fyp-rfid navigation with voice

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External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We owe profound acknowledgement to all those persons who made this project successful. We present the names of those people whom we were very much grateful. We would like to express most sincere feelings to all those people who were involved in our project work.

Any omissions are regretted.

We express our sincere thanks to the Principal Dr.G.DurgaPrasad ,Head of the DepartmentProfMrs.Hymavathi,For giving us the opportunity to do project at chip craft without whose blessings it would not have been possible for us to carry out this treatise work.

We express our deep sense of gratitude to Miss .Anusha(Asst Professor), Internal guide and her team for their help through provoking discussions invigoration suggestions extended to us with immense care, throught out work.

.It gives us the immense please to acknowledgement sincere thanks to our project

guide Mr.Srinivas(Asst Manager)Chip Craft, Somarouthu Technologiesfor their able guidance and valuable suggestions.

Last but not the least ,we would like to thank all of our parents for supporting us financially and college who made us to complete this project work very successfully.

CONTENTS

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PAGEABSTRACT i

List of Figures ii List of Tables ii

CHAPTER:11.1Introduction 11.2 History 2

CHAPTER:2

Literature Survey

2.1 Hardware Components

2.1.1 Voice chip APR9600 52.1.2 Microcontroller AT89C52 82.1.3 RFID Reader SR90C 132.1.4 LM386 142.1.5 RF Transmitter 152.1.6 RF Reciever 18

2.2 Software Requirements

2.2 .1 Keil Software-Introduction 202.2.2 Directiv categories 212.2.3 Language Extensions 25

CHAPTER:3

RFID Technology3.1 Introduction 263.2 RFID Tag 293.3 RFID Reader 323.4 Difference Between Barcode & RFID 353.5 Indoor navigation system through RFID 37

CHAPTER:4




Block diagram of RFID Navigation system through voice

4.1 General Block Diagram 404.2 Project Block Diagram 414.3 Description 424.4 Circuit Diagram 434.5 Flow Chart 44

APPLICATIONS 45

FUTURE SCOPE 46

CONCLUSION 47

SOURCE CODE 48

BIBLIOGRAPHY 52




LIST OF FIGURES

PAGE

Fig 2.1.1(a) Pin out of APR9600 6

Fig 2.1.1(b) Block Diagram of APR9600 7

Fig 2.1.2 Pin Diagram of P89V52 10

Fig 2.1.4 LM 386 amp circuit 20dbgain 15

Fig 3.1(a) RFID System 26

Fig 3.1(b) RFID Working 28

Fig 3.2 RF Tags 30

Fig 3.3 RF Reader 33

Fig 3.4 Block diagram of general RFID system 34

Fig 3.4(a) Transfer Of Data 38

Fig 3.4(b) Routing by tactile system & RF tags 39

Fig 4.1 Block Diagram 40

Fig 4.2 Block Diagram 41

Fig 4.3 Circuit Diagram 43

Fig 4.4 Flow Chart 44

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1.2 Port 3 description of P89v51 11




ABSTRACT

“Radio-frequency identification (RFID)” is a technology, which includes wireless data

capture and transaction processing. Proximity (short range i.e., Access control applications)

and Vicinity (long range i.e., Track and trace applications) are two major application areas

where RFID technology is used.

Simply, Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a generic term that is used to describe a

system that transmits the identity (in the form of a unique serial number) of an object or

person wirelessly, using radio waves. It is grouped under the broad category of automatic

identification technologies. RFID technology provides a more granular visibility for

industrial assets and inventory thereby offering a strategic advantage to the business.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a generic term that is used to describe a system

that transmits the identity (in the form of a unique serial number) of an object or person

wirelessly, using radio waves. It's grouped under the broad category of automatic

identification technologies. This system consists of antenna or coil, transceiver with decoder

(RFID reader), transponder (RF tag) electronically programmed with unique information.

RF tag is applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of

identification and tracking using radio waves. Some tags can be read from several meters

away and beyond the line of sight of the reader. In addition, RFID is increasingly used with

biometric technologies for security.

In this project tags are deployed at different locations in an indoor environment, a RFID

reader is interfaced to the Microcontroller (P89v51) to read the location of each tag. The

location found is played with a voice chip interfaced to micro controller for assisting blind

person.




`CHAPTER -1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Major of the modern world’s communication is carried out on by the radio waves. So

Radio waves play a vital role in the sectors of communication.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a means of identifying a person or object

using a radio frequency transmission. The technology can be used to identify, track, sort or

detect a wide variety of objects. Communication takes place between a reader and a

transponder (tag). Tags can either be active (powered by battery) or passive (powered by the

reader field), and come in various forms. Some variants of tags and readers are shown RFID

Tag and RFID Reader respectively. The communication frequencies used depends to a large

extent on the application, and range from 125kHz to 2.45 GHz. Regulations are imposed by

most countries (grouped into 3 Regions) to control emissions and prevent interference with

other Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) equipment.

In recent years automatic identification procedures (Auto ID) have become very

popular in many service industries, purchasing and distribution logistics, industry,

manufacturing companies and material flow systems. Automatic identification procedures

exist to provide information about people, animals, goods and products.

The omnipresent barcode labels that triggered a revolution in identification systems

some considerable time ago, are being found to be inadequate in an increasing number of

cases. Barcodes may be extremely cheap, but their stumbling block is their low storage

capacity and the fact that they cannot be reprogrammed.

The technically optimal solution would be the storage of data in a silicon chip. The

most common form of electronic data carrying device in use in everyday life is the chip card

based upon a contact field (telephone chip card, bank cards). However, the mechanical

contact used in the chip card is often impractical. A contactless transfer of data between the

data carrying device and its reader is far more flexible.




In the ideal case, the power required to operate the electronic data carrying device

would also be transferred from the reader using contactless technology. Because of the

procedures used for the transfer of power and data, contactless ID systems are called RFID

systems (Radio Frequency Identification)

1.2. HISTORY

It’s generally said that the roots of radio frequency identification technology can be traced

back to World War II. The Germans, Japanese, Americans and British were all using radar—which

had been discovered in 1935 by Scottish physicist Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt—to warn of

approaching planes while they were still miles away.

The Germans discovered that if pilots rolled their planes as they returned to base, it would

change the radio signal reflected back. This crude method alerted the radar crew on the ground that

these were German planes and not Allied aircraft ,this is, essentially, the first passive RFID system.

Leo’n Theremin gave an idea about RFID in 1946.

Harry Stockman first to invent RFID in 1948.

Mario Cardullo’s is considered as the first true ancestor of modern rfid

from 1973.

CharlesWalton abbreviated RFID as “Radio Frequency Identification” in

1983.

Actual RFID commercial use came in to existence only after 1990s.

In the early 1990s, IBM engineers developed and patented an ultra-high frequency (UHF)

RFID system. UHF offered longer read range (up to 20 feet under good conditions) and faster data

transfer. IBM did some early pilots with Wal-Mart, but never commercialized this technology. When

it ran into financial trouble in the mid-1990s, IBM sold its patents to Intermec, a bar code systems

provider.

Intermec RFID systems have been installed in numerous different applications, from

warehouse tracking to farming. But the technology was expensive at the time due to the low volume

of sales and the lack of open, international standards.

Over time, companies commercialized 125 kHz systems and then moved up the radio

spectrum to high frequency 13.56 MHz, which was unregulated and unused in most parts of the



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world. High frequency offered greater range and faster data transfer rates. Companies, particularly

those in Europe, began using it to track reusable containers and other assets. Today, 13.56

MHzRFID systems are used for access control, payment systems Mobile Speed pass and

contactless smart cards. They’re also used as an anti-theft device in cars. A reader in the steering

column reads the passive RFID tag in the plastic housing around the key. If it doesn’t get the ID

number it is programmed to look for, the car won't start.

In the early 1990s, IBM engineers developed and patented an ultra-high frequency UHF RFID

system. UHF offered longer read range up to 20 feet under good conditions and faster data transfer.

IBM did some early pilots with Wal-Mart, but never commercialized this technology. When it ran into

financial trouble in the mid-1990s, IBM sold its patents to Intermec, a bar code systems provider.

Intermec RFID systems have been installed in numerous different applications, from

warehouse tracking to farming. But the technology was expensive at the time due to the low volume

of sales and the lack of open, international standards.

UHF RFID got a boost in 1999, when the Uniform Code Council, EANInternational, Procter &

Gamble and Gillette put up funding to establish the Auto-ID Center at the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology.

Two professors there, David Brock and Sanjay Sarma, had been doing some research into the

possibility of putting low-cost RFID tags on all products made to track them through the supply chain.

Their idea was to put only a serial number on the tag to keep the price down (a simple microchip that

stored very little information would be less expensive to produce than a more complex chip with

more memory). Data associated with the serial number on the tag would be stored in a database that

would be accessible over the Internet.

Sarma and Brock essentially changed the way people thought about RFID in the supply chain.

Previously, tags were a mobile database that carried information about the product or container they

were on with them as they traveled. Sarma and Brock turned RFID into a networking technology by

linking objects to the Internet through the tag. For businesses, this was an important change, because

now a manufacturer could automatically let a business partner know when a shipment was leaving the

dock at a manufacturing facility or warehouse, and a retailer could automatically let the manufacturer

know when the goods .

Between 1999 and 2003, the Auto-ID Center gained the support of more than 100 large end-user

companies, plus the U.S. Department of Defense and many key RFID vendors. It opened research labs

in Australia, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Japan and China. It developed two air interface

protocols Class 1 and Class 0, the Electronic Product Code (EPC) numbering scheme, and network

architecture for looking up data associated on an RFID tag on the Internet. The technology was










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licensed to the Uniform Code Council in 2003, and the Uniform Code Council createdEPCglobal, as a

joint venture with EAN International, to commercialize EPC technology. The Auto-ID Center closed

its doors in October 2003, and its research responsibilities were passed on to Auto-ID Labs.

Some of the biggest retailers in the world—Albertsons, Metro, Target, Tesco, Wal-Mart and the U.S.

Department of Defense have said they plan to use EPC technology to track goods in their supply

chain. The pharmaceutical, tire, defense and other industries are also moving to adopt the

technology. EPCglobal ratified a second-generation standard.

RFID becomes reality

The 1960s were the prelude to the RFID explosion of the 1970s. R.F. Harrington

studied the electromagnetic theory related to RFID in his papers including “Theory of Loaded

Scatterers” in 1964. Inventors were busy with RFID-related inventions such as Robert

Richardson’s “Remotely activated radio frequency powered devices,” and J. H. Vogelman’s

“Passive data transmission techniques utilizing radar echoes.”Commercial activities were

beginning in the 1960s. Sensor matic and Check point were founded in the late 1960s. These

companies, with others such as Knogo developed electronic article surveillance (EAS)

equipment to counter the theft of merchandise.

These types of systems are often use 1-b tags; only the presence or absence of a tag

could be detected, but the tags could be made inexpensively and provided effective antitheft

measures .These types of systems used either microwave or inductive technology.

EAS is arguably the first and most widespread commercial use of RFID. Tags

containing multiple bits were generally experimental in nature and were built with discrete

components. While single-bit EAS tags were small, multi bit tags were the size of a loaf of

bread, constrained in size by the dictates of the circuitry.

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http://www.epcglobalinc.org/


CHAPTER - 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

2.1.1 Voice Chip APR9600

General Description

The APR9600 device offers true single-chip voice recording non-volatile storage, and

playback capability for 40 to 60 seconds. The device supports both random and sequential

access of multiple messages. Sample rates are user-selectable, allowing designers to

customize their design for unique quality and storage time needs. Integrated output amplifier,

micro phone amplifier, and AGC circuits greatly simplify system design. The device is ideal

for use in portable voice recorders, toys, and many other consumer and industrialapplications.

APLUS integrated achieves these high levels of storage capability by using its

proprietary analog/multilevel storage technology implemented in an advanced Flash non-

volatile memory process, where each memory cell can store 256 voltage levels. This

technology enables the APR9600 device to reproduce voice signals in their natural form. It

eliminates the need for encoding and compression, which often introduce distortion.

Functional Description

The APR9600 block diagram is included in order to give understanding of the

APR9600 internal architecture. At the left hand side of the diagram are the analog inputs. A

differential microphone amplifier, including integrated AGC, is included on-chip for

applications requiring its use. The amplified microphone signal is fed into the device by

connecting the Ana_Out pin to the Ana_In pin through an external DC blocking capacitor.

Recording can be fed directly into the Ana_In pin through a DC blocking capacitor, however,

the connection between Ana_In and Ana_Out is still required for playback. The next block

encountered by the input signal is the internal anti-aliasing filter.




The filter automatically adjusts its response according to the sampling frequency

selected so Shannon’s Sampling Theorem is satisfied. After anti-aliasing filtering is

accomplished the signal is ready to be clocked into the memory array. This storage is

accomplished through a combination of the Sample and Hold circuit and the analog

Write/Read circuit. These circuits are clocked by either the Internal Oscillator or an external

clock source. When play back is desired the previously stored recording is retrieved from

memory, low pass filtered, and amplified as shown on the right hand side of the diagram.

Pin out diagram of APR9600

Fig 2.1.1(a) Pin out diagram of APR9600

The signal can be heard by connecting a speaker to the SP+ and SP- pins. Chip-wide

management is accomplished through the device control block shown in the upper right hand

corner. Message management is controlled through the message control block represented in

the lower centre of the block diagram. More detail on actual device application can be found

in the Sample Applications section. More detail on sampling control can be found in the

Sample Rate and Voice Quality section. More detail on message management and device

control can be found in the Message Management section




Block Diagram of APR9600

Fig 2.1.1(b) Block Diagram of APR9600

Features

• Single-chip, high-quality voice recording & playback solution- No external ICs required- Minimum external components

• Non-volatile Flash memory technology- No battery backup required

• User-Selectable messaging options- Random access of multiple fixed-duration messages- Sequential access of multiple variable-durationMessages

• User-friendly, easy-to-use operation- Programming & development systems not required- Level-activated recording & edge-activated playback switches

• Low power consumption- Operating current: 25 mA typical- Standby current: 1 uA typical- Automatic power-down




2.1.2 MICROCONTROLLER AT89C51

A computer-on-a-chip is a variation of a microprocessor, which combines the

processor core (CPU), some memory, and I/O (input/output) lines, all on one chip. The

computer-on-a-chip is called the microcomputer whose proper meaning is a computer using a

(number of) microprocessor(s) as its CPUs, while the concept of the microcomputer is known

to be a microcontroller. A microcontroller can be viewed as a set of digital logic circuits

integrated on a single silicon chip. This chip is used for only specific applications.

ADVANTAGES OF MICROCONTROLLER:

A designer will use a Microcontroller to

1. Gather input from various sensors

2. Process this input into a set of actions

3. Use the output mechanisms on the Microcontroller to do something useful

4. RAM and ROM are inbuilt in the MC.

5. Multi machine control is possible simultaneously.

6. ROM, EPROM, [EEPROM] or Flash memory for program and operating parameter

storage.

Examples:

8051,

89C51 (ATMAL),

PIC (Microchip),

Motorola (Motorola),

ARM Processor,




Applications: Cell phones, Computers, Robots, Interfacing to two pc’s.

AT89C51 MICTROCONTROLLER:

Description:

The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with

4Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is

manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is

compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash

allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile

memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip,

the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer, which provides a highly-flexible and

cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

AT89c51 features:

1. 8-bit Microcontroller with 4K Bytes Flash

2. Compatible with MCS-51™ Products

3. 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 1,000

Write/Erase Cycles

4. Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz

5. Three-level Program Memory Lock

6. 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM

7. 32 Programmable I/O Lines

8. Two 16-bit Timer/Counters

9. Six Interrupt Sources

10. Programmable Serial Channel

11. Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes




Pin diagram of AT89C51 MICROCONTROLLER

Fig 2.1.5(a) Pin Diagram of AT89C51

Pin Description:

The AT89C51 micro controller is a 40-pin IC. The 40th pin of the controller is Vcc

pin and the 5V dc supply is given to this pin. This 20 th pin is ground pin. A 12 MHZ crystal

oscillator is connected to 18th and 19th pins of the AT 89c51 micro controller and two 22pf

capacitors are connected to ground from 18th and 19th pins. The 9th pin is Reset pin.

VCC: Supply voltage.

GND: Ground.

Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can

sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high

impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data

bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull-

ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code

bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.




Port 1:Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output

buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled

high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are

externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1

also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output


high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. Port 2 In this application, it uses

strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses

8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.

Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash

programming and verification.

Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output


high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are

externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also

serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:

Port PinAlternate Functions

P3.0 RXD (serial input port)

P3.1 TXD (serial output port)

P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)

P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)

P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)

P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)

P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)

P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)

Table 2.1.5 - Port3 description of AT89C51 Microcontroller




RST: Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running

resets the device.

ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address

during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during

Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the

oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note,

however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory. If

desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set,

ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly

pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the micro controller is in external

execution mode.

PSEN: Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the

AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each

machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external

data memory.

EA/VPP: External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device

to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note,

however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should

be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt

programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt

VPP.

XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating

circuit.

XTAL2: It is the output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.




2.1.3 RFID Reader SR90c

SR90C is a compact and cost-effective contactless reader and writer which supports

ISO14443 A and Mifare cards, operates by proximity to the card and causes no friction, thus

prolonging the life of the smart card. It has no moving parts, thereby considerably reducing

maintenance and recurring cost.

SR90C can be easily integrated into any PC based applications,existing data

collection applications such as portable terminals,ticketing, vending machine or access

control.

SR90C designed, developed and manufactured by M/s ParamountTechnologies for

fast integration into different embedded systemsand PC applications.

Technical Specification

Read / Write Distance : Reading range upto 50mm ( optionally upto 75mm

Communication Speed : Upto 115,200 kbps Compatible : With ISO 14443 A and Mifare® Cards Operating Frequency : 13.56 MHz Interface : Serial RS232 interface Operating Temp. range : 0ºC - 70ºC Power LED : Red Operation LED Buzzer : Green Activity Buzzer Additional Ouput : TTL output for Relay operation on 12 volts Power supply : External Adaptor 9V DC / 1A Physical Dimensions : L=120mm x 60mm x 35 mm Unit Weight : 214 grams ( Excluding adaptor ) Operating System Support : Windows98, ME, XP, LInux, embedded

devices




2.1.4 LM 386:

The LM386 circuit is an audio amplifier designed for use in low voltage consumer applications. The

gain is internally set to 20 to keep external part count low, but the addition of an external resistor and

capacitor between pins 1 and 8 will increase the gain to any value from 20 to 200.The inputs are

ground referenced while the output automatically biases to one-half the supply voltage. The quiescent

power drain is only 24 milliwatts when operating from a 6 volt supply, making the LM386 ideal for

battery operation.

LM386 circuit features

Battery operation

Minimum external parts

Wide supply voltage range: 4V–12V or 5V–18V

Low quiescent current drain: 4mA

Voltage gains from 20 to 200

Ground referenced input

Self-centering output quiescent voltage

Low distortion: 0.2% (AV = 20, VS = 6V, RL = 8Ω, PO = 125mW, f = 1kHz)

Available in 8 pin MSOP package

LM386 circuit applications

AM-FM radio amplifiers

Portable tape player amplifiers

Intercoms

TV sound systems

Line drivers

Ultrasonic drivers

Small serv




Power converters

LM 386 series output power (Pout)

LM386N-1, LM386M-1 at VS = 6V, RL = 8ohms, THD = 10% is 250-325 mW

LM386N-3 at VS = 9V, RL = 8ohms, THD = 10% is 500-700 mW

LM386N-4 at VS = 16V, RL = 32ohms, THD = 10% is 700-1000 mW.

