Future directions in Future directions in computingcomputing

Проект по английскому языкуПроект по английскому языку

Выполнил: Жеков Виктор,Выполнил: Жеков Виктор,

ученик 9 Б классаученик 9 Б класса

Руководитель: М.А. Борисенко, Руководитель: М.А. Борисенко, учитель английского языка учитель английского языка

Future directions in computingFuture directions in computing

Quantum computingQuantum computing

A quantum computer is a theoretical deviceA quantum computer is a theoretical device

thatthat would make use of the properties of quantum would make use of the properties of quantum

mechanics, the realm of physicsmechanics, the realm of physics that deals that deals

with energy and matter at atomicwith energy and matter at atomic scales. scales.

In a quantum comIn a quantum compputer data is not processeduter data is not processed

by electrons passing through transistors, by electrons passing through transistors,

as is the case in today's computers, but by as is the case in today's computers, but by

caged atoms known as quantum bits or Qubits. caged atoms known as quantum bits or Qubits.

This allows a quantum computer to work through This allows a quantum computer to work through

many problems and arrive at their solutions many problems and arrive at their solutions

simultaneously.simultaneously.

SpintronicsSpintronics

SpintronicsSpintronics

Spintronics, also known as magnetoelectronics, Spintronics, also known as magnetoelectronics, IsIs a technology that harnesses the spin of particles, a technology that harnesses the spin of particles, a property ignored by conventional electronics.a property ignored by conventional electronics.

By using the spin of particlesBy using the spin of particles scientists believe scientists believe they can unlock almost infinite computing power.they can unlock almost infinite computing power. It is called spin because the maths for dealing with It is called spin because the maths for dealing with it is similar to the maths for a spinning ball. An electronit is similar to the maths for a spinning ball. An electron always has spin and it can be spinning one of two always has spin and it can be spinning one of two different ways: up or down. Basic spintronic devices different ways: up or down. Basic spintronic devices are already used in today's computers. are already used in today's computers.

DNA computingDNA computing

DNA computing, commonly called DNA computing, commonly called

biomolecular computing, is anbiomolecular computing, is an

emergingemerging field that uses DNA andfield that uses DNA and

biochemistry instead of silicon-based biochemistry instead of silicon-based

electronicselectronics..

The first proof-of-concept use of DNAThe first proof-of-concept use of DNA

to perform computation was carried to perform computation was carried

out by Professor Leonard Adleman at out by Professor Leonard Adleman at

the University of Southern California in the University of Southern California in

1994. The original goal of the field was to1994. The original goal of the field was to

use biomolecules to beat electronicuse biomolecules to beat electronic

computers at solving large complex problems. computers at solving large complex problems.

Organic electronicsOrganic electronics

Silicon is expensive and complex Silicon is expensive and complex to to produce,produce, requiring clean rooms requiring clean rooms and precise manufacturing and precise manufacturing techniquestechniques in plants that can cost billions of dollars.in plants that can cost billions of dollars.This means they are currently out of reach This means they are currently out of reach for low-cost products. But organic polymers, for low-cost products. But organic polymers, a class of substancesa class of substances that are used to that are used to make everything from bin bags tomake everything from bin bags to solar solar panels, could offer a solution. Highly panels, could offer a solution. Highly conductiveconductive polymers were first discovered polymers were first discovered in the early 1960s and are already used in the early 1960s and are already used in some electronic devices. In 2004, in some electronic devices. In 2004, electronics giant Philips announced electronics giant Philips announced a concept flexible displaya concept flexible display..

Chemical computingChemical computingChemical computing is an unconventionalChemical computing is an unconventionalapproach to computation that uses a "soup" approach to computation that uses a "soup" where data is represented by different where data is represented by different concentrations of chemicalsconcentrations of chemicals

Chemical computers can exploit several differentChemical computers can exploit several different kinds of reaction to carry out the computation. kinds of reaction to carry out the computation. Dr Andrew Adamatzky of the University of West Dr Andrew Adamatzky of the University of West England works on another type. "I am dealing England works on another type. "I am dealing oonlynly with reaction-diffusion computing," he with reaction-diffusion computing," he explains.explains. "This type of computation exploits "This type of computation exploits waves travelling through a beaker ofwaves travelling through a beaker of chemicals chemicals to carry out useful calculations. These wavesto carry out useful calculations. These waves are the information carriersare the information carriers in the computer. in the computer. They are created by triggeringThey are created by triggering chemical chemical reactions in the soup at specific points."reactions in the soup at specific points."

Optical computingOptical computing

Computers exploit the movement orComputers exploit the movement oraccumulation of electrons to do useful accumulation of electrons to do useful calculations. These movements down tinycalculations. These movements down tiny wires are the reason why PCs become sowires are the reason why PCs become so hot. hot. "We are dissipating huge amounts of "We are dissipating huge amounts of power in chips right now," said Professor Stan power in chips right now," said Professor Stan Williams of computer firm Hewlett Packard.Williams of computer firm Hewlett Packard. A potential solution would be to use particlesA potential solution would be to use particles of light - photons instead of electrons to moveof light - photons instead of electrons to move information around and between chips.information around and between chips. Experiments are going on in academic Experiments are going on in academic institutions, firms such as IBM and eveninstitutions, firms such as IBM and even the American space agency Nasa. the American space agency Nasa.