FUTURE BIODIESEL RESEARCH IN INDONESIA

SONI SOLISTIA WIRAWANInstitute for Engineering and Technology System Design, BPPT(Engineering Center – BPPT)

BPPT Bldg. II, 6th FloorsJl. M.H. Thamrin 8, Jakarta, 10340Telp : 021-3915536-37, 3168240Fax : 021-3915535Email address : soni@webmail.bppt.go.idhttp://ec.bppt.go.id

Asian Science and Technology SeminarJakarta, 8 March 2007

OUTLINE

1. INTRODUCTION- Background- Biodiesel Contribution On Fuel Substitution (2010)- Current Biodiesel Utilization- Biodiesel Industry Stages

2. BIODIESEL R&D ACTIVITY IN INDONESIA3. BIODIESEL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY4. FUTURE RESEARCH TOPICS5. CONCLUSION

1. INTRODUCTION1. INTRODUCTION

SKEM A M O D EL PENG U S AH AAN P AN AS B U M ISKEM A M O D EL PENG U S AH AAN P AN AS B U M I Deteriorating air quality in major cities eg. JakartaIndonesian fossil energy resources is limited

Abundant BiofuelRaw Material

GOVERNMENT POLICY ON BIOFUEL PROGRAM

In recent years the popularity In recent years the popularity of of biodieselbiodiesel has increased has increased dramatically in Indonesia.dramatically in Indonesia.

BackgroundBackground

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FOSSIL ENERGY RESOURCESAround 63% of the Indonesian’s final energy demand is still depend on oil (more than 60% for transportation sector) (DESDM, 2005)

Proven reserve of oil is about 9 billion barrels and with an average production rate of 500 million barrels per year, the reserve will be exhausted in 18 years (DESDM, 2005)

Diesel fuel consumption in 2002 reached 24.2 million liters, 40% are imported (US Embassy, 2004)

The increase of the international crude oil and fuel price has become a burden to the state budget, due to the subsidizing policy of fuel products. If the current crude oil price stays at around US$60 per barrel, for example, Indonesia has to provide around IDR 89 trillion just for fuel subsidy (Prihandana, 2006)

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AIR POLUTION PROBLEMS

Air quality of major cities in Indonesia has been deteriorating especially in the city of Jakarta (Wirahadikusumah, 2003).

One of the main contributor of the increases of air pollutant is the transportation sector

Ambient air quality monitoring results suggest that NOx , CO and THC are a serious problem in almost all areas of Jakarta. PM10 may be considered as a problem in certain areas and motor vehicles are a major contributor of NOx, PM10, CO and THC emission (more than 70% of each parameter) (Syahril et al., 2002)

Implementation of International emission standard (Euro)

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BIODIESEL CONTRIBUTION ONFUEL SUBSTITUTION (2010)

FUEL

TRANSPORTATION (31,7 Million kL)

ELECTRICITY (7,6 Million kL)

KEROSENE (10 Million kL)

PREMIUM (18,529Million kL)

ADO/”SOLAR”(12,4 Million kL)

BIOETANOL BIODIESEL BIO OIL

3,8 Million kL

CASSAVA11 Million tons

JATROPHA OIL3,84 MIllion tons

1 Million kL

MOLASSES600 Million tons

PALM OIL30,2 Million tons

RAW MATERIAL

1,24 Million kL4,8 Million kL

1,85 Million kL

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CURRENT BIODIESEL UTILIZATIONNational Biodiesel Standard No. SNI 04-7182-2006 has been issuedregulation of B10 has been issued by the Directorate General Oil and Gas PERTAMINA has been formally selling B5 with the trade name BIOSOLAR

Projected BIOSOLAR market penetration

Region 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

SumateraMedan, Pekanbaru, Palembang, Lampung

0.00 1.15 2.30 4.00 5.20

JavaDKI +Jabotabek, Bandung, West Java, East Java + Bali

1.08 4.60 9.20 13.80 15.60

Sulawesi 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.60

Kalimantan 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 2.50

Papua/Maluku 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.78

Projected BIOSOLAR and FAME demand estimation

Consumption 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

BIOSOLAR 1.08 5.75 11.5 20 25.68

FAME 0.05 0.29 0.58 1.00 1.28

Projected BIOSOLAR and FAME demand estimationIn million KL

Source : Pertamina, 2006

Obstacles : Biodiesel producer : Limited number of current biodiesel (FAME)

producers which could met the requirement (fuel grade standard, production capacity, experience, product continuity)

