fysikes & ximikes diergasies 2015
TRANSCRIPT
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()
1
,
...
, -
, 2015
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.......................................................... ................................................................ ................... 3
& ............................................................................................5 ......................................................... ............................................................... .......... 5
............................................................. ............................... 6 ...................................................... ............................................................... ......... 6(SI International System).......................................................... 7 ............................................................... ......... 9
& - .............................................................. ............................ 10 - .......................................................... .................................................. 11
...................................................... ................................................................ ................. 11 - ................................................................ .................................................. 12 - ............................................................ .................................................. 14 - ...................................................... ................................................ 14 - ........................................................ ....................................... 15
& - & ............................................................ ............................ 15 ................................................................ ............................................................... .................. 16
& ........................................................ ................................................................ ....... 16& - & .............................................. 19 ........................................................ ............................................................... .................. 19............................................................... ............................................................... ........ 20 - ................................................................ .................................................. 22, , - ............................................................ ................ 24 - .............................................................. ............................ 25 - ........................................................ . 27 - ............................................................... .................................................. 27 - ............................................................ ...................................... 30 - ................................................................ ........ 31 ......................................................... ............................ 32
......................................................... ................................................................ ............................. 32
...................................................... ............................................................. 32............................................................ ............................................................ 33.............................................................. ............................................................. 33.............................................................. ............................................................ 33 ........................................................... ................................................................ ....... 34
........................................................ ................... 34 .............................................................. ................... 34 ............................................................... .................................................. 35
- .......................................................... ............................ 35
.
, .
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&
. .
.
, , (, ..) .
. , , ()
.
() (
).
,
, ,
.
.
.
.
: ,
,
. .
,
,
.
,
.
, ,
:
= .
(, Systme International d'units, SI)
, 7
, . 7 SI
: , , , , mole,
, .
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: ()
.
, 1,75 ,
()
() 1,75 .
,
. : , , ,
.
, .
.
. : , .
:
. ,
.
:
, . (.., .)
,
, .
.
, ,
.
:
.
.
, , ,
.
().
(, ..),
1 .
, () .
.
, 1,7 .
6
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: ( )
.
:
1 , 70 3 .
, .
,
.
(SI). ,
.
(SI International System)
. Le Systme Internationald'units. SI
.
:
, , , , ,
(), .
() .
SI 10
. 1
2 3.
, 10, 100, 1000, 1000000 .. .
.
(prefixes):
7
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.
:
1) (
) .
:
:1000000 mega-
1000 kilo-
2) .
:
:10 deci-
100 centi-
1000 milli-
1000000 micro-
1000000000 nano-
:
1)
.
, .
2) (Prefix ) (
8
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Symbol). ,
.
3)
. ,
.
4) , ,
micro u .
5) kilo
1000 ( = 103) milli,
0,001 ( = 10-3) .
:
meter (-) 10121000000000000 .
terameter Tm (, tera-m). ,
T (, ).(
).
sec 1012sec , 1012 .
(
.
mmeter 10-3 0.001 1
1000
. . mm
, , .
, (
) .
. , :
,
(
), . ,
(, )
.
,
.
: 1 km () 1000 m .
().
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: 1000 m2 () 1 .
(),
,
. , !
:
17 Mgr (-) mgr ().
Mgr gr.
M
.
17 106 gr
gr mgr.
.
To 1 mgr 0,001 gr
X ; 1 gr
1grX = 1mgr = 1mgr 1000 = 1000 mgr
0,001gr
gr1000
mgr
17106 1000 mgr= 17109mgr
, 17 Mgr 17109mgr .
& -
l (length), s (space) d (distance),
.
, (meter, m).
, 1 dm ( = 10 cm) , 1 cm 1 mm (
).
:
1 (inch, in) = 2,54 cm 1 cm = 0,3937
1 (foot, ft) = 12 = 30,48 cm 1 m = 1.0936 = 3,281
1 (yard, yd) = 3 = 91,44 cm 1 m = 39,37
1 (mile, mi) = 1,609 km 1 km = 0,6214 = 1093,61
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-
() .