LM 386 amp circuit 20dB gain

LM386 Audio Amplifier with Gain = 20 and minimum part count.

2.1.5 RF TRANSMITTER:

In electronics and telecommunications a transmitter an electronic device which, with

the aid of an antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself generates a radio

frequency alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this

alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves. In addition to their use in broadcasting,

transmitters are necessary component parts of many electronic devices that communicate



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by radio, such as cell phones, Wifi and Bluetooth enabled devices,garage door openers, two-

way radios in aircraft, ships, and spacecraft, radar sets, and navigational beacons.

The term transmitter is usually limited to equipment that generates radio waves

for communication purposes; or radiolocation, such as radar and navigational transmitters.

Generators of radio waves for heating or industrial purposes, such asmicrowave

ovens or diathermy equipment, are not usually called transmitters even though they often

have similar circuits.

The term is popularly used more specifically to refer to transmitting equipment used

for broadcasting, as in radio transmitter or television transmitter. This usage usually includes

both the transmitter proper as described above, and the antenna, and often the building it is

housed in.

An unrelated use of the term is in industrial process control, where a "transmitter" is a device

which converts measurements from a sensor into a signal, and sends it, usually via wires, to

be received by some display or control device located a distance away.

WORKING OF RF TRANSMITTER:

A radio transmitter is an electronic circuit which transforms electric power from a battery

or electrical mains into a radio frequency alternating current, which reverses direction millions to

billions of times per second. The energy in such a rapidly-reversing current can radiate off a

conductor (the antenna) as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). The transmitter also

"piggybacks" information, such as an audio or video signal, onto the radio frequency current

to be carried by the radio waves.

When they strike the antenna of a radio receiver, the waves excite similar (but less

powerful) radio frequency currents in it. The radio receiver extracts the information from the

received waves. A practical radio transmitter usually consists of these parts:

A power supply circuit to transform the input electrical power to the higher voltages needed

to produce the required power output.

An electronic oscillator circuit to generate the radio frequency signal. This usually generates

a sine wave of constant amplitude often called the carrier wave. In most modern transmitters



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wave

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_receiver

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_power

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_control

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_transmitter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_transmitter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diathermy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_oven

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_engineering

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_phone

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this is a crystal oscillator in which the frequency is precisely controlled by the vibrations of

a quartz crystal.

A modulator circuit to add the information to be transmitted to the carrier wave produced

by the oscillator. This is done by varying some aspect of the carrier wave. The

information is provided to the transmitter either in the form of an audio signal, which

represents sound, a video signal, or for data in the form of a binary digital signal.

In an AM (amplitude modulation) transmitter the amplitude (strength) of the carrier

wave is varied in proportion to the audio signal.

In an FM (frequency modulation) transmitter the frequency of the carrier is varied by the

audio signal.

In an FSK (frequency-shift keying) transmitter, which transmits digital data, the

frequency of the carrier is shifted between two frequencies which represent the two

binary digits, 0 and 1.

Many other types of modulation are also used. In large transmitters the oscillator and

modulator together are often referred to as the exciter.

An RF power amplifier to increase the power of the signal, to increase the range of the

radio waves.

An impedance matching (antenna tuner) circuit to match the impedance of the transmitter

to the impedance of the antenna (or the transmission line to the antenna), to transfer

power efficiently to the antenna. If these impedances are not equal, it causes a

condition called standing waves, in which the power is reflected back from the

antenna toward the transmitter, wasting power and sometimes overheating the

transmitter.

In higher frequency transmitters, in the UHF and microwave range, oscillators that operate

stably at the output frequency cannot be built. In these transmitters the oscillator usually

operates at a lower frequency, usually a submultiple of the output frequency, and

this intermediate frequency (IF) is multiplied to get a signal at the output frequency

by frequency multipliers.



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_multiplier

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_frequency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrahigh_frequency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_line

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_impedance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_tuner

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedance_matching

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_amplifier

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_signal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_signal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wave

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulator

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_crystal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_oscillator


2.1.6 RF RECEIVER:

A radio receiver is an electronic circuit that receives its input from an antenna, uses electronic

filters to separate a wanted radio signal from all other signals picked up by this

antenna, amplifies it to a level suitable for further processing, and finally converts

through demodulation and decoding the signal into a form usable for the consumer, such as

sound, pictures, digital data, measurement values, navigational positions, etc.

Early broadcast radio receiver--wireless Truetone model from about 1940

In consumer electronics, the terms radio and radio receiver are often used specifically for

receivers designed for the sound signals transmitted by radio broadcasting services.

TYPES OF RF RECEIVERS:

Various types of radio receivers may include:

Consumer audio and high fidelity audio receivers and AV receivers used by

home stereo listeners and audio and home theatre system enthusiasts.

Communications receivers , used as a component of a radio communication link, characterized

by high stability and reliability of performance.

Simple crystal radio receivers also known as crystal set, which operate using the power

received from radio waves.



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_radio_receiver

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_communication

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_receiver

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_theatre_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AV_receiver

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_fidelity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_broadcasting

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_electronics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoding

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demodulation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_amplifier

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_filter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_filter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics


Satellite television receivers, used to receive television programming from communication

satellites in geosynchronous orbit.

Specialized-use receivers such as telemetry receivers that allow the remote measurement

and reporting of information.

Measuring receivers also are calibrated laboratory-grade devices that are used to measure

the signal strength of broadcasting stations, the electromagnetic interference radiation

emitted by electrical products, as well as to calibrate RF attenuators and signal generators.

Scanners are specialized receivers that can automatically scan two or more discrete

frequencies, stopping when they find a signal on one of them and then continuing to scan

other frequencies when the initial transmission ceases. They are mainly used for

monitoring VHF and UHF radio systems.

Internet radio device



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_radio_device

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanner_(radio)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_receiver

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_satellite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_satellite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_television


2.2 SOFTWARE REQUIRMENTS

2.2.1 KEIL SOFTWARE

INTRODUCTION

An assembler is a software tool designed to simplify the task of writing computer programs. It translates symbolic code into executable object code. This object code may then be programmed into a microcontroller and executed. Assembly language programs translate directly into CPU instructions which instruct the processor what operations to perform. Therefore, to effectively write assembly programs, you should be familiar with both the microcomputer architecture and the assembly language.

Assembly language operation codes (mnemonics) are easily remembered. You can also symbolically express addresses and values referenced in the operand field of instructions. Since you assign these names, you can make them as meaningful as the mnemonics for the instructions.

For example, if your program must manipulate a date as data, you can assign it the symbolic name DATE.

If your program contains a set of instructions used as a timing loop (a set of instructions executed repeatedly until a specific amount of time has passed), you can name the instruction group TIMER_LOOP.