Price : FAME price is tend to increase and passing

the MOPS price ( eg. price of FAME at 10 August 2006 = 108% price of Gas Oil MOPS)

Biodiesel still classified as other fuel which is not include in the subsidized fuel category (Price of biodiesel is economical prize and must compete with subsidized conventional fossil diesel fuel)

BIODIESEL INDUSTRY STAGES

RetailBlendingTransportationProductionPlantation End Customer

Downstream Upstream

Transportation

Transportation

Industry

CHALLENGES :Finding technology (for each stages) which could get more competitive biodiesel fuel price

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2. BIODIESEL R&D ACTIVITY IN INDONESIA

• 1996, LEMIGAS (Oil and Gas Institute), in cooperation with Pertamina (a state own oil company), has tested biodiesel blended with automotive diesel oil (ADO) at a ratio of 30:70 for commercial diesel engine vehicle in 1996 (Legowo, 2005). Currently, Lemigas specializes in the testing methods for biodiesel fuel properties.

• ITB (Bandung Institute of Technology) has focused its research and development on macroeconomic studies of biodiesel, developing technology for jatropha oil extraction and its conversion to methyl ester. The institute is also focusing on standardization of fuels and on diesel engine test series. The pilot scale biodiesel plant with the capacity of 150 L product per batch was developed by ITB.

• Department of Agriculture has worked on biodieselfor several years. Its BB-Mektan (Agricultural Mechanization Research Center) has tested the performance of various blending of biodiesel and ADO on the 5.5 KW stationary diesel engines (Handaka and Agung Hendriardi, 2005). PPKS Medan has also carried out research on biodiesel production from palm oil. In cooperation with ITB, they have conducted road test Java-Sumatra in 2004 which covered a total distance of 2,020 km (Reksowardojo et al., 2005).

• IPB (Bogor Institute of Agriculture, BPPT Biotechnology Center, Puslitbangbun (Center for Plantation Research and Development, Department of Agriculture) now have actively research in the field of farming technology.

On Farm Technology (Biotech Center – BPPT)Biotech Center BPPT has developed another method of vegetative propagation on some woody plant, including Jatrophacurcas, which is known as ex vitro culture.

Fig. 1. Cutting of apical shoots; rooting after day-7

Fig. 2. Net house which covering65% of sun light

Fig. 3. Plantlet with perfect rooting Fig. 4. Jatropha plantlets ready for planting

in the field

This method adopted the in vitromicropropagation system outside glass vessels. In this method, rooting was induced directly from the apical shoots of plants, after some treatments, and then producing new plantlets. The plantlet derived from this method can directly acclimatize into the green house. Using this method, the plantlets can be produced in larger number compare to conventional stem cuttings.The ex vitro propagation is a relatively low-cost and simple method to propagate the plant with the same quality as the plantlet produced from in vitromicropropagation.

Refining and Processing Technology(Engineering Center – BPPT)

Lab scale biodiesel production (400 L)

Engineering design and fabrication of 1.5 ton/day capacity biodiesel plant (Modularised, skid mounted and movable)

EPC of Biodiesel Pilot,Capacity of 8 ton/hari

EPC of Biodiesel Pilot Plant lCapacity of 3 ton/day

Basic Design and Engineering of BiodieselPlant Cap. 30.000 ton/year

Source : Lurgi

2001 2002 2003

20042006

QUALITY PRODUCT TESTING(Engineering Center – BPPT)

PRODUCT SPECIFICATION

TEST

SOCIALIZATION

PERFORMANCE TEST

ROAD TEST

PRODUCTION AND PROCESS OPTIMATION

PRODUK MEET NATIONAL STANDARD

Variation of raw material:CPO standard (FFA < 5 %)CPO off grade (FFA 5-

20%)Waste CPO (FFA 20-70 %)PFAD, CFAD (FFA > 70 %)RBDPORBDPSUsed Cooking OilJatropha Oil

