fusion energy powering the xxi century
TRANSCRIPT
Fusion EnergyFusion Energy
Powering the XXI centuryPowering the XXI century
Carlos Matos Ferreira, Carlos Carlos Matos Ferreira, Carlos VarandasVarandas and Duarte and Duarte BorbaBorba
InstitutoInstituto Superior Superior TTéécnicocnico, , LisboaLisboa, Portugal, Portugal
20th International Atomic Energy Agency, Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal
OutlineOutline
•• World Energy ConsumptionWorld Energy Consumption
•• Global WarmingGlobal Warming
•• Advantages of Fusion energyAdvantages of Fusion energy
•• Present machines close to breakevenPresent machines close to breakeven
•• ITER (Next step device)ITER (Next step device)
•• SummarySummary
20th International Atomic Energy Agency, Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal
World populationand energydemand growingrapidly
Predictionssuggest stronggrowth willcontinue
20th International Atomic Energy Agency, Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal
Assuming that theworld populationstabilises at 10 Billion
World energyconsumption willexceed the currentenergy sources
Shortfall must besupplied byalternative sources
20th International Atomic Energy Agency, Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal
World energyconsumption isdominated by the useof fossil fuels
The use of fossil fuelsposes seriousenvironmental problemsdue to emission ofgreenhouse gases to theatmosphere
20th International Atomic Energy Agency, Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal
Average temperature in the northhemisphere at the surface
CO2 concentrationreadings
Temperaturereadings
CO2 datafrom ice
cores
Global warmingis alreadyhappening
There is evidence thatthe main cause ofrecent global warmingis atmosphericpollution
20th International Atomic Energy Agency, Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal
Global temperatureincreases of 1-3degrees is forecasted,depending on theglobal CO2 emissions,in the next 100 years
Natural causes Human Impact
Combined(Natural andHuman impact)
Average globaltemperature atthe surface
Data
Models
Global temperatureincreases of 1-3degrees will have amajor impact on theglobal environment
20th International Atomic Energy Agency, Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal
Number ofdays with
maximumtemperatureabove 35ºC
1961-1990 Optimistic scenario Pessimistic Scenario
Portugal
20th International Atomic Energy Agency, Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal
Sources of Energy in XXISources of Energy in XXI
Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission (Long term, High level (Long term, High level radioactive waste)radioactive waste)
Fossil fuelsFossil fuels (Coal) (Coal) (Green house gas (Green house gas emissions and Global warming)emissions and Global warming)
RenewablesRenewables (Solar,Wind) (not suitable for (not suitable for very large energy demands very large energy demands peak power >>1GWpeak power >>1GW))
Nuclear FusionNuclear Fusion (Safe & low level radioactive (Safe & low level radioactive waste, no atmospheric pollution)waste, no atmospheric pollution)
20th International Atomic Energy Agency, Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal
Deuterium available for millions of years Lithium (to produce Tritium) available forthousands of years
Fuel abundant (available world-wide)
No Greenhouse gases (CO, CO2) and no acid rain(SO2, NO2)
Short life radioactivity (associated with plant activation)No need for transport of activated materials
20th International Atomic Energy Agency, Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal
Progress in fusion canbe compared with thecomputing power andparticle physicsaccelerator energy
Present machines producesignificant fusion power(TFTR 10MW in 1994) and(JET 16MW in 1997)
20th International Atomic Energy Agency, Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal
Present machines areclose to produce fusionenergy comparable withthe energy required tosustain the plasma(breakeven)
Next step devices (ITER)are expected to producesignificantly more fusionenergy than the energyrequired to sustain theplasma (close to Ignition)
20th International Atomic Energy Agency, Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal
NegativeNegative
NeutralNeutral
BeamsBeams
Active MHDActive MHD
StabilisationStabilisationTritiumTritium
TritiumTritium
RemoteRemote
HandlingHandling
PlasmaPlasma
SurfaceSurface
InteractionsInteractions
TungstenTungsten
WallWallLongLong
PulsePulseSpecificity
5 MA3.5 MA2.5 MA7 MA7 MA0.65 MA1.6 MA1.7 MAPlasma
current
4.4 T2.2 T5.2 T5.2 T3.45 T2 T4 T4.5 TToroidal field
3.45 m1.67 m2.48 m2.96 m2.96 m1.75 m1.65 m2.36 mMajor radius
DivertorDivertorLimiterDivertorLimiterDivertorLimiterPlasma
Configuration
JT-60U
(Japan)DIIID (USA)
TFTR
(USA)
(machin
e
closed)
JET
(European
Union in
the UK)
Textor
(Germany)
Asdex-U
(Germany)
Tore Supra
(France)Tokamak
Main Main tokamakstokamaks around the world around the world
20th International Atomic Energy Agency, Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal
2.5%, 0.7T, P
1010Q(PQ(Pfusfus/P/Pinin))
85P (MW)
40-90Paux (MW)
410410PPfusfus (MW) (MW)
15(17)IP (MA)
5.3Bt (T)
20002000flat-top length (s)flat-top length (s)
2a (m)
6.2R (m)
ITER will be a nuclear machine: 1.5 x 1020 neutrons/s
20th International Atomic Energy Agency, Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal
SummarySummary
Presently 2 options exist for large scale energy production in thePresently 2 options exist for large scale energy production in thesecond half of XXI century:second half of XXI century:
Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission (Long term, High level (Long term, High level radioactive waste)radioactive waste)
Fossil fuelsFossil fuels (Coal) (Coal) (Green house gas emissions and global (Green house gas emissions and globalwarming)warming)
RenewablesRenewables cannot provide a solution for the global energyproblem
We need a 3rd option:We need a 3rd option:
Nuclear FusionNuclear Fusion (Safe & low level radioactive waste, no (Safe & low level radioactive waste, no atmospheric pollution)atmospheric pollution)
20th International Atomic Energy Agency, Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal