fusion neutrons from a strong spherical shock wave …design specific/general fusion... · d-d...
TRANSCRIPT
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D-D FUSION NEUTRONS FROM A STRONG SPHERICAL SHOCK WAVE FOCUSED ON A
DEUTERIUM BUBBLE IN WATER
Dr. Michel LabergeGeneral Fusion Inc.
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SONOFUSION
� Sonofusion is making some noise� A bit short in energy, ~mJ in bubble� Concentration of energy in a collapsing cavity
in a liquid is interesting� 1/r velocity, pressure and temperature� Worth considering
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Spherically focused shock wave
� More energy required than the small ultrasound transducer
� More powerful sound wave becomes shock wave
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Advantages of shock wave
� Focusing shock is stable
Defocus, slow down Focus, speed up
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Advantages of shock wave
� All pictures of shocks from our experiment or from other work are very smooth, no bumps or jets. Shocks look nice and stable.
� Shocks can have extreme material velocity� Super Nova explosion� Nuclear explosion� Shocks are cheaper to produce than laser or particle
beam� If atomic liquid (liquid metal), the liquid is not damaged
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Stable cavity collapse?
� Pressure in shock accelerates the dense liquid pushing against the lower density target.
� RT stable?
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Final crunch of cavity
� At the final crunch, the less dense target slows the denser liquid.
� RT unstable for very short time at max compression.
� No worse than laser ICF
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Target
� Target could be inertial confined (ICF)� Target could be a pre-formed magnetized
plasma (MTF)� Simpler is a D-T bubble, but more complex
multi-layered targets could be designed for a higher yield, like laser targets
� A compact torus (spheromak, FRC) could be used for MTF
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MF to MTF to ICF
Magneticfusion
linus Imploding liner
ICFFocused shock
n=1E14 P=1 Bar v=0 km/s t=1 s
n=1E17 P=1 kBar v=0.5 km/s t= 1 ms
n=1E20 P=1 Mbar v=5 km/s t=1 us
n=1E25 P=100 Gbar v=500 km/s t=10 ps
Heat losses due to instability
Extreme powerdensity
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Shock generation
� Electric (electromagnetic, electrothermal)� Cost of pulse power technology is ~2$/J� Rep rate ~1Hz, power supply only is ~2$/W� Max cost for power plan with negligible fuel
cost is ~2$/W to be economical� Piston impact delivers energy in 10 us� Compressed air or steam accelerates pistons� Very low cost, 10 MJ of compressed air 100 k$
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Focused shock driven fusion plant
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Focused shock driven MTF
Spin the liquidto form a vortex And inject a compact Torus (FRC, spheromak)
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Engineering advantages
� All neutrons and other radiation stopped in the liquid
� The liquid re-breeds tritium (lead-lithium liquid alloy for example)
� Low neutron load on reactor structure� Very low cost drivers, low tech reactor� If (big if) the physics works out, could rapidly
lead to economical power generation
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Possible pitfalls
� Symmetry requirements are high, especially for ICF
� Shock losses� Shock losses are deadly for spherical pinch,
but losses in low compressibility liquid metal may be lower than in a compressible plasma
� EOS of materials is not very well known, will make hydro simulations questionable.
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Hydrodynamic simulation
� A small hydro simulation with HYADES to estimate possible fusion yields of small scale demonstration experiments predicts 1E-5 to 1E7 neutrons depending on the water EOS table used.
� Definitively need more simulation both for ICF and MTF.
� Any hydro simulation scientists interested???
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Experiment
� Develop a shock generator� Piston impact will require fancy servo control
system to have suitably small time jitter� Not enough resources now� Electric discharges are easier to time right� First try spark-array igniting explosive gas
mixture
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Experiment
� Acoustic impedance mismatch between exploding gas and liquid is too high
� Spark-array itself makes a nice shock in air
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Cylindrical set-up
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Cylindrical machine power supply
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Cylindrical shock in air
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Cylindrical shock in air
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Cylindrical shock in water
� Spark-array did not work in water. Only one array fired and took all the energy.
