAST. Grower cooperators not having the weather recording stat ions on their farms were instructed t o use the closest Location e i ther A o r B.

Participants i n the program were a s follows:

Location A - Harrow

1. Carl Huffman R.R. #1 Harrow 2. Terry Wright R.R. #1 Harrow 3. Dennis & David Sable R.R. #1 Harrow

Location B - Leamington

4. B i l l Toews R.R. #5 Leamington 5. Peter & Ken Epp R.R. #5 Leamington 6. Dave & Ken Enns R.R. #5 Learnington 7. Martin & Paul Tiessen R.R. #4 Leamington

Foliar disease assessments were taken on a weekly basis frm July 11 t o September 2. Frui t anthracnose counts were taken by r a n d d y selecting 100 mature red f r u i t s and counting the n m b r of diseased fru i t s . Yields were taken a t time of harvest.

The mthod of recording and making the information available t o growers through a code-a-phone system worked wel l . Growers were able t o call and record the TOMUST disease severity values a t t h e i r convenience. There was very l i t t l e difference in spray timing between the TOM-CAST method of determining when t o apply a fungicide compared t o the growers in tu i t ive c m r c i a l spray program. This may be explained e i the r by the type of cooperators selected who, tkrough years of c o m r c i a l experience, have learned t o space t h e i r spray applications depending on the weather and/or a tendency for growers t o follow along with the TOM-CAST program f o r t h e i r c o m r c i a l spray timings. The summary assessmnt date indicates no significant differences i n fo l i a r disease ratings, anthracnose o r yield.

pEsuLTS: Table 1. Cooperators using beather s ta t ion ' s A information t o base TCESCAST spray decisions.

Initiaj Total Fol iar Blight Location spray1 Fdditional # of Ratings (0-10)~/ % Yield &ul t ivar) (DSV) -1. I n t e n a l s Soravs S ~ r a v Dates Aus. 8-12 Anthracnose Tonnesha

1 CSP - July 11 15 days 3 July 11, 26, Aq. 10 (HY9230) TC - July 11 (19) 26 DSV 3 July 11, 26, Aq. 10

2 CSP - July 11 11 days 4 July 11, 25, Aq. 4, 14 9 (H1706) TC - July 11 (19) 21 DSV 4 July 11, 25, Aq. 4, 14 9.5

3 CSP - June 13 12 days 4 June 13, Ju ly 11, 25, Aug. 4 9.0 (HY9230 TC - July 11 (19) 21 DSV 3 July 11, 25, Aug. 4 9.0

Table 2. Cocperators using heather s ta t ion ' s B information t o base TCMCASr spray decisions.

Total Fo l i a r Blight Location spray Fdditional # of Ratings (0-10) 2/ % Yield XUltivar) ~DSV) -1. Intervals Spravs S r a v Dates Aw. 8-12 Anthracnose T o n n e s k

4 CSP - July 12 14 days 4 July 12, 25, Aug. 9, 13 10.0 6.0 56.8 (~1706) TC - July 12 (21) 25 DSV 4 July 12, 25, Aug. 9, 13 10.0 3.0 66.7

5 CSP-July1 10 days 5 July 1, 12, 23, Aug. 2, 11 9.0 W706) TC - July 11 (20) 20 DSV 4 July 11, 23, Aug. 1, 10 9.0

6 CSP - July 18 14 days 3 July 18, 30, Aug. 16 (HY9230 TC - July 12 (21) 26 DSV 3 July 18, 30, Aug. 16

7 CSP-July8 10 days 7 July 8, 18, 30, Aug. 9, 18, 20, Sept. 7 10.0 (K122) TC - July 11 (20 21 DSV 5 July 11, 25, Aug. 3, 12, 22 10.0

*/ Fol ia r Blight ratings (0-lo), Weekly as- were recorded, however, tbe Aug. 10-14 assessnent period was reported. 0 - s e w e l y damaged foliage; 10 - perfect control, healthy foliage.

Table 3. Sumnary

Treatment

Foliar Blight Mrmber of Ratings % Yield

Applications (0-10) Anthracnose Tomedha

CSP-Comrcial Spray 4.3 Program

TOM-CAST (Bravo 500)

Foliar Blight Ratings (0-10) Weekly assessnents were taken, however, the Aug. 10-14 assessment period was reported. 0 - severely damaged foliage; 10 - perfect control, healthy foliage.

Estimation of Disease Severity in Tomatoes from standard meteorological data in Ontario. Srivastava, B., R.E . Pitblado and T. J. Gillespie, AES, Toronto, RCAT, University of Guelph.

In the development of TOM-CAST, a weather timed fungicide spray program, hourly leaf wetness and temperatures are used t o determine dai ly disease severity values (DSV). These values are accumulated u n t i l they reach predetermined c r i t i c a l values a t which time fungicides are recorronended. The existing program requires personnel t o t ravel t o each recorder t o download the weather data and subsequently calculate the DSVrs. A program was in i t i a t ed t o eliminate the need for hourly leaf wetness and tenperature values substituting dew points recorded a t the two principal AES stat ions in Windsor and London and daily high and low temperatures recorded a t the grower sites.

Equations were developed t o calculate the hourly leaf wetness periods f o r the Ridgetown site using the hourly re la t ive humidity and temperatures a t Ridgetown and a derived d e w point calculation using specific hourly d e w points from the Windsor and London AES stat ions,

D S V f s were then computed for each day using the measured leaf wetness duration on site and the calculated values. There were indeed variations on a day t o day basis between the two DSVts , however, the t o t a l DSV's were similar. For the 1987 actual on site data 148 DSVfs were accumulated r e c m d i n g 6 fungicide sprays. For the sam period but calculated 156 DSVts w e r e accumulated and again 6 sprays were rec~rrnnended.

Using the same derived equations, 1986 data was used showing a close comparison between the actual and derived methods of calculating DSV daily disease severity values.

-

It has been found that from actual hourly measurements of leaf wetness, relat ive humidity and temperatures i n the f i e l d at a site fo r one season and using d e w points a t nearby principal meteorological s tat ions regression eqyations m-be developed t o compute a disease severity index. In subsequent future years, only dai ly maximum and minimum temperature measurements would be required t o compute the index from which spraying schedules of fungicides would be specified.

TOM- CAST TOMATO DISEASE FORECASTER - RIDGETOWN

MAY 2 3 JUN 12 JUL 2 JUL 22 AUG 11 AUG 3 1

0 1988 + 1987 0 1986

Crop rotation study I

TITLE OF PFulECk Effect of crop rotation on the yield and fo l i a r / f ru i t diseases of tomatoes - year 1 (1987)

NAME OF -(Sl AND THElR XBVCY: Pitblado, R.E., Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario, NOP 2CO

MATERIA;LS: Bravo 500 (chlorothalonil) a METHODS: Six crop rotation t r e a t m a t s were established 6.5m x 18m in s ize and

replicated 4 times in a randomized c q l e t e block design. Wheat was sown the previous f a l l on 4 of the treatments. Red clover was sown in March onto hard dry s o i l a t 10 kg/ha but did not establish. Tcanato cul t ivar H722 was sprayed with Bravo 500 (2 rows t rea ted 2 rows 0 sprayed check) a t 1.4 kg ai/ha . Assesmts were taken on Aug. 31 and Sept . 19 fo r f o l i a r disease control and on Sept. 20 f o r anthracnose and yield. Wheat was harvested on July 20 while soybeans were harvested on O c t . 6.

Table 1. Tomato disease assessment - 1st year in rotation - 1987.

Foliar Disease Rating (0-10)

Aug. 31 Sept. 19 % Anthracnose Yield T/ha Treatments Not Not Not Not a Y e a r 1 sprayed Sprayed Sprayed Sprayed Sprayed Sprayed Sprayed Sprayed

--

Tomatoes 8.0a* 5.4b 7.5b 2 . 3 ~ 5.8b 16.0a 66.5a 40.9b - --

a *Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different a t the 5% level. (Duncan's Multiple Range T e s t )

Foliar Disease Rating (0-10) -0, no control, foliage severely damaged, 10, c o q l e t e control

Table 2. Yield in 1st year of a crop rotation study - 1987

Tomatoes Wheat Soybeans Treatments T/ha T/ha T/ha

Tomatoes Wheat Soybeans Wheat Wheat Wheat

Crop Rotation study I1

TITIE OF PRa7ECT: Effect of crop rotation on the yield and foliar/fruit diseases of tomatoes - year 2 (1988)

N B m OF -(S) AND THEIR A[;ENCY: Pitblado, R.E., Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario, NOP 2CO

MA9lXDW: Bravo 500 (chlorothalonil)

-S: Six crop rotation treatments were established the previous year. Each plot was 6.5m x 18m in size replicated 4 t h s in a randomized complete block design. Following last year's crop, the land was plowed in the f a l l with two plots seeded t o f a l l wheat. R e d clover a t 10 kg/ha was seeded on March 8, 1988 into the wheat treatments. Tomato CUltivar H722 was transplanted on May 25 and field corn on May 26. Bravo 500 was applied a t the c o m r c i a l rate of 1.4 kg ai/ha on two of the 4 tomato rows per plot. The remaining two were l e f t as a non-sprayed check. Application dates were July 4, 15, 25, Aug. 3 and 15. Assessmnts were taken on the tcxnatoes by rating the foliar disease on Sept. 1, 9 and 18. Corn silage yields were taken on Sept . 15 harvesting 6 rows 1.9m apart and 18m in length. Wheat was harvested on July 15, 6 rows, 23 an row spacing and 18m in length and reported a t 14% moisture.