S (surface).
, , .
.
,
= 2 , (meter2, m2).
, (
) ...
:
1 = 1000 m2
1 (hectare) = 10000 m2
1 acre = 4840 yd2 = 43560 ft2 = 4047 m2
1.
;
1 km2 = 1 km 1 km = 1000 m 1000 m = 1000000 m2
: 1000 ( = 1 ) 1
.
2.
1 km2;
1 km2 = 1 km 1 km = 1000 m 1000 m = 1000 1000 m2 = 1000
3.
7 2;
7 2 = 7 ( ) = 7 1 1 =
= 7 2,54 cm 2,54 cm = 7 6,452 cm2 = 45,161 cm2
4.
km2800 cm2;
, cm2 m2
m2 km2.
800 cm2 = 800 cm cm = 800 0,01 m 0,01 m = 0,08 m m
.1 km 1000 m
X ; 1 m
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1m = 1km = 1km 0,001 = 0,001km
1000m
, () 0,001 km. :
0,08 m m = 0,08 0,001 km 0,001 km = 0,00000008 km
2
.
6.
;
!
, , .
-
() .
V (volume).
, ,
.
.
, ,
= 3 , (meter3, m3).
, ()
...
:
1 (liter l lt L) = 1000 cm3 = 0,001 m3
, 1 ml (milliliter ml mL) = 0,001 l = 1 cm3 1 L = 1mm3
: :
1 ml (1 1 1 ) =
= 1 cm
3
(1 ) == 1 cc (1 - 1 cubic centimeter)
, :
1 (teaspoon) = 4,929 ml
1 = 3 = 14,787 ml
1 (fluid ounce fl oz) = 2 = 29,57 ml
1 (cup) = 8 = 16 = 236,59 ml
1 (liquid gallon) = 231 3 = 3,785
1 (liquid barrel) = 31,5 = 119,24 1 (dry barrel) = 115,6
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:
1 (beer barrel) = 31
1 = 42 = 159
1 (dry barrel) = 115,6 ,
1 = 15 ml
1 (cup) = 250 ml
.
. . . 24.
, ,
, .
() .
.
, .
, ()
, , .
.
:
:
0 C 4 C 100 C
:
:
0 C 4 C 100 C
:
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-
() t (time).
1 sec (second, s, )
.
:
1 (minute, min) = 60 sec
1 (hour, h) = 60 min = 3600 sec
-
(velocity, v) .
sv =
t
.
, m meter
1 = 1sec second
.
km1h
m1min
.
, ,
() (. . 37).
5 cm/min. km/h.
km 1000 m m 100 cm. ,
1 km 100000 cm
X ; 5 cm
=5cm 5km
1 km =100000cm 100000
min 1
60 . :
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5 cm/min =
5km5cm 60 5km km100000= = = 0,003
11min 100000 1h hh
60
.
-
.
1 10 m/min
2 15 m/min
3 20 m/min
4 25 m/min
...
5 m/min min.
: 2
5mm
5 5mminmin m= = = 51min 1min minmin min
1
, .
2
v s = =
t t
, . (acceleration). ,
(
) g (gravity) (. ).
2
m1
sec.
, ,
() .
& - &
,
. ,
.
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,
:
() .
( .)
1 kgr (kilogram, kg, Kg,
).
.
,
. :
1 kgr = 1000 .
, .
1 Mgr , 1 kkgr .
:
(atomic
mass unit, amu) Dalton (D). 1 D 1/12 12C. 12C 6 , 6 6 .
.
:
1 +1
1 D = 2 .
: 1 gr = 6,023 1023D
&
. ,
() .:
2
M mF = G
r
()
m
r
G (
).
G 6,671011N(m/kg)2
, , . ,
16
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.
(,
, .
, ,
.)
(F),
: :F
=m
.
(
(), ,
.)
- - , .
(
)
) ,
) , .
(. )
, ,
(..
).
, M m
, , :
2
M = G
r .
, G M .
,
r : r 6371 km .
,
, .(,
. . ,
, .
