fxg n d !alse hq hmti.nict.go.jp/mti_symposium/mti-handbook/top/h20/mti_handboo… · mti-handbook...
TRANSCRIPT
MTI-HandBook MTI->NhVkgN*}
fXg$N(d=!AlSe<HQ,WhNRpA[ Vi: Znn0! (q)KO&fj) ]
q)KO&fj! Znn0
1 O8aK
$uQ0KX9k/\VQMkJIPCCKNh
4!spq, 2007/Kx+5l"1970/eJ_
NO=N9H=OMVh0K/x9kbNG"k
H[\Gj5l?#l}G"9<zL$NN}C
K<CF.XwJbY 10A50kmK&fVwJbY
50A90kmK,(d=9k3Hb"OeJX&f
TNVGOh/NilF$k#7+7".Xw&
fVw,(d=9ka+K:`KD$FOU0H
NilF$J$#\F0>tGO".Xw&fV
wN(d=a+K:`KD$F"9<zLNb@
KHolkJ,=bGkrQ$F"KOJ1J"
J*+D"kxYjL*Jb@rn_k#e>t
GO".Xw&fVwN(d=KX9kG7N&
f0~H"nKQ,NE@Wm8'/H&fNl
DH7FJailF$kl$j<i$@<WhK
D$FRp9k#
2 Oeg$N9Y=$
Oeg$O"$9Nt>{[N5iKhCF<
+iP.wJbY 0A10kmK".XwJbY 10A
50kmK"fVwJbY 50A90kmK".w&E%
wJbY 90kmJeKK,`5lkJ^ 1K#3N
h&J$9Nt>,[rnjP7F$kGgNW
?. 20 /Y MTI &fq 5$(s9;C7gs
c© Mesosphere Thermosphere Ionosphere (MTI)
Research Group, Japan
xO"@[+iN|M"ZSOe+HN|MG"
k#gKDkhK(Mk.<r}D@[|MO"
Oeg$r)a7"O=G[}5lk#@[|M
KhCFHail?O=OgKV0~rMP9k#
g$OV0~KP7FOT)@J?a"V0~r
[}7"1~KMP9k#>K.;,J1lP"
V0~N[}HMP,`jg&9Y,"=Ng$
XN$9HJk#.Xw&fVwK*$FO"*
>sd@G,RKhk@[+iNg0~N[}K
<&C.,n[9k?a"V0~Hg0~NP}
rM87?|M?U,aw*K.)7F$k#g
0~[}KhkC.,Gbg-/JkN,.Xw
&LJ.XwHfVwN-\KG"kJ^ 1K#B
]KO"3liN|M}YKC(F"P.wG"
lPP.h0dmQ,OqpK<&."wHex
$NEkK<&x.r|".XwG"lPRaL
[DNt>.K<&G.C.&dQ"fVwGO
3lKC(F=X?~K<&[.&/.JIrM
89k,W,"k#
3 J,=9<zLbGk
(d=rb@9k?aNP/@H7F"GbJ
1JbGkJ^ 2KrQ$F9<zLKD$FM
(k#g$XJBXKO"@[|MO)a5;k
,"9<zL$NKhjO=+iN|Mr[}(
f G[}7"1~KMP( f GMP9kJ-kR
[CUN!'K#l}"O=LJAX=LKO@[
+iN|MHg$X+iN|Mr[}7"O=L
X – 1
MTI-HandBook MTI->NhVkgN*}
^ 1: Khg$N9Y=$#
9YTANuN|Mr9k#3NH-"O=L"*
hSg$XK*1k|M?UO!0G=5lk#
O=L'Fs(1 − A)
4+ fσT 4
B = σT 4
A (1)
g$X'fσT 4
A = 2fσT 4
B (2)
O=L9Y TA"g$X9Y TB KD$Fr/H
TA =
[
Fs(1 − A)
4σ(1 − f/2)
]1/4
(3)
TB = 2−1/4· TA (4)
Fs (=1370 W m−2):@[jt"A(=0.30):"kY
I"σ(=5.67 × 10−8 W) HJk#g$X,5$
Jf = 0KH-KO TA = 255KJ≈ −18nKG"
k,"f = 0.77H9kH TA = 288KJ≈ 15nK
HJj"B]KQ,5lkOeN?Q$9HlW
9k#>TN9,9<zLG"k#^?"9<z
L$NN}CKhj f NM,}g9kH"O=L
9Y TA"g$X9Y TBNP},e:9k#0T
^ 2: J,=9<zLbGk#
,O=LN9H="eT,P.wN9H=Kjv
9k#
33GmU,,WJNO"O=LN9H=Hg
$XN9H=GOa+K:`,[Jk@G"k#
O=LN9H=O"9<zL$NN}CKhCF
g$XNMP("ZSMPL,}g9k3HGz
-/35lk#l}"O=L9YNe:K<CF
O=+iN|M,}g9kH"g$XKhCF[
}5lk|M,}C9k#g$XGO"[}LN
}C,rMPLr}d93HGj&9k?a"k
LH7F9Y,e:9k#
4 .Xw&fVwN(d=
!K"^ 2NBX,.Xw&fVwKjv9k
lgrM(k#.Xw&fVwGOV0|MN[
}&MPN>K"g0~N[}dG.C.&dQK
<&/$.;JQK,8_9k#7?,CF".