May, June and July were very dry months while the months of Aug. and Sept. were near normal. There were no significant effects of tomatoes following tomatoes or wheat or soybeans in the resultant level of foliar disease.

Table 1. Tomato foliar disease assessment 2nd year in rotation - 1988

Foliar Disease Rating (0-10) Treatments Sept. 1 Sept. 9 Sept. 18

Not Not Not Year 1 Year 2 Sprayed Sprayed Sprayed Sprayed Sprayed Sprayed

Tomatoes Tomatoes 9.6a* 7.3a 8.3a 5.3a 7.0a 3.4a Wheat Tomatoes 8.4W 7.5a 7.5a 6.5a 8.3a 5.5a Soybeans Tomatoes 8.9ab 7.5a 8.3a 6.5a 7.8a 5.6a

*Values followed by the same le t te r are not significantly different a t the 5% level. (Duncan's Multiple Range Test)

Foliar Disease Rating (0-10) - 1, no control, foliage severely damaged, 10, complete control

Table 2. Yield i n 2nd year of the crop rotation study - 1988

Treatments Wheat Yields Clover Rating Corn Silage Year 1 Year 2 T/ha (0-10) kg/plot

Tomatoes Tomatoes Wheat Tomatoes Soybeans Tomatoes Wheat Wheat/Clover 1.45a* 6.4a Wheat Wheat/Clover 1.60a 6.8a Wheat Corn 286.5

*Values followed by the same le t te r are not significantly different at the 5% level. (Duncan's Multiple Range Test)

Clover Rating 0-10, 0, no survival, 10, perfect stand

CROP: Field TomtCES, cv. HY 9230

a PEST: Early Blight, Alternaria solani, Anthracnose Colletotrichum coccodes

TITIE. QF P m : Screening fungicides for disease control in field tomatoes I.

NB&E OF -6) AND TFlEXR -: R.E. Pitblado, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario

-: BRAVO 500, 90DG (chlorothalonil), DITHANE M45, 80W, 75DG, 480F (mancozeb) , MANZATE 2 00, 7 5DG (mancozeb) , TILT 250X (propiconazole) , MISTRAL 750EC (fenpropimorph) , -LAN 500F (vinclozolin), RCNRAL SOW (iprodione), POLYRAM 80DF (metiram), DYRENE 50WP, 480F (anilazine) , FOLICUR l43.8M: (W H% 1608)

METIiCDS: Tomatoes were transplanted on May 13 in two row plots spaced 1.25m part. Plots were 8m inlength, replicated 4 times in a

a randomized complete block design. Spray applications were made with a back pack airblast sprayer at 240 L/ha of water. Dates of applications were July 8, 21, 29 and August 8 and 18. Foliar disease assessmats were taken on Aug. 29 and Sept. 9 for Early Blight. Anthracnose counts were taken by randomly selecting 100 red fruits per plot at harvest on Aug. 30.

RESULTS:

Foliar Disease Ratings Rate (0-10) %

Treatment kg ai/ha Aug. 29 Sept. 9 Anthracnose

BRAVO 500 BRAVO 90DG DITHANE M45 80WP DITHANE 75DG DITHANE 480F MANZATE 200 MAN- 200 75DG POLYRAM 80DF DYRENE 50WP DYRENE 480F E'OLICUR 143.8EC RIDOMIL MZ 72WP TILT 250EC + DITHANE M45 80WP MISTRAL 750% RONILAN 500F Check

8. OOab* 8.25ab 7.00bc 8. OOab 8.50ab 8.25ab 8.00ab 7.25abc 8.50a 7.25abc 6.25~ 8.63a 7.25abc

39. Oabc 32.3a-e 4O.8ab

*Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level. Duncan's Multiple Range Test)

Foliar Disease Ratings (0-10); 0, no control, foliage severely damaged, 10, complete control

Foliar diseases caused by Early Blight and fruit rot caused by anthracnose were controlled with most of the fungicides examined. Mistral 750EC and Folicur 143.8EC did not provide as high a level of disease control than did the other materials.

QiOP: Field Tomatoes, cv. HY 9230

PEST: Early Blight, Alternaria solani, Anthracnose Colletotrichum coccodes

TITIE OF PEUNECC: Screening fungicides for disease control in field tomatoes I1

NlWE OF w ( S ) AND THEm X B C Y : R.E. Pitblado, Ridgetown college of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetawn, Ontario

MATERIAIS: BRAVO 500 (chlorothalonil) , BRAVO C/M, N I X X V i FIXED COPPER 50W (50% copper oxychloride) , DITHANE M45 (80% mancozeb) , ALIETTE 80WP (fosetyl-Al), EXP 2022C 50W (25% fosetyl-Al + 25% copper oxychloride), MICRO-MIST 100 (kelp Aco~hvllum nodosum)

METHODS: Tomatoes were transplanted on May 13 in two row plots spaced 1.25m apart. Plots were 8m in length, replicted 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Spray applications were made with a back pack airblast sprayer at 240 L/ha of water. Dates of application were July 8, 21, 29, August 8 and 18. Foliar disease assessrents were taken on Aug. 29 and Sept. 9 for Early Blight. Anthracnose counts were taken by randomly selecting 100 red fruits per plot at h m s t on Aug. 31.

Foliar Disease % Application Rating (0-10) Anthracnose

Rate Aug. 29 Sept. 9 Aug. 31

BRAVO 500 BRAVO C/M NIAGARA FIXED COPPER 50W+ DITHANE M45 80WP NIAGARA FIXED COPPER 50W DITHANE M45 80W ALIETTE 80W ALIETTE 80W ALIETTE 80W EXP 2022C 50WP MICRO-MIST 100 MICRO-MIST loo+ DITHANE M45 80WP MICRO-MIST loo+ BRAVO 500 Check

9.13a* 8.75a 8.25abc

7.75a-d 8.5Oab 7. OOcde 7.25b-e 6.75de 7.25b-e 7. OOcde 8.00a-d

8.25abc

6.00e

25.W 25.Od 37.3bcd

37.5bcd 31. Ocd 58.0a 48.0abc 53.5ab 43.0a-d 44.3a-d 28. Ocd

25.Od

47. Oabc

*Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level. (Duncan' s Multiple Range Test)

Foliar disease Ratings (0-10) - 0, no control, foliage severely damaged, 10, complete control

Early season weather conditions were not favourable for the build up of Bacterial Speck. Early Blight and fruit anthracnose pressures became apparent later on in the season. Treatments containing Bravo or Dithane M45 provided commercially acceptable Early Blight control whereas Aliette 80WP, EXP 2022C 50WP and Micro-mist 100 were less effective. Similar results were recorded for anthracnose control with Aliette 50WP, EXP 20222, 50WP and Micro-mist 100 being no more effective than the non sprayed check treatment.

1 CROP: Field Tomatoes, cv. EM6203

PEST: Early Blight Alternaria solani, Anthracnose Colletotrichum coccodes

TITm OF PWXTECT: Disease incidence in twin versus single rows in field tomatoes

I. NAME OF CONTRIBUTOR (S) AND THEIR AGENCY: R.E. Pitblado, Ridgetown College of I Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario

MATERIALS: Bravo 500 (chlorothalonil)

METHODS :

RESULTS :

Tomatoes were transplanted on May 19 in two row or bed plots having centers spaced 1.6m apart. Plots were 8m in length and replicated 4 times. Spray applications were made w i t h a back pack airblast sprayer at 240 L/ha of water. Dates of application were June 23, July 4, 15, 25, August 3 and 15. Foliar disease assesmts were taken on September 1 and 9. Anthracnose counts were taken by randomly selecting 100 red fruits per plot at harvest on September 15.

Foliar Blight Ratings Rate (0-10) I1 % Yield

Treatments kg ai/ha Sept . 1 Sept. 9 Anthracnose Tonnes/ha

Bravo 500 Twin Rows 1.4 9.7a* 8.3a 6.5~ 49.la Check Twin Rows 7.8~ 6.6b 8.9a 49.5a

Bravo 500 Single Rows 1.4 9.8a 8.2a 7. Ob 38.lb Check Single Rows 8.9b 6.8b 9.2a 35.833

*Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level. (Duncan' s Multiple Range Test)

Foliar Blight Ratings (0-10) - 0, no control, foliage severely damaged, 10, complete control

There was significantly more foliar disease in the non treated twin rows than in the single row plantings. However, there was less fruit anthracnose in the twin row system. The fungicide Bravo 500 was able to significantly reduce both foliar and fruit anthracnose in both row spacings. It should be noted that with the use of the fungicide, the inherent increase in foliar disease between a twin and single row planting could be equally controlled. Yields between sprayed and non sprayed plots were not statistically significant, however, there was a significant increase in yield in favour of twin rows.

Pitblado, R.E. and T.H. Olthof. Field survey of plant parasi t ic nematodes in f i e l d tomatoes in Essex and Kent counties.

This is a preliminary report a s a l l s o i l samples have not been processed.

Thirty-five tomato growers were contacted with s o i l samples taken from 53 separate f ields. Each f i e l d was subdivided into 3 t o 5 blocks, each block sampled individually by collecting 50-100 s o i l probes per block saving a composite sample from each block.

Fields were sampled 3 t h s , once i n the spring, May 10, in the sumrer, July 27, and near f a l l , Aug. 25. Samples were analyzed a t the Ag. Canada Vineland Station recording the number of plant parasitic nematodes - 7 i n t o t a l per sample. O f the 235 s o i l samples taken in the spring 21 or 8.9% had root lesion nematode nunbers i n excess of 2,00O/kg of s o i l - a control requiring threshold. When considering a l l the plant parasite nematodes counted per sample 17.5% had n&rs in excess of 2,000. By mid season 29.8% of the samples had root lesion nematode numbers i n excess of 2,000 while 45.0% of the samples contained greater than 2,000 plant parasitic nematocles/kg of so i l .

The nematodes found in the tomato growing areas of Kent and Essex were root- lesion, root-knot, cyst larva, spiral , stunt, pin and dagger in order of population densities.

Pitblado, R.E. Chemical control of plant parasitic nanatodes in field tomatoes.

This is a preliminary report as a l l soi l samples have not been processed.

Seven growers conducted a cooperative t r i a l in which they applied cormrcial rates of either Vorlex Plus or Telone I1 in the spring of 1988 leaving untreated areas as checks. Soil samples were taken several times throughout the season on May 10, July 27 and Aug. 25 and sent for analysis t o Ag. Canada, Vineland. Seven plant parasitic nematodes were counted including root lesion, root-knot, cyst, stunt, spiral, pin and dagger. Yields were taken a t 5 locations. Yields in the two fields a t grower location A were 46.7% increase and 0%. The nematode counts in the f ie ld showing an increase in yield was 3,220 root lesion nematodes/kg of so i l while in the field showing no yield increase counts were extremely low a t 20 root lesion nematodes/kg of soil. At grower location B yields were not increased using fumigants due presmably t o the moderate nematode populations of 1,09O/kg of soil. Yields were increased by 13% and 28% a t grower location C.

In other grower fields in which yields were not taken, there were no visual differences between the treated and non-treated areas. One location which I was unable t o view reported a visual effect with the plants in the treated plots showing improved colour and growth. In reviewing the location, root lesion populations were in excess of 2,000 (2,780) nematodes/kg of soil.

QRCBe: Tomato cv. 7814

PEST: Brown Stink bug, Euschistus sems

TITIE OF PEI(X7ECT: Control of stink bug damage i n f i e ld tomatoes

NAME OE' m ( S ) AM) THEIR B Q N X : R.E. Pitblado, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario

METIM%)S: Trials were established i n a corrunercial f i e l d north of Tilbury. Plots were single beds, spaced 1.5m apart with twin rows on each bed, 8m i n length and replicated 4 times in a randomized ccenplete block design. Spray applications w e r e made with a back pack ai rblas t sprayer a t 240 L/ha of water on the dates indicated in the RESULTS.

RESULTS:

Application Treatments Dates

# of Rate %Insect Sprays g ai/ha Infestation

AMBUSH 500EC AMBUSH 500EC AMBUSH 500EC AMBUSH 500% AMBUSH 500% AMBUSH 500EC AMBUSH 500EC AMBUSH 500EC Check

July 5 1 July 15 1 July 29 1 Aug. 15 1 July 5, 15 2 July 15, 29 2 July 29, Aug. 15 2 July 5, 15, 29, Aug. 15 4

0

*Values followed by the s m letter are not significantly different a t the 5% level. (Duncan's Multiple Range T e s t )

The yellow blemish observed on red tomato f r u i t is caused by the Brown Stink bug. Fruit damage can be reduced using Ambush 500EC applied l a t e in July. Too early an application on July 5 did not control this insect while around July 29 provided the most consistant control spray timing.

TITLE OF PFOJRX: Comparison of two growth regulatory products on t m t o f r u i t ripening.

NAME OF K N K B U E R ( S ) AND THEIR X E K Y : R.E. Pitblado, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario, NOP 2C0

MATERIALS: Product A, Product B (proprietary information)

MEmEDS : Tomatoes were transplanted on May 17 i n 2 row plots spaced 1.411 apart. Plots w e r e 8m i n length, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Product A and B were sprayed on Aug. 9 with a back pack ai rb las t sprayer a t 240 L/ha of water. Four plants per sampling date were taken from one of the two rows per plot and fruits counted and weighed a s e i ther reds + breakers and greens. Sampling dates were August 9, (prior t o spraying) August 12, 16 and 25. Final yield was taken on Sept. 13 on the intact remaining row.

There were no significant differences between Product A and Product B in the i r ab i l i ty t o increase tomato fruit ripening. Progressive sampling dates indicated a gradual increase i n both numbers and yield of red and breaker f r u i t s maximizing on August 25. There was no apparent differences between the high and low ra tes of these products observed i n this t r i a l . This is not unusual under hot dry conditions.

Table 1. Effect of growth regulators on tomato fruit yield.

Pre Spray Yield (~onnes/ha) Rate Aug. 9 Aug. 12 Aug. 16 Aug. 25 Sept. 13

Treatments L prod/ha R+B~/ ~~1 R+B G R+B G R+B G R+B G

Product A 3.75 11.6a* 18.4a 15.6a 19.8a 30.6a 16.4ab 40.0a 2.2~ 28.3a 3.4a Product A 6.4 11.6a 18.4a 14.6a 16.8a 29.2a 11.0b 32.4a 5.8bc 38.8a 3.la Product B 3.75 11.6a 18.4a 17.4a 22.3a 24.9a 10.5b 42.4a 14.7a 28.2a 3.4a Product B 6.4 11.6a 18.4a 14.8a 18.4a 27.6a 9.8b 36.9a 1l.lab 30.1a 1.5a Check 11.6a 18.4a 11.0a 19.3a 13.9a 21.9a 26.8b 18.7a 30.7a 2.6a


R+B - Red and Breaker fruit yields 2/ G - Green fruit yields d

Table 2. Effect of growth regulators on numbers of fruit.

Pre Spray Number of fruits14 plant sample Rate Aug. 9 Aug. 19 Aug. 16 Aug. 25

Treatments L prod/ha R&B~/ G ~ / R&B G R&B G R&B G

Product A 3.75 67.8a* 148.8a 71.3a 110.3b 134.8a 97.0b 170.8a 15.3b Product A 6.4 67.8a 148.8a 78.3a 114.5b 132.5a 81.8b 179.3a 41.5b Product B 3.75 67.8a 148.8a 91.3a 128.5ab 128.5a 77.8b 179.3a 73.0ab Product B 6.4 67.8a 148.8~1 70.8a 164.8a 110.8a 74.5b 161.8a 59.8b Check 67.8a 148.8a 76.0a 133.0ab 87.0b 131.0a 115.5b 179.3a


L / R&B - Red and breaker fruit 2/ G - Green fruit

MOTH COUNTS

PHERCMONE TRAP COUNTS - 1988

D m S I I I I - + V I S l l g Y W M m

PHEROMONE TRAP COUNTS - 1988

X

0 RR(IXIII(XFI(m V I S l I B W E O

PHERCMONE TRAP COUNTS - 1988

JUE 30 J l Y 11 J U T 21 NU1 M 11

o - c (R~- + V A R I ~ ~ M MIOU

PHEROMONE TRAP COUNTS - I988

31 R E N € l M

la - i!E - X - 24 - n - m - *a -

0 Euuv3I#c(F.I- + Wl-MIOSY

PHEROMONE TRAP COUNTS -1988

0 -c(F.I- + VCJII&*I'E(l MIIY

PHEROMONE TRAP COUNTS -1988

im mnwIo4

FIELD CROPS

A. We SCHAAFSMA

CROP: White beans cvr . OAC Seaforth.

PEST: Cormnon blight, Xanthomonas c m s t r i s pv. phaseoli.

TITLE OF PWX3ECT: Control of comon blight in white beans with times foliar sprays of BRAVO CM.

NZHE aF -(S) AND THEIR AGl3CY: A. W. Schaafsma, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario.

MKERlXs: BRAVO CM DS (chlorothalonil, 27 %; copper oxychloride, 45.8 %; and mane., 5.4 %)

m: White beans were planted on June 20 in 0.6 m rows. Each plot was 4 rows wide by m long, w i t h the centre two rows as the harvest rows. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block, with four replicates. The plots were sprayed on Aug. 2 and Aug. 16, a t early flower and 14 days later, using an airblast pack-pack sprayer (ECH~~), calibrated t o deliver a to ta l of 313 l/ha. Spray was directed t o both sides of each row for better penetration and coverage. This was taken into account in the calibrations. Levels of bacterial blight were evaluated on Sept. 2 using a scale of 0-4 (where 0 <I%, 1 <11%, 2 <25%, 3 <51%, 4 >50% of leaf covered with blight) . The sample size was twenty leaves, one leaf from the mid portion of twenty randomly selected plants in the mid part of the harvest rows. Foliage was still green and the f i r s t set of pods near maturity. Yield was taken by hand from the middle harvest rows on O c t . 3, and hand threshed. Saqle size was 2 rows by 1 m. Yields were corrected t o 18 % moisture.

RESULTS: Results are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Effect of BRAVO CM sprays on incidence of comon blight and yield in white beans.

Common Blight Rate rating Yield

Treatment kq prOd./ha (0-4 scale) ks/ha

BRAVO a4 DS 4.0 + 4.0 0.3a 1836.9a

BRAVO CM DS 6.0 + 6.0 0.4a 2049.3a

Non-treated check 0.5a 2216.5a

Water check 0.4a 2083.5a

LSD (0.05) Standard Dev. CV.

CXsCwSIW: Droughty conditions resulted in very l i t t l e devel-t of cormon blight. A s a result there was no advantage in applying BRAVO a, nor was there any phytotoxicity.

CROP: White beans cvr. Exrico, and Soybeans cvr. Elgin.

PEST: Seed corn maggots, Delia sp.

TITIE OF PROJECT: Insecticides as seed treatments for the control of seed corn maggot (SCM) in bean crops.

NAME OE' m ( S ) AM) TlXIR AQICY: A.W. Schaafsma, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario.