() .
.)
g (gravity).
9,81 m/sec2.
2
mg 10
sec .
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, .
. , .
, , .
, (),
, .
1 Newton
().
:2
1m1 = 1 kgr
sec .
/ 1 N;
100 gr (0,1 Kgr). ,
, , :
F = m2
10 mB = m 0,1Kgr = 1N
sec
1 N .
:
1 dyn =2
1cm1gr
sec = 10
-5N
1 kpont =2
9,81m1kgr
sec
= 9,81 N
(kp, kgf, kgF, )
1 kgr .
1 kp 1 .
.
(..) .
.
1 kgr
1 N .
(Newton)
. , -
.
,
.
(pound-mass, lbm) :1 lbm = 453,59 gr = 16 (ounces avoirdupois)
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(pound-force, lbf) :
1 lbf = 4,448 N
, ,
400 .
1 = 1282
1 = 1280
().
() kpont ()
pont. 1 = 9,81 N .
100 gr ().
Newtons 0,981 N , ()
100 gr ()., , ()
, , .
, ,
.
, .
1 kgr
. 1/6 .
(
N)
()
() 1 kgr ~ 10 1 kgr
1 kgr ~ 1,65 N 0,165 kgr
& - &
,
, .
,
.
() .
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.
m =
V
1 kgr/m3.
gr/cm
3
mgr/cm
3
.
3 3
kgr gr mgr 1 = 0,001 = 1
m cm 3cm.
, 3
gr1
cm 1000
3
kgr1
m. 1000
.
(H2O) 4C (),
3 3kgr gr 1000 = 1m cm
( cm3 ml cc ).
. ,
. , ,
, , (
) .
: ,
() .
()
. . . 41
(. . 21),
. , ,
, . (.
. 40 41.) ,
.
, ,
.
()
. .
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B =
V
1 N/m3.
(. . 21),
. , ,
, . (.
. 40 41.) , ,
.
, ,
, .
&
1.
,
;
, .
.
;
, , ,
.
, (
),
(
) .
,
. , ,
.
2.:
.
() ,
.
. ,
, 7,87 gr/ml
.
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-
.
. ,
,
.
,
() .
P (pressure).F
P =S
, :
: .
: .
Pascal (Pa):
2
1 N1 Pa =
1 m. :
2
1 kgr1 Pa =
1 m 1 sec
:
(Atm)
, ,
( 0 m ). :
1 Atm = 101,325 kPa 1 Pa = 1,0210-5Atm
1 Pa .
mmHg inHg
mmHg () Torricelli:
.
760 mm. , ( = 1 Atm )
, 760 mm.
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:
760 mmHg = 1 Atm = 101,325 kPa
1 mmHg 1 Torr .1 Torr = 1 mmHg 1,3610 -3Atm 133,3224 Pa 1 Pa 7,510-3Torr
mm , inHg.
1 inHg = 25,4 mmHg 1 mmHg = 0,03937 inHg
mmH20 inH2O
. ,
mmH20 inH2O .( 1 Atm ) (
Torricelli) 10,35 .
: 1 Atm = 760 mmHg = 10350 mmH2O .
bar
1 bar = 105Pa
psi (pound-force per square
inch, -).
2
1 lbf1 psi =
in 6.9 kPa 7,03110
-2Atm 51,715 Torr 1 Pa 1,4510-4psi
,
.
.
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, , -
.
, ...()
. .
Q.
Joule (
).2
2
m1J = 1N 1m = 1 Kgr
sec
:
(Wh): .
1 Wh = 3600 J 1 J = 0,278 103Wh
(1 kWh) 1000 Wh .
(erg): .
1 erg = 107J = 100 nJ
(calorie, cal): 1 ()
1 gr 1 oC .1 cal = 4,2 J 1 J = 0,238 cal
1 () = 1000 cal = 1 kcal = 4,2 kJ
- , cal ,
Cal .
: , , .
. (
) 60 Watts 1 min, 857,14 cal .
.
.
24
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanojoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanojoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule -
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.
, kcal , .