COMMERCIAL

2006

2002

2005

2005

2001

Refining and Processing Technology(Other Institutions)

ITB (Bandung Institute of Technology), 150l/batch

Engineering Center – BPPT : 8 tons/day Biodiesel pilot plantLocation:Pangkalan Baru, Kab. Kampar, Riau

Cap. 100 kg seed/hr(Enginering Center – BPPT)

Filter Press

Clean Oil

DegummingTank

JatrophaOil

Product

Refining and Processing Technology(Jatropha Oil Extraction Plant)

ITB, Jathropa CurcasMilling Units

Jathropa CurcasMilling Units

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3. BIODIESEL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

• Biodiesel = diesel fuel which contents of methyl/ethyl esters from fatty acids

• Common reaction :

Glycerides/ Fatty Acids

+ Methanol/ Ethanol

catalyst

25 – 80 C

Methyl/Ethyl Ester of Fatty Acids

(Biodiesel)

+ Glycerol

Palm OilCoconut OilPalm Kernel OilAnimal fatJatropha OilMoringa/Kelor Seed OilEtc.

Natural Oil from IndonesiaBiodiesel product depend on raw material and process quality

BIODIESEL PRODUCT QUALITY IS DEPEND ON RAW MATERIAL AND PROCESS QUALITY

Cetane number, iodine number, cloud point : depend on the fatty acid composition of each raw materialKinematic viscosity, Flash point , Acid number, Ester content, Free glycerol, Total glycerol, Phosphorous content, Sulfur content, Ash content (sulfated ash), and Water and sediment :depend on the processing quality level

BIODIESEL PRODUCTION :• CATALYTIC PROCESS (Low Pressure, Low Temperature, Alkaline

Catalyst, Acid Catalyst, Enzymatic)• NON-CATALYTIC PROCESS

– High Pressure, High temperature– Low Pressure, High temperature

THE CURRENT BIODIESEL PROCESSING IN INDONESIA :• CATALYTIC PROCESS (Low Pressure, Low Temperature) using

Alkaline and Acid Catalyst• Basic Consideration :

– Easier to be handled by operator on minimum requirement skill – Can be constructed in small up to medium capacity (< 15 ton/day)– High domestic local content

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4. FUTURE RESEARCH TOPICSOn Farm Technology (high quality seeding, higher land productivity and

various aspects in the plantation)

Characterization of Indonesian indigenous biodiesel raw materials to meet the standardized biodiesel product.

Stability test for biodiesel (methyl esters) made of Indonesian Indigenous raw materials

Biodiesel additive for pour point depressant

Application of Membrane for biodiesel purification

Material compatibility test for engine component using biodiesel blend (BXX) up to B100

High performance reactor (consistent product quality, reliable and cost effective in production (Lower methanol loss and Lower usage of catalyst))

Glycerol processing to produce more valuable product

Integration of Biodiesel Plant, Oil Mill, Biomass Power plant, Methanol plant Back to Outline

Characterization of Indonesian indigenous biodiesel raw materials to meet the

standardized biodiesel product.

• Indonesia has more than 40 fatty-oil producing plant species

• Objective :– to obtain the characteristic of those raw materials – To select the suitable process to convert them into

methyl esters to meet the biodiesel standard– To assess the degree of economic feasibility for each

raw material

ABUNDANT (BIODIESEL) RAW MATERIALName Latin name Oil Source Content, %-b kr P / NP

Randu alas Bombax malabaricum Biji 18 – 26 NP

Seminai Madhuca utilis Inti biji 50 – 57 P

Siur (-siur) Xanthophyllum lanceatum Biji 35 – 40 P

Tengkawang. Terindak Isoptera borneensis Inti biji 45 – 70 P

Bidaro Ximenia Americana Inti biji 49 – 61 NP

Bintaro Cerbera manghas/odollam Biji 43 – 64 NP

Bulangan Gmelina asiatica Biji ? NP

Cerakin/Kroton Croton tiglium Inti biji 50 – 60 NP

Kampis Hernandia peltata Biji ? NP

Kemiri cina Aleurites trisperma Inti biji ? NP

Nagasari (gede) Mesua ferrea Biji 35 – 50 NP

Sirsak Annona muricata Inti biji 20 – 30 NP

Srikaya Annona squamosa Biji 15 – 20 NP

Note : kr ≡ dry; P ≡ edible fat/oil, NP ≡ nonedible fat/oil. (Source, Soerawidjaja, 2005)