An assembly program has three constituent parts:

1. Machine instructions2. Assembler directives3. Assembler controls

A Machine instruction is a machine code that can be executed by the machine. It is

the set of machine executable instructions.

Assembler directives are used to define the program structure and symbols, and

generate non-executable code (data, messages. etc.). Assembler directives instruct the




assembler how to process subsequent assembly language instructions. Directives also provide

a way for you to define program constants and reserve space for variables.

Assembler controls set the assembly modes and direct the assembly flow. Assembler

controls direct the operation of the assembler when generating a listing file or object file.

Typically, controls don’t impact the code that is generated by the assembler. Controls can be

specified on the command line or within an assembler within an assembler source file.

2.2.2 DIRECTIVE CATEGORIES:

The Ax51 assembler has several directives that permit you to define symbol values,

reserve and initialize storage, and control the placement of your code. The directives should

not be confused with instructions. They do not produce executable code, and with the

exception of the DB, DW and DD directives, they have no direct effect on the contents of

code memory. These directives change the state of the assembler, define user symbols, and

add information to the object file.

The following table provides an overview of the assembler directives. Page refers to

the page number in this user’s guide where you can find detailed information about the

directive.

BIT 114 symbol BIT bit address Define a bit address in bit data space.

BSEG 111 BSEG [AT absolute address] Define an absolute segment within the bit address

space.

CODE 114 symbol CODE code_addressAssign a symbol name to a specific address in the

code space.

CSEG 111 CSEG [AT absolute address] Define an absolute segment within the code address

space.

DATA 114 symbol DATA data_addressAssign a symbol name to a specific on-chip data

address.




DB 119 [label:] DB expression [, expr…] Generate a list of byte values.

DD 121 [label:] DD expression [, expr…] Generate a list of double word values.

DBIT 122 [label:] DBIT expression Reserve a space in bit units.

DS 123 [label:] DS expression Reserve space in byte units.

DSB 124 [label:] DSB expression Reserve space in byte units.

DSD 124 [label:] DSD expression Reserve space in double word units.

DSEG 111 DSEG [AT absolute address] Define an absolute segment within the indirect

internal data space. Shaded directives and options are available only in AX51 and A251.

DSW 125 [label:] DSW expression Reserve space in word units; advances the location

counter of the current segment.

DW 120 [label:] DW expression [, expr…] Generate a listof word values.

END 136 END Indicate end of program.

EQU 113 EQU expression Set symbol value permanently.

EVEN 134 EVEN Ensure word alignment for variables.

EXTRN 131

EXTERN EXTRN class [:type] (symbol[,…])

Defines symbols referenced in the current module that are defined in other modules.

IDATA 114 symbol IDATA idata_addressAssign a symbol name to a specific indirect

internal address.

ISEG 111 ISEG [AT absolute address] Define an absolute segment within the internal data

space.




LABEL 129 name [:] LABEL [type] Assign a symbol name to an address location within a

segment.

LIT 116 symbol LIT ‘literal string’ Assign a symbol name to a string.

NAME 132 NAME modulname Specify the name of the current module.

ORG 133 ORG expression Set the location counter of the current segment.

PROC 127

ENDPname PROC [type] name ENDP

Define a function start and end.

PUBLIC 130 PUBLIC symbol [, symbol…] Identify symbols which can be used outside the

current module.

RSEG 110 RSEG seg Select a relocatable segment.

SEGMENT 106 seg SEGMENT class [reloctype][alloctype]

Define a relocatable segment.

SET 113 SET expression Set symbol value temporarily

sfr,116

sfr16

sbit

sfr symbol = address;

sfr16 symbol = address;

sbit symbol = address;

Define a special function register (SFR) symbol or a SFR bit symbol.




USING 134 USING expression Set the predefined symbolic register address and reserve

space for the specified register bank.

XDATA 114 symbol XDATA xdata_addressAssign a symbol name to a specific off-chip

data address.

XSEG 111 XSEG [AT absoluteaddress] Define an absolute segment within the external data

address space.

Shared directives and options are available only in AX51 and A251.

The directives are divided into the following categories:

_Segment Control

Generic Segments: SEGMENT, RSEG

Absolute Segments: CSEG, DSEG, BSEG, ISEG, XSEG

_Symbol Definition

Generic Symbols: EQU, SET

Address Symbols: BIT, CODE, DATA, IDATA, XDATA

SFR Symbols: sfr, sfr16, sbit

Text Replacement: LIT

_Memory Initialization: DB, DW, DD

Memory Reservation: DBIT, DS, DSB, DSW, DSD

_Procedure Declaration

PROC/ENDP, LABEL

_Program Linkage




PUBLIC, EXTRN/EXTERN, NAME

_Address Control

ORG, EVEN, USING

_Others

END, _ _ ERROR _

2.2.3 LANGUAGE EXTENSIONS

Several new variants of the 8051extend the code and/or xdata space of the classic

8051 with address extension registers. The memory classes used for programming the

extended 8051 devices are available for classic 8051 devices when you are using memory

banking with the LX51 linker/locater. In addition to the code banking known from the BL51

linker/locater, the LX51 linker/locater supports also data banking for data and code areas with

standard 8051 devices.

Each line of an assembly program can contain only one control, directive, or

instruction statement. Statements must be contained in exactly one line. Multi- line

statements are not allowed. Statements in x51 assembly programs are not column sensitive.

Controls, directives and instructions may start in any column.

Indentation used in the programs in this project is done for program clarity and I is

neither required nor expected by the assembler. The only expectation is that arguments and

instruction operands must be separated from controls, directives and instructions by at least

one space.

All x51 assembly programs must include END directive. This directive signals to the

assembler that this is the end of the assembly program. Any instructions, directives or




controls found after the END directive are ignored. The shortest valid assembly program

contains only an END directive

CHAPTER - 3

RFID Technology

3.1 Introduction

Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) is a technology, which includes wireless

data capture and transaction processing. Proximity or short range i.e., Access control

applications and Vicinity long range i.e., Track and trace applications, are two major

application areas where RFID technology is used. Simply, Radio frequency identification

(RFID) is a generic term that is used to describe a system that transmits the identity in the

form of a unique serial number of an object or person wirelessly, using radio waves.

It is grouped under the broad category of automatic identification technologies. RFID

technology provides a more granular visibility for industrial assets and inventory thereby

offering a strategic advantage to the business.




Fig 3.1(a) RFID System

A basic RFID system consists of three components:

An antenna or coil

A transceiver (with decoder)

A transponder (RF tag) electronically programmed with unique information

The antenna emits radio signals to activate the tag and to read and write data to it.

