Spanish 4 Grammar Concepts

Heli Martin

Table of Contents1. El Presente 2. Irregular yo form3. Irregulars 4. Ser5. Estar6. Ser y estar con adjectivos7. Gustar8. Verbs like gustar9. Preterite v Imperfect 10. Preterite y trigger words11. Preterite Conjugation12. Preterite Irregulars13. Imperfect y trigger words14. Imperfect conjugation 15. Imperfect Irregulars

El Presente

• Used to express actions or situations that are happening in the present

• Used to express habitual actions or actions that will take place in the near future

• Regular –ar, -er, -ir • -ar: o, as, a, amos, áis, an• -er: o, es, e, emos, éis, en • -ir: o, es, e, imos, ís, en

Irregular yo form• Irregular yo forms: many –er and –ir verbs have irregualr yo forms in

the present tense. • Verbs ending in –ger or –gir change to –jo

coger, colegir (e:i), dirigir, escoger, recoger…ex: Coger – changes to cojo in yo form

• Verbs ending in –guir change the gu to g in the yo formconseguir,distinguir, extinguir, seguir…ex: Conseguir (e:i) – changes to consigo in yo form

• Verbs ending in –cer or –cir change the c to z in yo form coercer, convencer, ejercer, esparicir, mecer, remecer, vencer, zurcir, conducir, producir, concocer, palcer, crecer, aparacerexceptions are hacer and decir

• Verbs that end in –uir add y before o, e, and a atribuir, concluir, construir, distruir, exclurir, destruir, incluirex: atribuir – atribuyo, atribuyes, atribuye, atribuimos, atribuís, atribuyen

Irregulars• Irregular in present tense or combine a stem change with an irregular yo

form or spell change• Stem changes: e-ie, o-ue, e-i• e-ie: acertar, advertir, negar, atravesar, entender, comenzar, defendir,

pensar…ex: cerrar- cierro, cierras, cierra, cerramos, cerráis, cierran

• o-ue:almorzar, rogar , dormir, volver, sonar, soler, poder, morir, encontrar…ex: contar- cuento, cuentas, cuenta, contamos, contáis, cuentan

• e-i: competir, concebir, despedir, medir, servir, repetir, vestir…ex: pedir- pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, piden

• *Notice that there is no stem change in the Vosotros or Nosotros form*• Ir: voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van• Dar: doy, das, damos, dais, dan • Tener: tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen• Venir: vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, venís, vienen

Description, Origin, Characteristics, Time, Occupation,

Relationship, Possession, Event, Date

Ser

Ser

• Means to be • Used to express an essential equality

soy somos

eres sois

es son

Health

Emotions

Location

Present Condition

Present Participles.Rules:•-ar to –ando•-er and –ir to –iendo or -yendo

Estar

Estar

• Means to be• Used to express

condition

estoy estamos

estás estáis

está están

Ser y estar con adjectivos

• Some adjectives change their meaning when used with either "ser" or "estar".

• Examples : Listo : means clever when used with ser

means ready when used estarMalo: means bad when used with ser means ill when used with estarRico: means rich when used with ser means tasty when used with estarVivo: means lively when used with ser means alive when used with estarBueno: means good when used with ser

means well when used with estarMoreno: means dark haired when used with ser

means suntanned when used with estarAburrido: means boring when used with ser

means bored when used with estarSeguro: means safe when used with ser

means sure, certain when used with estar

Gustar

• Means to like or to be pleasing• Me gusta el libro - I like the book• Me gustan los libros – I like the books• When the noun that you like is plural use

–an• Pronouns – me, te, le, nos, os, les • A mi me gusta, a ti te gusta, etc.

Verbs Like Gustar• These verbs follow the same conjugation as gustar with doler having an “e” stem

changer.• Aburrir- to bore• Importar- tp be important to• Caer bien/mal- to (not) suit• Interesar- to be interesting to• Digustar- to hate soemthing• Parecer- to appear to be• Encantar- to love• Quedar- to be left over, remain• Volver loco- to be crazy about • Faltar- to lack• Doler- to hurt• Fascinar- to fascinate• Molestar- to bother

Examples: Te falta pelo. Nos gustan los libros.

Preterite Imperfect

•To conjugate regular -ar verbs in the imperfect, simply drop the ending (-ar) and add one of the following:

•abaabasabaábamosabaisaban

•The imperfect is used for actions in the past that are not seen as completed. Use of the imperfect tense implies that the past action did not have a definite beginning or a definite end.

•To conjugate regular -ar verbs in the preterite, simply drop the ending (-ar) and add one of the following:

•éasteóamosasteisaron

•The preterite is used for actions in the past that are seen as completed. Use of the preterite tense implies that the past action had a definite beginning and definite end.

The preterite tells us specifically when an action took place.The imperfect tells us in general when an action took place.

El Pretérito y Trigger Words

It is a definite time in the past, and has a beginning or an ending.Trigger words that you could assume may deal with this are:

Ayer AnocheEl año pasadoLa semana pasadaAnte ayer

-í -imos

-iste -isteí s

-ió -ieron

ER

-í -imos

-iste -isteís

-ió -ieron

IR

El Pretérito

El Pretérito IrregularsThere are 3 main types of Irregular Pretérito verbs we have learned about. They are:

Car, Gar, y ZarCucarachaSpock

Car, Gar, y Zar Irregulars

-qué -camos

-caste casteís

-có -caron

-gué -gamos

-gaste -gasteís-gó -garon

-cé -zamos

-zaste -zasteís

-zo -zaron

Spock Irregulars!3 different groupings.The words in each grouping are conjugated the same way.The groupings are:

1. IR y SER2.DAR y VER3.HACER

IR- to go SER- to be

Fui Fuimos

Fuiste Fuisteís

Fue Fueron

DAR- to give VER- to see

I Imos

Iste Isteís

Io Ieron

HACER…. TO MAKE OR DO

Hice Hicimos

Hiciste Hicisteís

Hito Hicieron

Cucaracha Verbs

Endings for all are the same:

Andar- aduvEstar- estuvPoder- pudPoner- pusQuerer- quisSaber- supTener- tuvVenir- vin

Conducir- condujProducir- produjTraducir- tradujDecir- dijTraer- traj

Cucaracha Verbs

Snake

• In the 3rd person, the stem change occurs.

• The stem change is to opposite vowel with the first vowel.

Dormi Dormimos

Dormiste Dormisteis

Durmio Durmierion

SnakeysFollows same concept as SNAKE, but is more specific.In the 3rd person the stem change is the vowel “I” to the vowel “y”.Leer

Imperfect y Trigger Words• The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past that occurred repeatedly.• They have no definite end or beginning• Trigger words:

a menudo

a veces

cada día

cada año

con frecuencia

de vez en cuando

en aquella época

frecuentemente

generalmente

muchas veces

mucho

nunca

por un rato

siempre

tantas veces

todas las semanas

todos los días

todo el tiempo

varias veces

Imperfect

- ar -er and –ir

aba ábamosabas abaisaba aban

ía íamosías íaisía ían

Imperfect Irregulars