ABUNDANT (BIODIESEL) RAW MATERIAL

Name Latin name Oil Source Content, %-b kr P / NP

Jarak pagar Jatropha curcas Inti biji 40 – 60 NP

Sawit Elais guineensis Sabut + dg buah 45-70 + 46-54 P

Kapok/randu Ceiba pentandra Biji 24 – 40 NP

Kelapa Cocos nucifera Daging buah 60 – 70 P

Kecipir Psophocarpus tetrag. Biji 15 – 20 P

Kelor Moringa oleifera Biji 30 – 49 P

Kusambi Sleichera trijuga Daging biji 55 – 70 NP

Nimba Azadirachta indica Daging biji 40 – 50 NP

Saga utan Adenanthera pavonina Inti biji 14 – 28 P

Akar kepayang Hodgsonia macrocarpa Biji ≈ 65 P

Gatep pait Samadera indica Biji ≈ 35 NP

Kepoh Sterculia foetida Inti biji 45 – 55 NP

Ketiau Madhuca mottleyana Inti biji 50 – 57 P

Nyamplung Callophyllum inophyllum Inti biji 40 – 73 NP

Note : kr ≡ dry; P ≡ edible fat/oil, NP ≡ nonedible fat/oil. (Source, Soerawidjaja, 2005)Back to topics

Stability test for biodiesel (methyl esters) made of Indonesian Indigenous raw materials

• JAMA (Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association) representativehas shown that problems were found in the automobile components that have contact with the fuel, related to the fuel’s stability

• Such biodiesel tests however have never been conducted thoroughly on biodiesel derived from Palm oil or Jatropha Curcas Oil.

• It is necessary to carry out such test to further ensure biodieselcustomers and to maintain the infant biodiesel program in Indonesia

• Objective :– to obtain the stability of the biodiesel derived from indigenous

raw materials against the factors such as storage, oxidation, temperature and humidity

– to find alternative measures such as suitable anti oxidants to maintain its stability, as well as economic feasibility providing such measures

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PALM OIL MILL BIODIESEL PLANT

TBS CPO

GLYCERINEPURIFICATION

BIOGAS PLANT

METHANOL PLANT

BIOMASSGASIFICATION

APRPROCESS

CATALYST RECOVERY

BIOMASS

High Quality Biodiesel Product

INTEGRATED BIODIESEL PLANT

PLANTATION

Empty Bunch

Shell

Biomass (boiler) Power

Plant

Biogas Plant

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5. CONCLUSIONIn recent years the popularity of In recent years the popularity of biodieselbiodiesel has increased dramatically in Indonesia.has increased dramatically in Indonesia.Limited number of biodiesel producer, price of raw material and biodiesel still classified as other fuel are the main obstacles in the utilization of biodieselcommerciallyChallenges : To obtain the technology (for each stages : from raw material preparation, processing, storage, transportation) which could get more competitive biodiesel fuel price

Current development : Catalytic process :Low Pressure, low Temperature, using Alkaline and Acid CatalystRaw material : CPO, RBDPO, PFAD, Jatropha curcas, coconut, CFAD, used cooking oilSmall up to medium capacity plant (3.000 t/y constructed, 30.000 t/y)

Future Research Topics :On Farm TechnologyTo find other alternatif biodiesel raw material other than palm, jatropha and coconutBiodiesel stability testHigh quality and performance biodiesel product (high CN, low pour point, additive)Application of Membrane for biodiesel purificationMaterial compatibility test for engine component using biodiesel blend (BXX) up to B100High performance reactor (low cost production, low methanol, low catalyst, shorter time reaction)Glycerol processing to produce more valuable productIntegration of Biodiesel Plant, Oil Mill, Biomass Power plant, Methanol plant

END

Thank You….