Xw&fVwK*1k.}YO!0G=5lk#
fσT 4
A + Q = 2fσT 4
B (5)
.Xw&fVwN9<zL$N,}C7"f, f +
∆f K".Xw&fVwN9Y TB , TB + ∆TB
KQ=7?H9kH"!Nh&J?UuV,.j
)D#
(f+∆f )σT 4
A+Q = 2(f+∆f )σ(TB+∆TB)4 (6)
X – 2
MTI-HandBook MTI->NhVkgN*}
?@7".Xw&fVwNg$)YOP.wKf
YF 1eJe.5/"wX*|_,=,v$?a"
<XN9Y TAO'h+i+?OeNyAuN9
YKjv7"aWH9k#>0N9rHj"∆r
^` 1!N`N_rD9H"J<NX80,@i
lk#
∆TB ≈
T 4
A − 2T 4
B
8fT 3
B
∆f = −
Q
8fσT 3
B
·
∆f
f(7)
D^j"9<zL$N,}CJ∆f > 0K9kH"
Q > 0JC.KG"lP.Xw&fVwO(d=
J∆TB < 0K7"Q < 0JdQKG"lP9H=
J∆TB > 0K9k#.Xw&fVwGO*>sd
@G,RNg0~[}Khj[HsINNhG
Q > 0JC.KHJk?a"e0hj(d=9k
3HKJk#3N(d=O"[}(N}CK<&
C.hjb"MP(N}CK<&dQN},!k
?aK/3k#
33GmU7J1lPJiJ$N,"P.wN
9H=rj&9k?aK.Xw&fVw,(d=
9kNGOJ/".Xw&fVwG9<zL$N,
}C9k+i.Xw&fVw,(d=9kH$&
3HG"k#3lKX7F"Sigmond et al. [2004]
,Lr$bGkB3rTCF$k#`iO"P.
wGN_s@=:Gr\}5;?lgH.Xw&
fVwGN_s@=:Gr\}5;?lgK"=
l>lg$,INh&J~zr(9+r4Y?#
=NkL"P.wNs@=:G}COP.wrC
.9kl}G.Xw&fVwKO>\OFA7J
$3H".Xw&fVwNs@=:G}CO.X
w&fVwrdQ9kl}GP.wKO[HsI
FA7J$3Hr(7?#
^?"J7K0hjC.JQKNg-$H3m[
I/$(d=,/3kHM(ilk#B]"*>
sNg0~[}KhkC.,Gbg-$.Xw
&LGO"(d=N9T<I,Gb.$ [IPCC,
2007; WMO, 2006; Randel et al., 2009]#l}"
OeeGGbc9HJkFKfVw&LJ^ 1K
GO"g0~[}KhkC.r/$e:.K<&
G.dQGj&9k?a"[HsI(d=7J$
HM(ilk#7+7"fVwJ&LKK*1k
b:YN9YQ,O;Q*Kq7/"9|Ko?
kQ,G<?b/J$?a"=,JZrO@il
F$J$ [Beig et al., 2003; Beig, 2006]#
5iK"e-NV0|M}YNQ=K<&9H
=&(d=@1GJ/"=lJ0N.;JQKN
Q0K/x9k9H=&(d=b8_9k#UN
nK<t.XwGO"1980/e+i 2000/"K
+1F"*>s[<kNHgK<CF*>sKh
kg0~[},:j"^cJ(d=,/3C?#
nK<t.XwN*>s:/K<&(d=O"9
<zL$NN}CK<&(d=hjbg-+C?
3H,sp5lF$k [WMO, 2006]#
5 .Xw&fVwN(d=,Z\9
FA
nK<t.XwN(d=O".Xw>w8'C
H$.JKk8'CHKr/=9k#=N70J
k,P.w^G<jF/k3HG"P.w>w
8'CH$.,/=5l"J*+DK&K7UH
9k#3lO"nK60HFPlkKhHf^Y
hHN$5N7<=<,/=5lk3HKjv9
k#=NkL"O=UaGOKhG(d="f^
YhG9H=9kHM(ilF$k [Thompson
and Solomon, 2002]#l}G"*>s[<kNs
|K<$"nK<t.Xw,`7m9H=9kh
&KJkH"UKP.w8'CH,c^Y&K\
07"KhG9H=,/3kH9kbb"k [Son
et al., 2008]#
fVwN(d=O"FKfVw&L><N6c
9hK=lkKfVw@J^ 3KN/8QYr}
C5;kD=-,"k#KfVw@O":HW?