MKEXQUS: TF 3755 200F (tef luthrin microcap) , VITAFLO 280F (carbathiin + thiram) , AGROX DL plus (diazinon + lindane + captan), UBI 2291 500F (diazinon) , UBI 2559 50D (cloethocarb) , UBI 2562 225L (cloethocarb), ANCHOR F (carbathiin + thirarn), AGEIOX B3 (diazinon + lindane + captan) .

ME3lHCDS: The plots were planted on May 27 in 0.6 m X 6 m rows, using a 3 row cone seeder a t a rate of 90 seeds per row. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design w i t h 4 replicates Planting occurred during heavy adult maggot flight. Seeds were treated by slowly syringing the appropriate amount of product into a 500 g seed-lot which was in a turning treatmnt dnrm supplied by Uniroyal Chemical for this purpose. About 200 g of blood meal w a s applied over the centre row of each plot and this was watered in with about 9 1 of water Plots were planted in winter wheat plowed as green manure. DUAL (ppi) and AMIBEN/PATORAN (pre) herbicides were applied a t recormended rates for weed control. Emergence (number per 90 seeds planted) and % infestation by seed corn maggot ( a l l plants dug up in 1 m row and number of infested plants/total plants counted) were evaluated from June 8 t o June 13. Wrgence was staggered from replicate 1 t o 4 because of drought and the slope of the land. No rain f e l l on plots until 3 weeks after planting. Yields were not taken.


Table 1. P l a n t emergence and seed corn maggot con t ro l when bean seeds were treated w i t h insect ic ides .

Sovbeans White Beans Rate Percent Percent

(g o r ml No. i n f e s t ed No. in fes ted Treatments prod. /ks seed) emrsed bv SCM ememed bv SCM

TF 3755 200F TF 3755 200F VITAFLO 280F AGROX DL+ D VITAFLO 280F UBI 2291 500F VITAE'LO 280F UBI 2559 50D VITAFLO 280F UBI 2559 50D ANCHOR F UBI 2291 500F ANCHOR F UBI 2562 225F ANCHOR F UBI 2562 225F A(;ROX B-3 D AGROX DL+ D

32. Oc 3 9 . 3 ~ 51.5ab

52. O a b

3 5 . 5 ~

3 9 . 8 ~

52.5ab

3 6 . 8 ~

43.0bc

5l.3ab 55.8a

21.5a 13. O a b c l4.8abc

10 .obc

l6.5abc

19.5ab

16.5abc

20.5a

10.5bc

18. O a b 7 . 8 ~

56. Ocd 62.5abc 72.8a

67.5ab

47. Ode

50.-

6l.3bc

50.3de

54.8cde

68.3ab 7O.3ab

12 CHECK 3 2 . 5 ~ 21.5a 45.3e 23.5a

LSD (.05) = Standard Dev. = CV - -

CCeJCUISIW: Drought resulted in a lower i n f e s t a t i on by t h e SCM than expected. Products containing diazinon and/or l indane performed w e l l under t h e dry condit ions. A t least 0.4 g of UBI 2559 o r 0.89 m l of UBI 2562 per kg seed was needed t o suppress SCN. Under t h e condit ions of this test t e f l u t h r i n provided suppression of SCM at the higher rate only.

CW3P: Adzuki beans.

PEST: Potato leafhopper, Emmasca fabae.

TITIE OF PNUEXT: Evaluation banded applications of recormended fo l i a r insecticides a t cultivation time t o control potato leafhoppers in adzuki beans.

NAME OE' -(S) AND X E K Y : A.W. Schaafsma, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario.

MAEEWES: CYCON 480E (dimethoate 0.48 kg ai/ha) , THIODAN 480E (endosulfan 0.68 kg ai/ha), GUTHION 240SC (azinphos-methyl 0.54 kg ai/ha), SEXIN X L R 480SU (carbaryl 1.2 kg ai/ha), MALATHION 500% (malathion 1.3 kg ai/ha) .

I!lEmEDS: The test was established in a c ~ r c i a l f i e l d of adzuki beans, which was planted on May 23 i n 0.6 m rows. Plots w e r e 5 rows w i d e by 10 m deep arranged in a randomized complete block design w i t h three replicates. Plots were sprayed on June 30 (4-5 t r i f o l i a t e ) and July 1 4 (6-7 t r i f o l i a t e ) t o coincide w i t h f i r s t and l a s t cultivations. Pre-spray counts in the check plo ts on June 29 yielded an avera e of 0.3 nymphs/trifoliate. Treatments were applied using a ECH 3 back-pack sprayer with a single f l a t - fan nozzle calibrated t o deliver 217 l/ha in a 30 cm band over the row. Recorrrmended broadcast ra tes were reduced t o coincide with the band actually t reated (50 % of reconmended broadcast r a te applied). Plots were evaluated by counting the number of l i ve leafhopper nymphs on each t r i f o l i a t e leaf of ten plants randomly selected out of the middle row of each plot . Towards the end of the season only f ive plants were sampled. The average number of nymphs/trifoliate was then calculated for each plot . Yield was taken on September 26 with a sample s ize of one 4 m row from the centre of each plot . Yield were corrected t o 18% moisture.

RESULTS: Results are presented i n T a b l e 1.

T a b l e 1. Counts of potato leafhopper nymphs and crop y i e l d in adzuki beans after banded a p p l i c a t i o n s o f insecticides applied a t c u l t i v a t i o n time.

P o t a t o Leafhopper Counts Ave. No. N m h d T r i f o l i a t e

Timing 1st W r a v June 30 2nd S ~ r a v Julv 14 Yield Treatment * C u l t i v a t i o n J u l y 4 J u l y 8 J u l y 13 J u l y 1 9 J u l y 28 Aug 1 0 Aug. 17 kg/ha

CYGON 480E CYGON 480E CYGON 480E THIODAN 480E THIODAN 480E GUTHION 240SC GUTHION 240SC

I SEVIN XZlR 480SU

0-l e SEVIN XLR 480SU

MALATHION 500E MALATHION 500E Non- t rea ted check

LSD (.05) Stand. Dev. Cv.

0. lcd 0. Ocd O.Od 0.2cd 0. Ocd 0.5b 0. lcd 0. lcd 0. lcd 0.3bc 0.2cd 0.9a

0.5a-d O.Od 0. Od 0.6abc 0. lcd 0.8ab 0.5a-d 0.6abc O.4bcd 1 .0a 0.5a-d 0.6abc

*See text fo r rates **Values fo l lowed by the same letter are not significant at the 5% level. (Duncan's new M u l t i p l e Range T e s t )

CONCLUSIW: Banded treatments were effective in controlling leafhoppers in adzuki beans. Treating a t second cultivation was more important than t rea t ing a t f i r s t cultivation. This may have been a function of low nymph counts a t f i r s t cultivation. CYGON 4E applied once a t second cultivation provided similar o r better resul ts than two applications of any of the materials tested. Of the products tested, banded applications of CYGON 4E and THIODAN 480E provided the best and longest protection against leafhoppers. GUTHION 240SC did not control leafhoppers w e l l , however there was a yield response t o GUTHION 240SC applications, probably for reasons other than insect control. SEVIN XLR was the leas t effective a s a band application. In this test, adzuki beans could withstand nymph populations of 1.5 nymphdtrifoliate o r less up t o last cultivation, without yield loss.

CROP: White beans cvr. Ex Rico.

PEST: Potato leafhopper, Ebnmasca fabae.

T m OF PFUMECr: Establishment of damage threshold using known caged infestation levels of potato leafhoppers on white beans a t different stages of plant development.

NZPE W -(S) AND T l E I R XENCY: A.W. Schaafsma and G.R. Ablett, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario.

MATE;RIALS: CYMBUSH 250 EC (cypemthr in)

ImrHCOS: Ex Rico white beans were planted on June 20, 1988 in 0.6 m rows. Each p lo t was 3 rows w i d e by 6 m long, with the centre row as the t rea tmnt row. Plots w e r e arranged in a randomized complete block, 2-level fac tor ia l design w i t h 4 replicates. On July 8 (3rd t r i f o l i a t e ) , cages were ins ta l led by draping a 0.6 m wide X 0.9 m long X 0.9 m high enclosed tunnel (made of 52 X 52 mesh LUMITE 25 screening) over a galvanized steel hoop frame set over the middle of the centre row. The screen was anchored with steel ten t pegs and s o i l was pi led around the base circumference t o prevent movement of insects in and out. Rows inside the cage were thinned t o 11 plants/cage. Just pr ior t o caging the en t i r e p lo t was sprayed with CYMBUSH a t 37.5 g ai/ha t o knock down any resident insect populations. The sprayed check w a s t reated weekly with CYMBUSH t o suppress natural populations of insects. Non-caged checks w e r e sampled regularily f o r leafhopper nymphs by counting the t o t a l number of nymphs on 5 plants and the number of t r i f o l i a t e s per plant which enabled a calculation of the number of nymphs per t r i f o l i a t e . Leafhopper nymphs fo r infesting cages were collected from a commercial adzuki bean field. Adzuki beans are particularly susceptible t o potato leafhoppers, their leaves are smaller than white bean leaves, and they are closely related t o white beans. Nymphs w e r e collected with the leaf they were found on. Leaves were picked and placed i n a c lear p las t i c 1 1 margarine container with f ine a i r holes punched in the l id , u n t i l the desired number of nymphs were collected per container. W e found that no more than 50 nymphs could be collected per container i n this manner. It was important t o keep the collected nymphs out of the d i rec t sun by keeping the container under the crop canopy while f i l l i n g and i n a styrofoam cooler while storing and transporting. Collecting was best done i n the early part of the day when conditions were cooler and c a h e r . To infest the cages a corner of each cage was lifted and the contents, leaves and insects, of the appropriate number of containers was distributed on top of the plants inside the cage. The cages were then re-anchored. Assuming tha t population dynamics inside the cage would be a worst case scenario leafhopper, populations were allowed t o build undisturbed u n t i l near pod maturation. On Aug. 31 the cages were removed and the nymph population was estimated by

counting the nymphs found on 75 randomly selected leaflets from each plot, 25 from the bottom, 25 from the mid area and 25 from the top of the plant. Using the average number of t r i fol ia tes per plant, a number of nypmhs per t r i fo l ia te was calculated. Only green leaves were sampled and in the event that there were insufficient green leaves t o sample then numbers per t r i fol ia te was an estimate based on the remaining green leaves. The extent of hopperburn w a s assessed by examining 25 leaflets from the base of the plant, 25 from the mid area and 25 and 25 from the top area from each plot. Each leaflet was rated from 0-4 where:

0 = l i t t l e or no damage 1 = 10 % hopper burn 2 = 25 % hopper burn 3 = 50 % hopper burn 4 = >50 % hopper burn.

