fusione nucleare 17_05_11

La fusione termonucleare controllata

Paolo Bettini

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica (DIE)Università degli Studi di Padova

-Consorzio RFX

Associazione EURATOM-ENEA sulla Fusione

Padova - 17 maggio 2011

Fusione Nucleare a Confinamento MagneticoLa ricerca verso una nuova fonte di energia

Paolo Bettini (DIE, Università di Padova)

Padova, 17 Maggio 20112

Fusion basics - magnetic plasma confinement



Fusion basics - heating the plasma



Fusion basics – plasma diagnostics



Fusion basics – real time control



JET - Joint European Torus, Culham Science Centre (UK)



RFX (Padua, Italy)Raggio maggiore R 2 mRaggio minore a 0.46 mMax Corrente di plasma 2 MAMax Campo magnetico toroidale applicato

0.7 T

Durata impulso 0.5 s



ITER (Cadarache, France)



ITER “figures”

10

Units

ITER DEMO

Plasma major radius m 6.2 8.6

Plasma minor radius m 2.0 2.9

Plasma volume m 3 840

Plasma current MA 15.0 28.0

Maximum toroidal field T 5.3 6.9

Fusion power MW 500 3600

Pulse duration s > 400 steady state

Energy gain factor Q - > 10 13.5

Costs (10 years) € 10109 ? -



ITER “figures”

11

ITER’s mass:

~23000 t

28 m diameter x 29 m tall

Charles de Gaulle mass:

~38000 t (empty)

856 ft (261 m) long

The ITER Tokamak will weigh 23 000 tons. The metal contained in the Eiffel Tower (7 300 tons) can't compare...the ITER Tokamak will be as heavy as three Eiffel Towers. Approximately 1 million components

will make up the machine.



ITER “figures”

12

VV & In-vessel components mass:~8000 t

19.4 m outside diameter x 11.3 m tall

Eiffel Tower mass:

~7300 t324 m tall



ITER “figures”

13

Mass of (1) TF Coil: ~360 t

16 m Tall x 9 m Wide

Boeing 747-300: ~377 t(Maximum Takeoff Weight)

Every one of the ITER Tokamak's 18 D-shaped Toroidal Field coils will weigh 360 tons. They will arrive individually by boat, and be transported along the ITER Itinerary on radio-controlled transporters. 360 tons is

the approximate weight of a fully loaded Boeing 747-300 airplane.



ITER “figures”

14

• 80 000 km of niobium-tin (Nb3Sn) superconducting strands will be necessary for ITER's Toroidal Field magnets. Manufactured by suppliers in six ITER Domestic Agencies — China, Europe, Japan, Korea, Russia and the USA — production began in 2009 and will continue through 2013.

• 80 000 kilometres (over 400 tons) represents a significant increase in the worldwide production of this multifilament wire which was estimated, before ITER production, at a maximum of 15 tons per year.

Niobium-tin (Nb3Sn) superconducting strands . Source: ITER



ITER “figures”

15

The main feature of the 180-hectare ITER site in Cadarache, Southern France, is a man-made level platform that was completed in 2009, which required the removal of 2.5 million m³ of earth and rubble. This 42-hectare

platform measures 1 kilometre long by 400 metres wide, and compares in size to 60 soccer fields.



Recent research acivities at a glance

• RFX – 2D non linear plasma equilibrium code (FEM)– Plasma current real time feedback control system– MHD mode real time feedback control system

• ITER– Plasma magnetic boundary identification procedure– Neutral Beam Injector (NBI) system (Padua) – NBI High Voltage Transmission Line analysis



RFX – 2D non linear plasma equilibrium code (FEM)

VACUUM VESSEL

ALUMINIUMSHELL

TF COIL

MECHANICALSTRUCTURE

MA

CH

INE

AX

IS



RFX – plasma current control

RC

uC

+

LC

RT

RM

LM

iC

iM

LPF

iPF

RV

RP

LP

iP

uP

+

0

disturbo su RP

URs

URs

[tt_PC UPC]

UPCATm

UVs

IPs

IPFs

IMs

RV

RV

RPs

RPs

IP

delta_RP

URP

RP

RP non lineare

UC

IPF

IM

IC*RT

PCAT

x' = Ax+Bu y = Cx+Du

Modello monospira

emu




# 27552



RFX – MHD mode control



ITER - plasma magnetic boundary identification procedure



ITER – Neutral Beam Injector (NBI) system (Padua, Italy)

400/22 kVsubstation

Research Center “Città della Speranza”

RFX substation: 400/21.6 kV – 2 x 50 MVA transformersThe power to feed the NBI facility (80 MVA) is available at the site

ITER NBI

R&D FacilityNBI

RFX



ITER - NBI High Voltage Transmission Line analysis



LINKS

• INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS – ITER: http://www.iter.org/

– Fusion for Energy (F4E): http://fusionforenergy.europa.eu/

– International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): http://www.iaea.org/

– The EFDA-JET Web site: http://www.jet.efda.org/

• ITALY– Association EURATOM ENEA Consorzio RFX (Padua): http://www.igi.cnr.it/

– Association EURATOM ENEA Frascati: http://www.fusione.enea.it/index.html.en

fusione nucleare 17_05_11

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