The reader emits radio waves in ranges of anywhere from one inch to 100 feet or

more, depending upon its power output and the radio frequency used. When anRFID

tag passes through the electromagnetic zone, it detects the reader's activation signal.




The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag's integrated circuit (silicon chip) and

the data is passed to the host computer for processing.

The purpose of an RFID system is to enable data to be transmitted by a portable device,

called a tag, which is read by an RFID reader and processed according to the needs of a

particular application.

The data transmitted by the tag may provide identification or location information, or

specifics about the product tagged, such as price, color, date of purchase, etc. RFID

technology has been used by thousands of companies for a decade or more. . RFID quickly

gained attention because of its ability to track moving objects. As the technology is refined,

more pervasive - and invasive - uses for RFID tags are in the works.

A typical RFID tag consists of a microchip attached to a radio antenna mounted on a

substrate. Thechip can store as much as 2 kilobytes of data. To retrieve the data stored on an

RFID tag, you need a reader.

A typical reader is a device that has one or more antennas that emit radio waves and receive

signals back from the tag. The reader then passes the information in digital form to a

computer system.

WORKING PROCESS

In a typical RFID system, tags are attached to objects. Each tag has a certain amount

of internal memory (EEPROM) in which it stores information about the object, such as

unique ID (serial) number, or in some cases more details including manufacture date and

product composition. When these tags pass through a field generated by a reader, they

transmit this information back to the reader, thereby identifying the object.

The communication process between the reader and tag is managed and controlled by

one of several protocols, such as the ISO 15693 and ISO 18000-3 for HF or the ISO 18000-6,

and EPC for UHF. Basically what happens is that when the reader is switched on, it starts

emitting a signal at the selected frequency band (typically 860 – 915 MHz for UHF or 13.56

MHz for HF).




Any corresponding tag in the vicinity of the reader will detect the signal and use the

energy from it to wake up and supply operating power to its internal circuits. Once the tag has

decoded the signal as valid, it replies to the reader, and indicates its presence by modulating

the reader field.

Fig 3.1(b) RFID Working

RFID is in use all around us. If you have ever chipped your pet with an ID tag, used

EZPass through a toll booth, or paid for gas using SpeedPass, you've used RFID.

In addition, RFID is increasingly used with biometric technologies for security.

Unlike ubiquitous UPC bar-code technology, RFID technology does not require contact or

line of sight for communication.

3.2 RFID Tag

An RFID tag is a microchip combined with an antenna in a compact package; the

packaging is structured to allow the RFID tag to be attached to an object to be tracked.

"RFID" stands for Radio Frequency Identification.




The tag's antenna picks up signals from an RFID reader or scanner and then returns

the signal, usually with some additional data, like a unique serial number or other customized

information.

RFID tags can be very small - the size of a large rice grain. Others may be the size of

a small paperback book.

Generally Tags are classified in to two types namely

1.Active Tags

2.Passive Tags

Fig 3.2 RF Tags

Active Tag



http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp?ArtNum=54


An RFID tag is an active tag when it is equipped with a battery that can be used as a

partial or complete source of power for the tag's circuitry and antenna. Some active tags

contain replaceable batteries for years of use; others are sealed units. It is also possible to

connect the tag to an external power source.

The major advantages of an active RFID tag are:

1. It can be read at distances of one hundred feet or more, greatly improving the utility of the device

2. It may have other sensors that can use electricity for power.

The problems and disadvantages of an active RFID tag are:

1. The tag cannot function without battery power, which limits the lifetime of the tag.

2. The tag is typically more expensive, often costing $20 or more each

3. The tag is physically larger, which may limit applications.

4. The long-term maintenance costs for an active RFID tag can be greater than those of a

passive tag if the batteries are replaced.

5. Battery outages in an active tag can result in expensive misreads.

Active RFID tags may have all or some of the following features:

longest communication range of any tag

the capability to perform independent monitoring and control

the capability of initiating communications

the capability of performing diagnostics

the highest data bandwidth

activerfid tags may even be equipped with autonomous networking; the tags

autonomously determine the best communication path.

Passive Tags

A passive tag is an RFID tag that does not contain a battery; the power is supplied by the

reader. When radio waves from the reader are encountered by a passive rfid tag, the coiled

antenna within the tag forms a magnetic field. The tag draws power from it, energizing the

circuits in the tag. The tag then sends the information encoded in the tag's memory.




The major disadvantages of a passive rfid tag are:

1. The tag can be read only at very short distances, typically a few feet at most. This

greatly limits the device for certain applications.

2. It may not be possible to include sensors that can use electricity for power.

3. The tag remains readable for a very long time, even after the product to which the tag

is attached has been sold and is no longer being tracked.

The advantages of a passive tag are:

1. The tag functions without a battery; these tags have a useful life of twenty years or

more.

2. The tag is typically much less expensive to manufacture

3. The tag is much smaller (some tags are the size of a grain of rice). These tags have

almost unlimited applications in consumer goods and other areas.

3.3 RFID Reader

An RFID reader is a device that is used to interrogate an RFID tag. The reader has an

antenna that emits radio waves; the tag responds by sending back its data.

A number of factors can affect the distance at which a tag can be read the read range.

The frequency used for identification, the antenna gain, the orientation and polarization of the

reader antenna and the transponder antenna, as well as the placement of the tag on the object

to be identified will all have an impact on the RFID system’s read range.

A control unit of a reader superimposes a control signal for antenna switching on a

high frequency signal outputted into an antenna unit from a high frequency circuit. The

antenna unit includes: separators for separating the superimposed signals into high frequency



http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp?ArtNum=50


signals and control signals; a switch circuit for switching loop antennas; and a control circuit

for controlling the switch circuit based on the control signal separated by the separator.

The term RFID Reader is often used as a general term to describe not only RFID

Readers but RFID Interrogators and RFID Scanners. Typically, the solution will dictate the

best frequency to use to solve a particular RFID application challenge. There are two general

groups of RFID readers: passive and active.

A passive RFID reader provides the energy to the RFID tag which does not have its

own onboard power source and the tag then uses backscatter technology to return information

to the reader. An active RFID reader receives energy transmitted from an active RFID tag

which has its own built in power source. It is recommended to hire an experienced RFID

consultant or company to provide the solution design to ensure high read accuracy of the

RFID system.

Passive UHF Readers Ultra High Frequency are used for RFID applications requiring

longer read ranges less than30 feet and the need for low cost RFID tags. The supply chain

related mandates from retailers such as Wal-Mart, Sams Club and Metro require that UHF

Passive RFID readers be used.

These readers must comply with the international recognized standard set by EPC

global (UHF Gen 2). UHF frequencies typically offer better range (20-30 ft) and can transfer

data faster than LF and HF tags, but they use more power and are less likely to pass through

materials.

Passive HF Readers (High Frequency) are used for applications that require read

distances of less than three feet. Historically, HF tags work better on objects made of metal

(RFID Metal Tag) and can work around goods with high water content. Advances in UHF

reader and tag technology is now allowing for reading around metal and water.

Passive LF Readers (Low Frequency) are used for applications that require read

distances of less than one foot. They are better able to penetrate non-metallic substances and

are ideal for scanning objects with high-water content, such as fruit.

Active RFID Readers are used to track items at longer distances (100 feet+). Reader

distance is strongly correlated to the power of the RFID active tag. Tag cost is typically a

major consideration when evaluating the use of an active RFID system. Average RFID active

tag cost can often exceed /tag.



http://www.epcglobalinc.org/home

http://www.epcglobalinc.org/home

http://www.rfidreader.com/


There are four kinds of readers are available namely;

1.Gate Reader

2. Compact Reader

3.Vechile-mounted Reader

4.Mobile Reader.

Fig 3.3 RF Reader’s

Block Diagram of general RFID System

MICRO

CONTROLLER

(AT89C51)

RF Tag

LCD

APPLICATION

A N T E N A




3.4 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BARCODE AND RFID:

Before looking at the differences between barcode and RFDI, an example of

each technology has been included below to demonstrate how each is used. Although the way

they function is very different, barcode and RFDI technology are both useful

for inventory management and other applications. A quick note about terminology RFDI

stands for Radio Frequency Data Identification or Radio Frequency Data Identifier. It is more

commonly referred to as RFID which stands for Radio Frequency Identification, or less

commonly, Radio Frequency Identification Device.

A barcode is a series of lines and numbers used to record information about an item.

For example, a product bar code found in a supermarket on a can of chicken noodle

soup might contain the manufacturer lot number for the can, which also tells the user when

this can of soup was produced.

It might also dictate the item code that tells the user which item has been selected.

Barcodes can also include the price of the item, as would be the case for the chicken noodle

soup, allowing the cash register to scan the barcode and record the price of the item. This also

serves as an inventory tracking mechanism for the soup, when the item is scanned by

the cashier, these units can be removed from inventory

A Radio frequency data identifier or RFDI is a microchip embedded in a product's packaging

or label. This microchip, like a barcode, stores data about the product or item to which it is

attached. When the RFDI is scanned, the data on the RFDI chip can be used to move an item

into and out of a company’s inventory system, or simply allow the RFDI and its attached item

to be tracked throughout the system.

The barcode and RFDI technology can be used together for the same item. If the RFDI

cannot be used but the barcode still appears, the information about a product can be obtained

by scanning it.

The primary difference between a barcode and RFDI is that an RFDI is a microchip that is

attached to or embedded inside a product's packaging, making it much more secure and less

MICRO

CONTROLLER

(AT89C51)



http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-microchip.htm

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-cashier.htm

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-inventory-tracking.htm

http://www.wisegeek.com/how-can-i-make-chicken-noodle-soup.htm

http://www.wisegeek.com/how-can-i-make-chicken-noodle-soup.htm

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-radio-frequency.htm

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-inventory.htm

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-barcode.htm


likely to be illegible or be removed. A barcode is usually printed on a product's label and can

be smudged or removed before it can be used.

Bar codes and RFID technologies are NOT mutually exclusive, nor will one replace the other.

They are both enabling technologies with different physical attributes. Bar codes utilize one-

way, serialized, and periodic data. RFID utilizes two-way, parallel, and real-time data.

Leading-thinking companies are using their current bar code systems to benchmark RFID

technology in order to gauge impact on performance. This baseline is a crucial measure in

determining the effectiveness of a new RFID system.

Separating the data aspect of RFID systems from the physical architecture is a very good

way to start to learn the physical properties of RFID. The determination of when to use RFID

technologies instead of bar codes should be driven by whether RFID can improve an existing

business process. Basically, RFID should be deployed just like any other technology—when

the benefits justify the cost and effort involved in implementing it.




3.5 INDOOR NAVIGATION SYSTEM

Description

The project “RFID Navigation with voice” is using passive RFID-tags to indentify

indoor routes, barriers and means of public transport for visually impaired and blind people.

The basis for this project is the tactile guidance system. At all strategic spots inside the

building (entrance, platforms, intersections) a passive RFID-tag will be placed into the tactile

guidance system Those RFID-tags send their unique code trough an RFID-reader interfaced

to micro controller.

Imagine a world without barriers, where all people and particularly people with

special needs can enjoy daily life without running into obstacles or problems which

undermine their self-determination. This is a dream which could come true within the next

years.

In Austria the Federal Law on Equality of People with Disabilities which has been in

force since the year2006, is a positive factor towards improving the situation for the visually

impaired and blind people .However, barriers related to roads, transportation and transport

facilities built before January 2006 have time to neutralize these barriers until the 31 of

December 2015. So barrier free public transport for people with special needs is still a dream

and not yet a reality.

Currently visually impaired and blind people travel with the help of a white cane, a

dog or are escorted by a friend or mobility trainer. With this new law, all passengers and

particularly people with special needs will have access to public transport and up-to-date

traffic information in a much more simplified way than nowadays. A new individual (indoor)

navigation system can raise accessibility to public transport for this group of people.

Additionally, the communication between the navigational device and the respective

means of public transportation (bus, tram, train and subway) as well as the static/dynamic




information time tables should be aimed at increasing the feeling of safe travel. This way the

visually impaired and blind people can be self-determined.

At the moment different projects in Public transport and Navigation are using the

RFID-technology for routing blind people.

Example Projects are:

1) Sesamonet, Italy [2] which uses passive RFID-tags and an RFID-reader built in the

white cane for a route along the promenade at Lake Maggiore.

2) Route Online, the Netherlands [3] which uses active RFID-tags and a hand held

reader to find a route at different stations.

3) BIGS, Korea [4] which uses a portable terminal unit and a smart floor (each tile of the

floor has a passive RFID-tag).

4) Bus-ID, Germany,[5] uses the RFID-tag for sending public transport information

towards a reader and a database.

5) RFID Information Grid[6] which uses the RFID-tag for indoor routing in the Campus.

The RFID-tags are programmed with spatial coordinates and information to describe the

surroundings. No centralized database or wireless infrastructure for communications is used.

6) Self contained Sensor System [7] which places RFID readers inside the building. The

user will carry his/her own.

RFID-tag with him/her to capture his/her position. Taking these examples into

consideration it can be concluded that different institutes are researching the use of RFID-

tags to make daily life for visuallyimpaired and blind people more enjoyable.