Yield was taken on Sept 29, O c t 8 and O c t 15, scheduled according t o maturity of the plots.

RESULTS: Results w i l l be reported a t a la ter time, when quality and yield data w i l l be available.

CROP: White beans cvr. Ex Rico.

PEST: Manual defoliation.

TrPIE OE' PWX7ECT: Effect of manual defoliation a t various growth stages on bean yield and quality.

NAME OE' -(S) AND THEIR A(;ENCY: A.W. Schaafsma and G.R. Ablett, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario.

MEXlXmS: Ex Rico white beans were planted on June 20, 1988 in 0.6 m rows. Each plot was 4 rows wide by 2 m long, w i t h the centre two rows as the harvest rows. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block, 2-level factorial design with 4 replicates, each having four t iers . The plots were sprayed with CYMBUSH 250 EC a t 37.5 g ai/ha twice t o knock down any resident insect populations. CYCQN 4E a t 0.48 kg ai/ha was applied on Aug. 8 t o control two-spotted spider mite. Defoliation was accql i shed by clipping the leaflets down the m i d r i b with a pair of scissors where 1/6 defoliation was half of one leaflet removed on all t r i fol ia tes of all plants, 2/6 defoliation was one entire leaflet r-ved etc. Plots were allowed t o dry before entering, and scissors were washed with ethyl alcohol between each plot t o avoid spread of bacterial blight. Plots were defoliated on July 19, July 25, Aug 2, and Aug 19, a t t r i fol ia te stages 3-4, 9, 11, and 31 (flowering) , respectively. Yield was taken on Oct . 15.

RESULTS: Fkmlts may be somewhat variable since Bean C m n Mosaic virus was evident in several plots. Data for flowering date, maturity, yield and quality w i l l be available a t a la ter time.

QEMP: Seed corn, C0220

PEST: Northern and western corn rootworm, Diabrot ica

TITIE OF PRWECC: Evaluation of candidate insecticides to control corn rootworn, comparing T-Band and In-Furrow methods at planting time.

IQM3 OE' COWIRIBVMW(S1 AND 'MEIR BGRXX: A.W. Schaafsma, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario.

LMaTIceJS: Qlatham, Thamesville, and Highgate.

-: cOUNIER 15G (terbufos), DYFONATE 20G (fonofos), THIMET 1% (phorate) , LQRSBAN 15G (chlorpyrifos) , AMAZE 20G (isofenfos) , DI-SYSTON 1% (disulfoton) , EWADAN 10G (carbofuran) , DASANIT 1% ( fensulfothion) , FORCE 1.5G (tefluthrin) , and CGA 12223 10G, CYGARD 1% (phorate plus terbufos) .

MGZHODS: Inbred seed corn was planted using a John Deere Max-emrge planter at Chatham, Thamesville, and Highgate on May 11, May 5 and May 12 respectively. A similar test was planted w i t h Pioneer 3790 hybrid seed at Ridgetown on May 18 on alfalfa stubble to evaluate strictly phytotoxicity. Plant population was 54,700 pl/ha or 45 pl/row. Dual 960 and Bladex 80 WP were applied pre-emergent for weed control. Plots were single rows spaced 0.9 m apart and 10 m in length, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated four tks. The granular materials applied at planting were mtered by plot-size Noble applicators which were bench-calibrated for each material. T-Band applications were applied in a 15 cm band over the open seed furrow in front of the press wheel. In-Furrow applications were applied directly into the seed furrow. Damage assessments were done on July 28 and 29 respectively at Highgate and Thamsville by counting the number of lodged plants per row and by evaluating 4 randomly selected roots using the Iowa 1-6 scale (1-little damage, 6-3 or more nodes pruned) which were dug and washed from each plot. Crop vigour (0-9 scale Ozplant dead, l=plants severely stunted, 9=plants healthy), and emergence (no. emerged per plot) were evaluated as indicated in Table 1. Average plant height consisted of 10 plants randomly selected with the upper-most longest leaf stretched vertically and measured from the ground.

RESULTS:

Weather: around crop emergence time Chatham was extremely dry, Highgate was moderately dry and soil moisture was adequate at Thamesville. mrgence conditions were excellent at Ridgetown. Chatham continued to be extmly dry throughout the growing season, while Thamesville, Highgate and Ridgetown received less than normal rainfall during the rootworm developrent period.

Table 1. Phytotoxicity evaluations of insecticides applied at planting comparing T-Band and In-Furrow mthods.

Table 2. Assessments of damage by corn rootworms when insecticides were applied at planting comparing T-Band and In-Furrow methods.

Rate g ai/

Treatments 100 m

COUNTER 1% COUNTER 1% THIMET 15G THIMET 1% DYE'ONATE 20G CYGARD 15G CYGARD 1% 3 20G 3 20G CGA-12223 10G -12223 10G CGA12223 10G FORCE 1.5G FORCE 1.5G IX)RSBAN 15G LORSBAN 15G FURADAN 10G E'URADAN 10G DI-SYSTON 15G DI-SYSTON 15G AMAZE 20G AMAZE 20G DASANIT 15G Check

Method

T-Band In-Furrow T-Band In-E'urrow T-Band T-Band In-Furrow T-Band In-Furrow T-Band T-Band In-Furrow T-Band In-Furrow T-Band In-Furrow T-Band In-Furrow T-Band In-Furrow T-Band In-Furrow T-Band

Tharnesville, 7/29 Lodging Root no. / Rating plot 1-6

0.5.b* 2.0bc 2.3b 2 . m 3.5b 2.9bc 7.3b 2.3bc 6.5b 3.2bc 1.33 2.3bc 5.0b 2.5bc 3.0b 2.2bc 1.8b 3 . m 7.3b 3. Obc 1.8b 2.5bc 4.5b 2.8k 3.8b 2.3k 3.0b 1.9~ 4.0b 3.lbc 5.5b 2.8bc 6.3b 3. Obc 2.5b 2.3k 6.8b 3.7b 5.3b 2.6bc 1.3b 2 . m 6.0b 3.2bc 3.ob 2 . m 19.8a 5.7a

Hiqhqate. 7/28 Icdging Root no./ Rating plot 1-6

LSD (-05) - -

Standard Dev. = OJ - -

*Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level (Duncan's Multiple Range Test) .

Chatham Thamesville Highgate Ridget own June 6, 3-4 May 24, 2-3 June 6, 3-4 June 10, 3-4

Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves Rate Crop Emerge. Crop Bnerge. Crop Emrge. Ave. Plt. Emerge. g ai Vigor No. / Vigor No. / Vigor No./ Ht. (cm) No./Plot

Treatments /loom Method (0-9) Plot (0-9) Plot (0-9) Plot

COUNTER 15G 11.25 COUNTER 15G 11.25 THIMET 15G 11.25 THIMET 15G 11.25 CYGARD 15G 11.25 CYGARD 15G 11.25 3 20G 11.25 3 20G 11.25 CGA-12223 10G** 5.5 CGA-12223 10G 7.5

I a CGA-12223 10G 7.5 LO

I FORCE 1.5G 1.13 FORCE 1.5G 1.13 LORSBAN 15G 11.25 LORSBAN 15G 11.25 FURADAN 10G 11.00 FURADAN 10G 11.00 DI-SYSTON 15G 11.25 DI-SYSTON 15G 11.25 AMAZE 20G 11.00 AMAZE 20G 11.00 DASANIT 15G 11.25 Check

T-Band In-Furrow T-Band In-Furrow T-Band In-Furrow T-Band In-Furrow T-Band T-Band In-Furrow T-Band In-Furrow T-Band In-Furrow T-Band In-Furrow T-Band In-Furrow T-Band In-Furrow T-Band

9. Oa* 8.5abc 8. Oabc 7.0~ 8.5abc 7.9abc 8.5- 8.5abc 8.5abc 8.4abc 5.3d 7.9abc 8.6ab 8.8ab 8.3abc 8.9ab 8.3- 8. labc 7.- 8.4abc 7.9abc 8.5abc 8.6ab

49.0a 38.8- 37.5bc 24.Od 44. Oab 32.3cd 39.5abc 43.8ab 39. Oabc 36.0bc 24.8d 35.3bc 39.8abc 42. Oabc 38 .Obc 45.5ab 4O.8abc 39.8abc 34.5bc 44. Oab 38.5abc 40.5abc 42.5abc

8.6ab 7.9bc 8.5ab 6.4d 8.6ab 7.0d 8.9a 8.5ab 8.5ab 8.4ab 7. lcd 8.6ab 8.4ab 9.0a 8.3ab 8.9a 8.8ab 8.4ab 7.0d 8.6ab 8.6ab 8.6ab 9.0a