� Changed to exploding aluminum foils by passing high current in them
� Worked well
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Cylindrical shock and plasma
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Naked sphere
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Sphere
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Sphere open
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Spark gap switch
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Capacitor bank
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Ultrasound water degassing
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Spherical mill
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Aluminum foil spirals
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Blown foil
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Plastic scintillator
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Shielded plastic scintillator
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Shielded liquid scintillator
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Bubble tracked by two cameras
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Sphere specification
� Diameter: 16 cm� Surface accuracy: 20 um� Capacitor: 32 X 1.9 uF=60.8 uF� Max voltage: 60 kV� Max energy: 100 kJ� Timing accuracy between 32 foils: <5 ns� Ringing time: 11 us
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Sphere specification
� Energy transfer time: 90% of energy in 5 us� Max Power, current: 20 GW, 700 kA� Experiment so far ran at: 38 kV, 9 GW, 400 kA� Deuterium bubble diameter: 100 um<D<6 mm� Bubble pressure: 0.4 psi to 160 psi� Bubble centering: +/- 30 um� Bubble spherical to better than 7 um
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Detectors
� 5 x 5 x 7.5 = 187 cm3 plastic scintillator� 1.8 MeV gamma Compton edge at 150 mV� D=12.5 cm, L=7.5 cm, 920 cm3 NE213 liquid
scintillator� 1.8 MeV gamma Compton edge at 840 mV� Liquid scintillator can do pulse shape
discrimination (PSD). Neutrons produce longer pulses than gamma rays
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AmBe PSD with analogue NIM
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AmBe and Y88 PSD from digital traces from oscilloscope
AmBe and Y88 scatter plot
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10000
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0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Fraction of energy in the tail
Inte
gra
ted
pu
lse
inte
nsi
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AmBey88
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Results, 5 out of 8 shots in Deuterium gave a signal
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Deuterium results
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Deuterium results
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Deuterium results
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Deuterium results
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4 out 4 shots with hydrogen gave no signal
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Hydrogen results
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Hydrogen results
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All signals on a plot
All counts
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1 7 13 19 25 31 37 43 49
time (us)
Pu
lse
hei
gh
t (m
V)
Series3Series2Series1
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PSD of fusion results
AmBe and Y88 scatter plot
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0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Fraction of energy in the tail
Inte
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AmBey88fusion 10.8 usfusion 17 us
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Results
� Signal above background� Particularly 3 signals at 10.7 +/- 0.1 us is very
unlikely� One would expect a quick neutrons peak, what
are the later counts?� Water thermalizes some neutrons, they diffuse
for many us, they are absorbed by water and steel and emit delayed gamma rays
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Monte Carlo Simulation
� The delayed gammas are predicted by a neutrons and gammas transport code (MCNP)
� It predicts more neutrons than gammas, we seem to see more gammas than neutrons
� All fast neutrons arrive simultaneously, average neutron count is small. So our neutron peak may be many neutrons at the same time
� From this code and assumption, our best shot gave a fusion yield of 5E4
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Interpretation
� The signal at 10.7 us is many neutrons at the same time from D-D fusion
� The later signals are gammas from thermal neutron absorption
� 10.7 us correspond to an average shock speed of Mach 5.
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Review of the data
� We sent out the data to be reviewed by experienced scientists
� They were not convinced� One proposed to try to measure shock arrival
time in center, it should be 10.7 us if interpretation of the signal is correct
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Shock arrival time measurement
Coaxial cable withsmall aluminumfoil just above centerconductor. Shock closesthe contact.
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Shock timing
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Shock arrival time
� The shock seems to arrive at 52.8 us, that is within experimental error Mach 1
� Not compatible with fusion signal at 10.7 us� Possible problem with the shock damaging the
cable and switch before the shock arrives giving the wrong timing
� Possibly correct, therefore no fusion signal
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Future plan
� Try to detect neutrons in present set-up� Hydro simulation (anybody interested??)� If promising, build a bigger experiment� Cost ~5 M$� Energy 10 MJ� Time to build 2-3 years
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Next phase
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