Fig 3.4(a) Transfer of Data

Fig 3.4(b) Routing by tactile guidance system and RFID-tags




CHAPTER 4

Block Diagram of RFID Navigation System Through Voice

4.1 Block Diagram

INTERFACING

BOARD

POWER SUPPLY

APR9600

SR90c

TAG

TAG

TAG




4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

READER

MICROCONTROLLER

RF TX RF Rx

TAG

SPEAKER(APR960

0)

APPLICATION




4.2 Description of Block Diagram

The blind person or the user carry RFID tags with him. Every tag has its own unique

code which can be linked to RFID data-base. After installing the tags in the database, their

location,the position and the particulars are defined.

At all strategic spots inside the house (entrance, platforms, intersections of the tactile

guidance system, etc. the RFID-tags will be placed into the tactile guidance system.

A speaker connected to the RFID database system. The voice as a guidance to the user

is pre-recorded in the APR9600 which is a recorder cum speaker.

When the blind man enters his house, if he want to pass on into the room he desire

and carrying the reader with him, he tries to make contact of the tag to the RFID system

attached to the all doors available in his house, The RFID contains a reader, speaker that is

voice chip and these two are interfaced with the main RFID SYSTEM server board.In the

voice chip the data of the particular room is stored in it.

When the person tries to tap the RF Reader to the RFID Tags mounted on the door

here the reader reads the code in the tag and sends it to the voice chip where it cross-checks

the code and if the code get matched a voice from the speaker comes out guiding the blind

person that he is standing in front of the bedroom door or toilet or kitchen depending up on

his destination spot.




4.3 CircuitDiagram




4.4 Flow Chart

START

READER

TAGTAG

APPLICATION

STOP

MATCH

DISMATCH




APPLICATIONS

Major application areas of RFID:

• Proximity (short range)

- Access control applications

• Vicinity (long range)

- Track and trace applications

Track & Trace Applications:

1. Asset Tracking

2. Document tracking

3. Promotion Tracking

4. People Tracking

Access Control applications:

1. Passports

2. Transportation payments

3. Human implants

4. Libraries

5. Telemetry

6. Healthcare

7. Manufacturing & Aerospace




FUTURE SCOPE

By this project, currentlyvisually impaired and blind people travel with the help of a

white cane, a dog or are escorted by a friend or mobility trainer. With this new law, all

passengers and particularly people with special needs will have access to public transport and

up-to-date traffic information in a much more simplified way than nowadays.

A new individual (indoor) voice navigation system can raise accessibility to public

transport for this group of people. Additionally, the communication between the navigational

device and the respective means of public transportation (bus, tram, train and subway) as well

as the static/dynamic information time tables should be aimed at increasing the feeling of safe

travel. This way the visually impaired and blind people can be self-determined.

By using SUPER RFID TAGS the range of the RFID communication increases so

that the user can identify his destination spots situated at a range of 8mtrs-14mtrs.




CONCLUSION

The first phase for Indoor navigation for visually impaired and blind people has been

made. As soon as the indoor routing communications of long range tags is achieved it can be

easily implemented to different means of transportation works, new opportunities may arise

to make travelling for people with special needs more comfortable.

These new opportunities are for example locating the entrance door with the help of

an acoustic sound, telling the driver when he/she wants to exit, or if he/she needs help with

getting on or off the transportation.

So, “RFID NAVIGATION” will be input for new projects.




SOURCE CODE

#include <reg52.h>

#include <F:\MyFiles\lcd_4bit_module.h>

#include <F:\MyFiles\Keyboard_Module.h>

#include <F:\MyFiles\My_Functions.h>

sbit buzz=P3^3;

sbit TE =P3^2;

sbit TL =P3^6;

sbit TC =P3^7;

voidTransmit_RF(unsigned char );

//unsigned char Password[4]={"1234"};

void main(void)

{

buzz=0;

Lcd_Initial();

Clear_LCD;

buzz=0;

Disp_Message("RF BASED NAVIGATION",0x80);

Disp_Message(" CRASH PREVENT SYS ",0xc0);

Wait_a_Sec;

Wait_a_Sec;

Clear_LCD;

Disp_Message(" WELCOME ",0x80);




Disp_Message(" CHIPCraft/SRTS",0xC0);

Wait_a_Sec;

Wait_a_Sec;

Clear_LCD;

while(1)

{

Wait_a_Sec;

Wait_a_Sec;

Transmit_RF('*');

Disp_Message("TRANSMISSION CODE",0x80);

Disp_Message(" AERO#1 ",0xC0);

Wait_a_Sec;

Wait_a_Sec;

Wait_a_Sec;

Wait_a_Sec;

Clear_LCD;

Transmit_RF('A');




Wait_a_Sec;

Wait_a_Sec;

Transmit_RF('#');

Disp_Message("TRANSMITTED CODE",0x80);

Wait_a_Sec;

Wait_a_Sec;

Wait_a_Sec;

Wait_a_Sec;

Wait_a_Sec;

Wait_a_Sec;

Wait_a_Sec;

Wait_a_Sec;

Wait_a_Sec;

Wait_a_Sec;

Clear_LCD;

}

}

voidTransmit_RF(unsigned char S)

{

unsigned char i,j;

TL=0;

TE=1;




P2=S;

buzz=1;

for(i=0;i<250;i++)

for(j=0;j<250;j++);

buzz=0;

TE=0;

TL=1;

}




BIBLIOGRAPHY

TEXTBOOKS:

S.No Title of the Book Author Publication Year

1 8051 Microcontroller and

Embedded Systems

Mazidi and Mazidi Prentice Hall August

2009

2 RFID:a technical overview

and its application to the

enterprise

Vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 27-33

R Weinstein IEEE IT

Professional

May 2005

3 A survey on sensor

networks,” vol. 40, no. 8,

pp. 102–114

I. Akyildiz, W. Su,

Y. Sankarasubramaniam,

and E. Cayirci

IEEE

Communicatio

n Magazine

August

2002

4 A Group Tour Guide

System with RFIDs and

Wireless Sensor networks

pp. 561-562

P. Y. Chen, W. T. Chen,

C. H. Wu, Y.-C. Tseng

and C.-F. Huang

Proc.

International

Conference on

Information

Processing in

Sensor

Networks

(IPSN)

July 2007

WEB PREFERENCES:

1) www.beyondlogic.org/serial/serial.html .

2) www.intersil.com .

3) www.powerbacks.net/textures10.html ?

4) www.wikipedia.com

5) www.tech-faq.com



http://www.wikipedia.com/

http://www.powerbacks.net/textures10.html

http://www.intersil.com/

http://www.beyondlogic.org/serial/serial.html


6) www.webopedia.com/ RFID .html



http://www.webopedia.com/RFID.html

fyp-rfid navigation with voice

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