48.5a-d 52.3ab 49.3abc 36.8e 49.5abc 41.3cde 5O.3abc 53. Oab 49.8abc 44.8b-e 38.3e 48.3a-d 52.5ab 55.3ab 48.3a-d 52.3ab 49.0a-d 49.8abc 39.3de 51. Oabc 49.8abc 5l.8ab 56.3a

4O.8abc 34 .5b-e 29. Odef 22.3f 39.3abc 27.3ef 40. Oabc 4O.8abc 32.8cde 36.0a-d 22.5f 43.5a 43.3a 38.8abc 35.8a-d 41.3ab 40. Oabc 37.5abd 37.8abc 42.3ab 37.5- 40.3abc 38.5abc

28.3abc 27. lbcd 27.9bc 27. Obcd 27.9bc 28.7ab 31. la 29.6ab 25.6cdk * 27.3bcd 28.5ab 28.3abc 28.3abc 28.7ab 28.8ab 28.5ab 28.6ab 27.9bc 27.8bc 28.5ab 29. Oab 25.Od 28.4abc

LSD (.05) = 1.3 9.0 0.8 8.6 0.8 6.7 2.4 9.7 Standard Dev. = 0.9 6.3 0.6 6.1 0.5 4.8 1.7 6.8 C V = 10.9 16.4 6.8 12.6 6.8 13.0 6.0 8.3 *Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level. (Duncan's Multiple Range Test) **Actually DASANIT 15G 11.25 g ai/100m in-furrow at Ridgetown only, CGA-12223 10G 5.5 not applied at Ridgetown.

From a phytotoxicity standpoint, THIMET 15G, CYGZTARD 15G, -12223 10G, and DI-SYSTON 15G should not be applied in-furrow. Phytotoxicity was more pronounced under drought conditions. Under ideal emergence conditions (at Ridgetown) in-furrow applications in general had no effect on plant stand or vigour. It appears germination and emergence are critical, and that once the crop is up, in-furrow applications have only a small effect on plant growth. From an efficacy standpoint, under drought conditions, in-furrow applications provided equal control to t-band treatments, and in some cases better. This could be a function of the small root mass of inbred corn growing under drought conditions.

CROP: Seed corn, C0220

PEST: Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica vimifera vimifera Leconte.

TITIE OF PROJECC: Timing cultivation (layby) insecticide trea-ts for corn rootworm control in field corn.

NAME OF -(S) AND THE3R AGENCY: A.W. Schaafsma, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario.

MATEWCS: Counter 15G (terbufos) . MEXHODS : Inbred seed corn was planted using a John Deere Max-emerge

planter on May 5 and May 12. (Plant population 54,700 pl/ha) Dual 960 and Blade. 80 WP were applied pre-emryent for weed control. Plots were single rows spaced 0.9 m apart and 10 m in length, arranged in a split-split-plot factorial design, replicated three times, with the following levels: Planting date (May 7 and May 21), Artificial infestation date (May 7 and May 21), Insecticide application date (May 7, May 27, June 3, June 10, June 17, June 24) . The centre portion of each row contained two 1 m strips, which w a s ar t i f ic ial ly inoculated with corn rootworm eggs. The strips were separated by a 1 m buffer. Eggs were suspended in 1.5 g/L water agar, and applied a t a rate of 1500 eggs/m. On the f i r s t inoculation date eggs were applied before planting in a furrow 12 an wide and 5 an deep in the corn row. Eggs applied after planting were placed in furrows 5 an deep and 10 an wide about 6 an t o one side of the corn row. In a l l cases soi l was replaced imnediately and eggs were placed t o so i l moisture. Inoculated rows were watered twice in May from a watering can. The planting. time treatment was applied in 15 an band in front of the press wheel over the seed furrow (T-band) with a plot-scale Noble applicator which was bench-calibrated. Post planting (layby) applications were applied using a modified cone seeder which was split t o divide half the material on each side of the row directed t o the base of the plant in a band totalling 15 an. Layby applications were followed irrnnediately by a cultivation a t 10 kph with 10 an sweeps. Plot assessments were made on July 28 and 29 respectively. The number of lodged plants per 1 m of inoculated s t r ip was counted. A l l the roots out of each inoculated s t r ip were dug and washed, and then evaluated using the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 - l i t t l e damage, 6 - 3 or more nodes severely pruned).

Table 1: Corn root rootings in response to layby (at cultivation) treatments of COUNTER 15G insecticide applied to protect roots from feeding by artificially inoculated populations of western corn rootworm.

Corn Root Ratings (Iowa Scale 1-6) Planted Mav 7 Planted May 21

Inoculated Inoculated Inoculated Inoculated Treatment Time May 7 May 21 May 7 May 21

COUNTERA At Planting 1.4ijk* 1.7h-k 1.2k 1.3jk 15G (1 1.25g (T-Band) ail1 00m)

May 27 2 .5fi 2 .9~-h 2.8d-h 3.3 b-g (Lay by)

June 10 2 .9~-h 3.9b-e 3.1~-g 2.7e-i

June 17 2.8e-h 3.8b-f 2 Sg-k 2 .Og-k

June 24 2 S f j 2 .9~-h 2.lg-k 2.7e-i

June 30 3.2 b-g 3.2 b-g 4.1 a-d 3 .0~-h

Check 4.2abc 4.4ab 5.2a 4.la-d

LSD: 1.1 Stand. Dev.: 0.67 Cue#. Var.: 22.9

*Numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly diSferent at the 5% level. (Duncan's New Multiple Range Test)

RESOLTS: First hatch of eggs which were applied early occurred around June 11 and eggs applied late around June 15. Very little rain fell on the plots from planting time to the end of June. July also experienced less than normal rainfall.

Results are presented in Table 1.

CCNcWSIW: Eggs present at planting time represented a more normal situation. Layby treatments applied up to 2 weeks after first hatch were effective in providing economic control of corn rootworm if a root rating of 3.0 was taken as the economic threshold. The treatments at planting time, however, were consistently better.

CROP: Field corn, Dekalb 25.

PEST: Western corn rootwonn, Diabrotica vircrifera vimifera Leconte

TITIE OF P m : Evaluation of a comrc ia l foliar application of FURADAN 480F to control adult corn rootworms during the silking period.

mlm OF m ( S ) AND TIHEIR AGENCY: A.W. Schaafsma, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario.

IQCATICBE: Thamesville.

MEmImS: Corn was planted using a John Deere Max-emerye planter on May 5 a t a plant population of 54,700 pl/ha. Dual 960 was applied pre- emergent, and Kilmor 485EC post emrgent for weed control. The field was 20 ha in size. Counter 1% a t the rec~mnenckd rate was applied a t planting as a T-Band for rootwonn larvae control. To the east was an adjacent f ield that was sprayed at the sartle tire. To the west was an adjacent f ield that w a s heavily infested but was never sprayed. The field was sprayed with FURADAN 480F on July 26 a t a rate of 0.24 kg ai/ha with a John Blue High boy sprayer, in 280 l/ha water delivered a t 344 kPa pressure, travelling a t 8 kph. There were three T J 8003 nozzles/row, one directed down over the row and the other two dropped between the rows and directed t o either side a t silk level. The field was very uneven in maturity a t the t h of spraying, ranging from V12 t o R1. Silking was less than 10 % underway. There was heavy leaf feeding on many plants which was more pronounced where beetles had aggregated near silked corn. Beetle populations were estimated by walking the length of the field three times, twice a t both sides, a few rows in from the edge and once down the middle, and counting beetles/plant on the ears and up t o the tassel a t 20 stops, one plant/stop. The pre- spray count was an estimate only, actual counts were not made.

RESIILTS: Counts of adult corn rootworms before and after a c o m r c i a l f ield was sprayed with FURADAN 480F.

Beetle Count (Ave . no. /plant) Date East Side Middle West Side

July 2 6* (pre-spray) 15-30+ July 2 9 (post-spray ) 0 0 0 Aug 2 0 0 0.1 Aug 5 0.3 0.5 0.4

*Pre-spray numbers were estimated, actual counts were not made

FURADAN 480F applied a t 0.24 kg ai/ha controlled corn rootworm beetles for a t least seven days after application. Beetles moving in from the f ie ld t o the west were beginning t o survive 10 days after application. This was under extremely dry conditions w i t h no rainfall within two weeks after application.

CIMP: Seed corn, C0220

PEST: Northern and western corn rootworm, ~iabrotica sp.

TITIE OF PROJECC: Comparison between at planting (T-band) and at cultivation (layby) insecticide treatments for corn rootworm control in field corn.

IWPE OF C[TJ3RIBVMW(S) AN) TlEIR ZSSCY: A.W. Schaafsma, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario.

l2-mwsvi.llet and Highgate.

COUNTER 1% (terbufos) , THIMET 1% (phorate) , LORSBAN 1% and 4E (chlorpyrifos), DYFONATE 20G (fonofos), AMAZE 20G and 720LC (isofenfos) , DI-SYSTON 1% and 720LC (disulfoton) , ETJRADAN 10G and 480F (carbofuran) , DASANIT 1% (fensulfothion) , FORCE 1.% (tefluthrin) , DIAZINON % and BASUDIN 500L (DIAZINON), and CGA 12223 10G.

Inbred seed corn was planted using a John Deere Max-merye planter at ~ m i l l e , and Highgate on May 5 and May 12 respectively. (Plant population 54,700 pl/ha or 45 pl/row) Dual 960 and Bladex 80 WP were applied pre-emrgent for weed control. Plots were single rows spaced 0.9 m apart and 10 m in length, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated four times. The granular materials applied at planting were mtered by plot-size Noble applicators which were bench-calibrated for each material. T-band applications were applied in a 15 cm band over the open seed furrow in front of the press wheel. Granular layby applications were applied using a modified cone seeder which was split to divide half the material on each side of the row directed to the base of the plant in a band totalling 15 cm. Liquid layby materials were applied using a hand-held Oxford small plot sprayer, with a single nozzle (no. 1) in 250 l/ha of water under 276 kpa. Half the water and material were sprayed on each side of the row directed at the base of the plant. Layby applications were made on June 15 and June 21 (corn stage 30 cm, 6-8 leaves, and 25 cm and 7 leaves) at Thamesville and Highgate respectively, followed inarsediately by a cultivation at 10 kph with 10 cm sweeps. First egg hatch occurred during the first week of June. Plot assessments were made on July 28 and 29 respectively by counting the number of lodged plants per row, and by evaluating 4 randomly selected roots using the Iowa 1-6 scale (1-little damage, 6-3 or more nodes pruned) which were dug and washed from each plot. Very little rain fell after insecticides were applied.

RESULTS :

Table 1. Layby applications, corn rootwonn damage assessments.

Thamesville Hishsate Rate Lodging Root Lodging Root 9 ai/ no./ Rating no. / Rating

Treatments 100 m Method lot 1-6 plot 1-6

CCUNTER 15G THIMET 15G LORSBAN 15G DYFONATE 20G DYFONATE 20G LORSBAN 15G THIMET 15G COUNTER 15G AMAZE 20G DI-SYSTON 15G FURADAN 10G DASANIT 15G CGA 12223 10G FORCE 1.5G LORSBAN 480E FURADAN 480F

11.25 T-BAND 11.25 T-BAND 11.25 T-BAND 11.25 T-BAND 11.25 LAYBY 11.25 LAYBY 11 .25 LAYBY 11.25 LAYBY 11.00 LAYBY 11.25 LAYBY 11.00 LAYBY 11.25 LAYBY 7.5 LAYBY 1.13 LAYBY 11.25 LAYBY 11.00 LAYBY

5.3cd* 1.8d

12.3a-d 6.5bcd 9.3bcd

13.5a-d 14.8a-d 7.5bcd 12.5a-d 17. Oabc 20. oab 14.5a-d l7.8abc l5.5abc 7.5bcd 7.5bcd

DI-SYSTON 720LC 11.25 LAYBY 19.3ab AMAZE 72OLC 11.00 LAYBY 11.5bcd BASUDIN 500L 11.25 LAYBY 15.5abc DIAZINON 5G 11.25 LAYBY 10.8bcd

2.9d 3.3bcd 3.7a-d 3.2cd 2.8d 4.0a-d 4.8abc 3.0d 4. la-d 4.8abc 3.8a-d 4. la-d 3.5a-d 4. la-d 3.5a-d 3.4bcd 5.la 3.5a-d 3.8a-d 3.8a-d

1.5e 3. Ode 4.3de 3.5de 21.5a 11.8a-e 10.5a-e l3.3a-d 16.0abc 16.3abc 18.3abc l8.3abc 8.3b-e l7.8abc 7. Ocde 7.3cde 21.5a 11.3a-e 15.5- 14.0a-d

Check 25.0a 4.9ab 18.8ab 4.7a


* Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5 % level (Duncan's Multiple Range Test)

CClXXEICeJS: Insecticides applied at or shortly after rootwonn egg hatch provided economic control under heavy rootwom pressure and under drought conditions. Under severe rootwonn pressure at Thamesville layby treatments of LORSBAN 15G, THIMET 15G, AMAZE 20G, DI-SYSTON 15G, DASANIT 15G, FORCE 1.5G, or DI-SYSTON 720LC did not provide acceptable control when compared to standard reconmended treatments. Under moderate rootwonn pressure AMAZE 20G, FURADAN 10G and FORCE 1.5G failed to provide protection when applied at cultivation t h . In general, liquid formulations provided better control, however the two best treatments were granular formulations.

CIIOP: Soybeans cvr.

P W : Pod and stem blight, Diamrthe ~haseolorum var. soiae, and downey mildew, Peronomra manshurica.

TITLE OF PEUlECC: Improving soybean seed quality with the use of foliar sprays of BENLATE 50 DF.

NMm OF m ( S ) AND THE3R XENCY: A.W. Schaafsma, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario.

MMEEUAU: BENLATE 50 DF (benomyl)

l!EEnE: Soybeans were sown on June 3 a t 48 kg/ha in 0.6 m rows. Plots were 75 m non-replicated strips 4 rows wide. There was only one treated s t r ip along side a nontreated s t r ip separated by a few buffer rows. Plots were located within a larger 1 ha soybean block away from the edges. Plots were sprayed on Aug. 5, and Aug. 26 when pods measured about 3-4 cm and when were filling, using and air-blast, back-pack sprayer (ECHOg;dS Rows were sprayed on both sides with the spray force directed downward t o the centre of each row, for good penetration and coverage. Sprays were applied in a total volurne of l/ha water. BENLATE 50 DF was applied a t 0.5 kg ai/ha each t i ne it was sprayed. No pod and stem blight w a s visibly present. Plots were evaluated on Sept. 9 for incidence of foliar downy m i l d e w . Twenty leaves were collected from each of the mid portion of twenty randomly selected plants in each of three areas (3 reps), in treated and non-treated areas. Each leaf was scored on a scale of 0-4 (0 <I%, 1 <11%, 2 <25%, 3 <51%, 4 >SO% infected by downy mildew lesions). Plots were harvested on Sept. 29 by taking 1 0 samples of 2 rows by 1 m in size and splitting them into top and bottom halves, which were marked and kept separately.

RESULTS: Seeds w i l l be cultured to assess for the presence of seed-borne disease. A cold germination tes t w i l l also be conducted. Results w i l l be available in the Spring.

CROP: Soybeans cvr Elgin, and Messeur.

PESII: Diamrthe soiae, Alternaria sp. , Fusarium oxvsmrum, and Rhizoctonia solani.

TI= OE' PROJECT: Fungicides as seed treatments for the control of seed borne and soi l borne diseases i n soybean seedlings.

N7WE OE' (MWLRIIWMW(S1 AN) AG3CY: A.W. Schaafsma, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario.

MATERIAIS: VITAE'IQ 280 F (carbathiin plus thiram, 167 plus 148 g ai/l) , ANCHOR F (carbathiin plus thiram, 66.7 plus 66.6 g ai/l) , UBI 2563 125 F (G-696 125 g a i / l ) , UBI 2564 (G-696 plus tkiram, 121 plus 148 g a i / l ) -SOL T (thiram plus thiabendazole, 130 plus 3.7 g a i / l ) , AGROSOL F'L (captan plus thiabendazole, 333 plus 6.1 g a i / l ) .

MEXHODS: The 3 row plots were planted on May 24 in 0.6 m X 6 m rows, using a 3 row cone seeder a t a rate of 90 seeds per row. Plots were arranged in a randomized cclmplete block design w i t h 4 replicates. One t r i a l was set out for each oryanisn. A set of three guard rows separated each t r i a l . For seed borne diseases, diseased soybean seed was obtained from KING AGRO (Cultivar Messeur) . From an 80 seed sample 33% were infected w i t h Q. soiae, 34% with Alternaria sp., and 5% w i t h Fusarium sp.) . For so i l borne diseases plots w e r e inoculated using a method developed by T. Welacky (AG. Can., Harrow) . Soaked seed was autoclaved and inoculated with either F. oxvsmrum or R. solani. Inoculated seeds were mixed in with treated seeds a t a ratio of 50 : 50. Seeds were treated by slowly syringing the appropriate amount of product into a 500 g seed-lot which was in a treating device supplied by UNIROYAL CHEMICAL. DUAL L+LEXONE DF+AMIBEN L (pre) and BASA(;RAN L (post) herbicides were applied a t recoxrunended rates for weed control. Plant emergence and survival (number living per 90 seeds planted) was evaluated on June 2, June 9, and June 28. No rain f e l l on plots unti l 3 weeks after planting. Yields were taken only from plots inoculated with Rhizoctonia on O c t 7 and were corrected t o 14 % moisture.


Table 1. Survival of soybean seedlings when seed was treated with fungicides 0 fo r protection against seed and s o i l borne diseases.

Rate Mean no. plants/row (90 seeds ~ l a n t e d ) Yield Seed (d ---------- June 9----------- June 28 kg/ha Treatment /ks seed) Diamrthe Fusarium Rkizoct. Rhizoct. Rhizoct.

VITAFLo 280 ANCHOR UBI 2563 UBI 2563 UBI 2564 UBI 2564 m s O L T AGROSOL n CHECK

LSD (0.05) 12.7 11.0 10.5 11.4 717.9 Standard Deviation 8.7 7.6 7.2 7.8 491.9 CV 20.1 20.7 23.7 25.9 23.8

cXNCmSI(3e3S: The droughty season resulted in only a s l ight response t o seed treatments. None of the diseases affected emergence significantly under the conditions of this test.

CROP: Winter wheat cvr. Monopol.

PEST: Powdery mildew, Erisiphe maminis f . sp. t r i t i c i .

TITIE OF PIW3ECT: Evaluation of fungicide seed treatments t o control powdery mildew in winter wheat.

NAME OE' -(S) AND TlEIR A(;ENCY: A.W. Schaafsma, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario.

-: lT 3480 75F (tria-01) , TF 3673 2.5D (flutriafol) , TF 3753 50F (flutriafol) , BAY HWG 1608 25FS (ethyltrianol), UBI 2454 100L (RH 3866), UBI 2383-1 317L (triademinol), VITAFLO 280L (carbathiin+thiram) , -TON 50WP (triademifon) .