J0KQ,5l?-?OJ/"fVwN(d=K
<CF=lkh&KJC?HM(ilk3H+i"
$uQ0N+Jj"HbFPlF$k [Thomas,
1996]#a/GO"L^ 40YUaGbKfVw@
,Q,5l?c,"k [Taylor et al., 2002],"=
NBVd8.a+K:`O=,KOr@5lF$
J$#
^?".Xw&fVw,(d=9kH"*>s
X – 3
MTI-HandBook MTI->NhVkgN*}
^ 3: KfVw@JPhoto by H. NilssonK#
Nwr%?~,^)5l".Xw&fVwN*>
sr}C5;kD=-,"k [WMO, 2006]#=
N>Kb".Xw&fVw,(d=K<CF}L
9kH"=NeK"kE%XNbY,<,C?j"
.w&E%wN)Y,:/7FM)R1Nw?,
dSkD=-JIbX&5lF$k [Roble and
Dickinson, 1989]#
6 l$j<i$@<Wh
nKQ,hVII|f|WhNE@Wm8'/H
&fQ,GO"3l^GQ,T=NhG"C?f
et.Xw&<tfVwN9YQ,rD=K9k
l$j<i$@<N_VrWh7F$k#a/N
R1Q,;QN/#Khj".Xw&fVwK*
1k4e9YQ,OB\5lkh&KJC?,"
~V&bY,r=Nb$G<?r@kKO"l$
j<i$@<rQ$?OeQ,,,\G"k#\
WhGO"LokVN_D=Jl$j<i$@<
Q,rkVGbT(kh&K9k?aNPvd"
sV`nH5MQ,rD=K9k?aN;Q*!
$rTCF$k#^?"F(KOKfVw@+i
N_<6pr,j9k3HG"KfVw@N6k
q$b4Yk=jG"k#l$j<i$@<O"
2010/P/Nh 52!FbGN<BpOXN_V"
ZS?Q+Or=j7F$k#
2M8%
Beig, G., P. Keckhut, R. P. Lowe, R. G.Roble, M. G. Mlynczak, J. Scheer, V. I.Fomichev, D. Offermann, W. J. R. French,M. G. Shepherd, A. I. Semenov, E. E. Rems-berg, C. Y. She, F. J. Lubken, J. Bremer,B. R. Clemesha, J. Stegman, F. Sigernes,and S. Fadnavis, Review of mesospheric tem-perature trends, Rev. Geophys., 41, 1015,doi:10.1029/2002RG000121, 2003.
Beig, G., Trends in the mesopause region tem-perature and our present understanding=anupdate, Phys. Chem. Earth, 31, 3-9, 2006.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), Climate Change 2007: The Physi-cal Science Basis: Contribution of WorkingGroup I to the Fourth Assessment Report
X – 4
MTI-HandBook MTI->NhVkgN*}
of the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange, edited by S. Solomon et al., Cam-bridge Univ. Press, New York, 2007.
Randel, W. J., K. P. Shine, J. Austin, J.Barnett, C. Claud, N. P. Gillett, P. Keck-hut, U. Langematz, R. Lin, C. Long, C.Mears, A. Miller, J. Nash, D. J. Seidel, D.W. J. Thomposon, F. Wu, and S. Yoden,An update of observed stratospheric temper-ature trends, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D02107,doi:10.1029/2008JD010421, 2009.
Roble, R. G., and R. E. Dickinson, How willchanges in carbon dioxide and methane mod-ify the mean structure of the mesosphere andthermosphere? Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 1441-1444, 1989.
Sigmond, M., P. C. Siegmund, E. Manzini, andH. Kelder, A simulation of the separate cli-mate effects of middle-atmospheric and tropo-spheric CO2 doubling, J. Climate, 17, 2352-2367, 2004.
Son, S.-W., L. M. Polvani, D. W. Waugh, H.Akiyoshi, R. Garcia, D. Kinnison, S. Pawson,E. Rozanov, T. G. Shepherd, and K. Shibata,The impact of stratospheric ozone recovery onthe southern hemisphere westerly jet, Science,320, 1486-1489, 2008.
Taylor, M. J., M. Gadsden, R. P. Low, M. S. Zal-cik, and J. Brausch, Mesospheric cloud obser-vations at unusually low latitudes, J. Atmos.Sol. Terr. Phys., 64, 991-999, 2002.
Thomas, G. E., Is the polar mesosphere theminerGs canary of global change? Adv. SpaceRes., 18, 149-158, 1996.
Thompson, D. W. J., and S. Solomon, Interpre-tation of recent southern hemisphere climatechange, Science, 296, 895-899, 2002.
World Meteorological Organization (WMO),Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2006,Rep. 47, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006.
X – 5