, 100 gr ~ 64 kcal .
(calorie density)
.
,
.
~ 3,1 kcal/gr
.
,
(,
).
-
:
, .
, Brown .
(
) .
.
/
, ().
, .
:
,
, .
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Celsius , 0
100 . (
1 Atm , .)
0 100 100 .
1/100 1 .
: 1 oC .
Kelvin
Kelvin ( oK )
,
. Kelvin , .
. .
-273,15 oC .
-273,15 :
C = - 273,15 = C + 273,15
, : 0 C = 273,15 100 C = 373,15 .
/
/
-273,15C 0
o
:
. :
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20 C 10 K ,
30 C .
(Fahrenheit)
.
:
F = (1,8 C) + 32 C = (F - 32) / 1,8
, 32 oF 212 oF 0 oC 100 oC .
-
. .
,
.
. ,
.
.
. , ,
(). , .
(Q)
(heat capacity, C).
QC=
T ( , )
,
(, ). , ()
() .
:1Joule
1K.
:
1 .
-
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:
) : (,
..)
) :
. .
)
) .
360 2
400 .
360 = 6,28 radians = 400 grads
c (cycle) r (r, rev, revolution). .
1 ,
.
(Degrees)
.
1() 60 (60') 60
() (60'').
.
..: 5,505 = 530 18 .
rad (radians).
.
28
http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%80%CF%84%CF%8Chttp://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BFhttp://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BFhttp://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%80%CF%84%CF%8C -
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6,28
( = 2) ().
(arc)
6
.
6
1 rad .
:
=
.
.
= 2 .
: = 2
,
. , = 3,14 .
()
: 1 1
= = = 0,1592 2 6,28
2rad .
,
rad . , :
, rad, 3,14 rad.
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()
.
,
.
1 = 0,0174533 rad 1 rad = 57,29578
(Gradians)
grad (g gon).
100 grads 100
.
, .
-
, ,
. ,
, ().
(frequency, f) .
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, 1 1
T=
.
, .
1f = =
t
.
Hertz (Hz, ).
.
1 z =1
sec
, 1 (, )
, : 1 Hz =1
sec = 1 sec-1.
, rpm
(revolutions per minute, RPM, rev/min, r/min), .
- -,
rpm (
):
1 rpm = 0,0167 Hz 1 Hz = 60 rpm
-
, .
()
. ,
. .
1 sec =
1 sec.
rad1sec
.
1sec
.
rad1 = 0,0174533
sec sec
rad1 = 54,29578
sec sec
: ,
.
rad . , 3,14 rad. :
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3,14 rad 180 = =
sec sec sec
:
. ,
.
, ()
().
, .
,
360 2 (rad) . :
1 2 1 = = = 2 = 2 f
T T T
:
1 rpm = 0,0167 Hz 0,105 rad/sec = 6 /sec
1 Hz = 60 rpm 2/sec = 6,28 rad/sec = 360 /sec
: , ,
.
.
.
,
(
, ) . ..
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.
. (
)
.
,
.
(: () (,
) .
. .)
,
. , , /
.
() .
.
. , .
, .
,
, . ,
, /
.
() .
, , /
.
() , .
. ()
.
.
, .
() .
33
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()
:
() , ()
()
,
.
,
.
,
.
(
).
. , ...
: ,
().
, ,
.
.
34
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.
,
.
: .
.
, ():
) ,
,
) ,
.
. .
. ,() .
.
: .
.
.
. ..:
,
.
.
-
, .
35
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.
, ,
. .
v
F
,
.
. , .
. ,
:
.
.
, .
m , , r
v , :
2
m vF =
r
2r T
(, ).
:2 r 1
v = = 2 r = 2 r f = rT T
:2 2
2 2
m v m (2 r f)F = = = 4 m r f
r r
2 2
2
m v m ( r)F = = = m r
r r
, : F= F.
, . ,
...
(. . 62),
.
, (
36
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). ,
, , .
:2 2 2 2 2 2
F = 4 m r f m = 4 m r f 4 r f =
- ! -,
.