METHODS: Monopol winter wheat was planted on October 13, 1987 w i t h a 2.3 m wide drill a t 400 seeds/m2. Plots w e r e 1 drill w i d t h by 6 m in length with 18 cm row spacing, arranged in a randomized conplete block design with 4 replications. Arnnonium nitrate was split-applied on April 6, and May 4 (G. S. 30) a t a rate of 90 kgha actual N each time. Seed treatments w e r e applied using a desk top treater supplied by UNIROYAL m C A L i n 500 g lots. UBI 2454 and UBI 2383-1 were applied with 2 m l and 4 ml of water/ kg seed respectively. Foliar applications were made on June 7, a t growth stage 53, using an Oxford precision hand held sprayer with a 2 m boom f i t ted with 5 f l a t fan (No. 1) nozzles operated a t 276 kPa delivering 250 l/ha. CERONE 480L was applied a t 300 g ai/ha for lodging protection on June 3, a t G. S. 47. A powdery mildew assessrent was made on June 7 a t growth stage 53 on the 3rd leaf. Crop emergence and stand were evaluated on Nov. 4 (1 m of row) and April 15 (2 m of row) . Crop vigour (0-10 O=no plant 10=plant developed t o fu l l potential) was evaluated on Oct 26 and April 15 a t growth stage 11 and 15. Yields were taken on July 20, and were corrected t o 14 % moisture. There was poor disease development since the season was extremely hot and dry.


Table 1. Response of winter wheat to fungicide seed treatments.

RATE* * g ai/kg EMERGE. VIGOUR STAND VIGOUR %PCWD.

YIELD TREATMENTS seed 1 m row 0-10 2 m row 0-10 MILDEW Tomeha

TF 3480 75F TF 3480 75F BAYLETON 50WP TE' 3673 2.5D TF 3673 2.5D BAYLETON 50WP TF 3753 50F TF 3753 50F BWLETON 50WP BAY HWG 1608 25FS BAY HWG 1608 25FS BAYLETON 50WP BAY HWG 1608 25FS BAY HWG 1608 25FS BAYLETON 50WP UBI 2454 10OL VITAFLO 280L UBI 2454 lOOL VITAFLO 280L BAYLETON 50WP UBI 2383-1 317L VITAFLO 280L UBI 2383-1 317L VITAFLO 280L BAYLETON 50WP VITAFLO 280L BAYLETON 50WP TILT 250EC BAYLETON 50WP

18 CHECK 62.Oa-d 8.6abc 89.Oabc 9.3ab 1.3a 2.8ab

LSD (.05) = Standard Dev . = CV - -

* Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5 % level (Duncan' s New Multiple Range Test) . ** BAYLETON and TILT were applied as foliar treatments so rates are kg ai/ha.

As a result of a severe drought, disease pressure was too light to realize any benefit from fungicide treatments especially early in the growing season. UBI 2454 was phytotoxic to seed, reducing emergence by 40%. This carried through to spring where stand was 30% less than the check. While TF 3480, TF 3673, and TF 3753 appeared to reduce emergence slightly in the fall, stands were excellent in the spring. l3AY HWG 1608 treatments resulted in the best stands, even at the lower rate of 0.02 g ai/kg seed.

OROP : Winter wheat.

PEST: Foliar diseases.

TITIE OF PRfUlCC: Evaluation of the economic benefit of foliar applied fungicides on winter wheat.

NAME QF m ( S ) AM> TTBm AGmCY: A.W. Schaafsma, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, idg get own, Ontario.

MMmlXS: TILT 250EC (propiconazole) . IwlHlDS : Augusta, Monopol, cultivars of winter wheat were planted on

October 13, 1987 with a 2.3 m wide drill under conventional (CONV) and intensive (ICM) management. Plots were 1 drill width by 6 m in length with 18 an row spacing, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The following table describes the levels of crop management:

Management Seeding Rate Fertility Plant Growth Regulator (seeds/&) (ks N/ha) (CERONE 300 s ai/ha)

Augusta

Monopol

ICM 400 90+90 yes (G.S. 47) COW 300 180 no

Amonium nitrate was applied on April 11, and May 4 (G. S. 30) . TILT 250EC was applied on May 20, May 27, June 2, and June 7 at 125 g ai/ha. Applications were made using an Oxford precision hand held sprayer with a 2 m boom fitted with 5 flat fan (No. 1) nozzles operated at 276 kPa delivering 250 l/ha. No disease assessments were made. Yields were taken on August 18, and were corrected to 14 % moisture. No diseases developed since the season was extremely hot and dry.


Soil fertility and seeding rate had a some influence on Augusta yield. Foliar fungicide spray did not contribute significantly to yields nor was there any negative effect. This was expected under the hot and dry conditions experienced resulting in low levels of foliar disease.

RESZTLTS: Results are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Winter wheat yields when managed under different fertility and foliar fungicide spray programs.

Growth Stage Yield (Tome/ha) Treatments Auqusta (Monoml) Manasenat Aucmsta Monoml 1 TILT 250EC 40 (38) ICM 4.3~ 3.6a TILT 250% 63 (53)

2 TILT 250% 37 (37) ICM 5.lab 3.2ab 3 TILT 250EC 55 (55) ICM 5.0ab 2.8b 4 TILT 250% 37 (37) ICM 5.2a 3.0ab TILT 250% 55 (55)

5 TILT 250EC 40 (38) CONV 4.7abc 3.2ab TILT 250% 63 (53)

6CHECK COW 4.- 3.4ab 7CHECK ICN 5.lab 3.0ab

CR(31? : Winter and spring wheat.

PEST: Foliar diseases.

TITIE CF PIWElX: Evaluation of foliar fungicides applied t o control foliar diseases of spring and winter wheat.

NPm OF 7 ( S ) AND THEIR XmCY: A.W. Schaafsma, Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ontario.

MISTRAL 750% (fenpropimorph) , TILT 250% (propiconazole) BAYLETON 50W (triadimefon) , FOLICUR 144EC (ethyltrianol) SAN 619F 100SL (cyproconazole) , BRAVO 90DG (chlorothdlonil) , POISWM 80DF (metiram) . Augusta, Monopol, Max and Katepwa cultivars of winter and spring wheat were planted on October 9, 1987 and April 18, 1988, respectively with a 2.3 m wide drill a t a seeding rate of 135 kg/ha. Plots were 1 drill width by 6 m in length with 18 cm row spacing, arranged in a randomized complete block design w i t h 4 replications. Foliar treatmats were applied on:

a) Winter wheat - May 20 (Augusta and faonopol) , June 2 (Augusta), June 7 (Monopol), June 10 (Augusta and Monopol).

b) Spring wheat - June 2 (Max and Katepwa) , June 14 (Katepwa) , June 17 (Max), June 20 (Katepwa) , June 23 (Max) . mlica t ions were made using an Oxford precision hand held sprayer with a 2 m boom fi t ted with 5 f l a t fan (No. 1) nozzles operated a t 276 kPa delivering 250 l/ha. No disease assessrents were made. Yield was taken on August 18 in the winter wheat only from 6 rows X 6 m long out of the centre of the plot. Yields were corrected t o 1 4 % moisture. The season w a s too hot and d r y t o allow the spring wheat t o reach normal yields.

RESULTS: Tab le 1. i l l u s t r a t e s the treatments applied, while Tab l e 2.

a i l l u s t r a t e s the y i e l d s t a k e n .

Table 1. Trea tments applied t o c o n t r o l f o l i a r diseases in wheat.

Trea tments Ra t e Growth S t a g e k g ai/ha Augusta Monopol Max Katepwa

1 MISTRAL 750EC 2 TILT 250EC 3 BAYLETON 50WP 4 BAYLETON 50WP 5 BAYLETON 50WP 6 FOLICUR 144% 7 SAN 619F 1OOSL 8 SAN 619F lOOSL 9 SAN 619F 100SL

1 0 SAN 619F lOOSL 11 TILT 250EC 11 BRAVO 90DG 11 BRAVO 90DG 1 2 BRAVO 90DG 1 2 BRAVO 90DG 13 POLYRAM 80DF 1 4 POLYRAM 80DF 15 POLYRAM 80DF 1 6 BAYLETON 60WP 1 6 POLYRAM 80DF 1 7 TILT 250% 1 7 POLYRAM 80DF 1 8 CHECK

Table 2. Winter wheat y i e l d s of plots treated w i t h foliar applications of SAN 619F 100SL.

Ra t e Growth Yield (Tonnes/ha) Treatments k s ai/ha S t a s e Ausus ta Monoml

2 TILT 250EC 0.125 55 7 SAN 619F lOOSL 0.04 37+55 8 SAN 619F lOOSL 0.06 37+55 9 SAN619FlOOSL 0.08 37+55

1 0 SAN 619F 100SL 0.10 37+55 1 8 CHECK 4.6a 3 .4a

LSD (.05) = Standa rd Dev . = CV - -

CXXCWSIONS: There were no s i g n i f i c a n t differences in y i e l d when SAN 619F was applied as a f o l i a r f ung i c ide . No disease deve loped because of the h o t dry season .

1988 RAINFALL IN I'm

Total 45.5 45.3 15.0 65.8 78.5 74.5 108.0

30 yr. Ave . 85.1 73.2 82.3 83.5 91.1 76.7 55.1

Temperature OC 1988

Mean Max. 13.0 21.5 27.0 31.0 29.0 22.0 12.0

Mean M i n . 3.0 10.0 12.5 17.5 17.5 11.5 4.0

Mean 8.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 23.0 17.0 8.0 a

fungicide and insecticide trials

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