g. knopp frisno-8 2005 ein bokek collision induced rotational energy transfer in fs coherent anti...
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G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
COLLISION INDUCED ROTATIONAL ENERGY TRANSFER IN FS COHERENT ANTI STOKES RAMAN SCATTERING
OF SMALL MOLECULES
Gregor Knopp
Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI , Switzerland
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
Paul Scherrer Institute↓
General Energy Department↓
Combustion Research↓
Reaction Analysis
T. Gerber, P. Radi, P. Beaud, M. Tulej, T. Dreier, M. Johnson, A. Walser, M. Meisinger, D. Cannavo.
Frequency-resolved spectroscopyFemtosecond spectroscopy
Femtosceond X-rays
TC – FWMFs – FWM
slicing
Intra and inter molecular dynamics of combustion relevant species
SLS – synchrotron project
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
MotivationMotivation
• For many years the IOS/ECS approximation has been used together with energy gap scaling laws to predict probabilities for vibrational and rotational relaxation
• Experimental techniques to determine RET parameters:
- experimental collision-induced state-to-state rates (difficult & large error bars)
- linewidth measurements (limited to low pressures) → only diagonal elements of G
• Time-resolved CARS shows high sensitivity to RET due to line mixing at higher pressure
→ improved parameter set for common RET models
→ new RET scaling law: angular momentum gap scaling
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
Collision-induced line broadening (inverse Raman spectroscopy)
L.A. Rahn, R.E. Palmer, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 3 (1986) 1164.
Measurements of linewidths at low pressure (typically <1 amagat for N2)yields only the diagonal elements of
Measurements of linewidths at low pressure (typically <1 amagat for N2)yields only the diagonal elements of
N2-N2N2-N2
'JJJ'J
JJJ
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
CARS(Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering)
probe signal
Stokes (tunable)
pum p
V=0
V=1
Stk
sigk
pk
prk
• line-mixing effect (collision line narrowing) sensitive to non-diagonal elements of • but interference with non-resonant (3)
• line-mixing effect (collision line narrowing) sensitive to non-diagonal elements of • but interference with non-resonant (3)
M. L. Koszykowski, R.L. Farrow, R. E. Palmer, Opt. Lett. 10 (1985) 478.
fs - CARSfs - CARS
N2 (295K)N2 (295K)
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
• 1 mJ, 1kHz Ti:S laser & OPA• temporal resolution ~100 fs• forward BOXCAR configuration• cell pressure up to 5 bar• room temperature• only isotropic signal (magic angle)
Fs-CARS experimentFs-CARS experiment
55 O
S to k es
p u m p
sig n a l
p ro b e
Stk
sigk
pk
prk
Stk
sigk
pk
prk
-2 0 2 4 6
NR
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
rotations
Incoherent processes are:
Radiative decay + Collisions
Incoherent processes are:
Radiative decay + CollisionsT. Lang , M. Motzkus, H.-M. Frey and P. Beaud, J. Chem. Phys., 115 (2001).
rotations & vibrations
vibrations
Time-resolved CARSTime-resolved CARS
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
ififif
2ifi
ii
2ti
sppr
)(t'Ct'iω(0)expρρα(0)),α(t't'χ
dtdt'ρα(0)),α(t'τt'*Eτt'EtE)S(τ
ififif
2ifi
ii
2ti
sppr
)(t'Ct'iω(0)expρρα(0)),α(t't'χ
dtdt'ρα(0)),α(t'τt'*Eτt'EtE)S(τ
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Inte
nsi
ty /
-
Delay / ps
Signal simulationSignal simulation
~ exp(-t/col)
N2N2
(2ce)-1
(2wexe)-1
typical periods To observe coherent effects the observation time for a cw field or the pulse duration for a pulsed field must be shorter than the time constant of any decay mechanism
Q-branch transitions (v = 0 → v =1):
...112
JJevexeeωif
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
P. Beaud, H.-M.Frey, T. Lang, M. Motzkus, Chem. Phys. Lett. 344 (2001) 407.T. Lang, M. Motzkus, H.-M. Frey, P. Beaud, J. Chem. Phys. 115 (2001) 5418.
Temperature dependence (N2-CARS)
Flame 1350 K
Simulation (no collisions)
2
tJtJi
J~S eb
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
collisionscollisions
• Reorientation
• Velocity Change (Doppler)
• Interrupt phase of t no longer in step with E no longer in step with surrounding molecules
• Removes molecule from interaction
• Reorientation
• Velocity Change (Doppler)
• Interrupt phase of t no longer in step with E no longer in step with surrounding molecules
• Removes molecule from interaction
Additional signal modulationAdditional signal modulation
How does S()look like ?
How does S()look like ?
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
(t) may factorize into two parts
D(t)
inhomogenous Doppler broadening and velocity
changing collisions
D(t)
inhomogenous Doppler broadening and velocity
changing collisions
J(t)
molecular dynamics including relaxation
processes
J(t)
molecular dynamics including relaxation
processes
J
JD (t)(t)(t) χχχ J
JD (t)(t)(t) χχχ
D.S. Kuznetsov et. al. ,Chemical Physics, 257, 117 (2000)
TT
TTifD
tt
ct
exp1exp)(2
222
χ
220 v-v2T2
TT
D
Fs - CARS offers no single state resolution
↓ Model for relaxation
Fs - CARS offers no single state resolution
↓ Model for relaxation
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
Isolated linesIsolated lines
Lorentzians ()Exponential decays (t)
J
J2JJJ γttiωexpbρ(t)χ
N2-N2N2-N2
• Typically high J numbers survive longer
(J) (Cars transient reflects a higher temperature for long delays)
• Initial decay overemphasized
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
2320 2322 2324 2326 2328 2330
Inte
nsity
Ramanshift / cm-1
Interferences in time domain CARS are produced by different pathways i f, which cannot be resolved in the frequency domain.
0 20 40 60 80 1001E-7
1E-6
1E-5
1E-4
1E-3
0.01
0.1
1
Inte
nsity
probe delay / ps
Interference effect of low j numbers in the Q-branch
Frequency shift
mixing lines mixing lines
Increases the influence of low J numbers to early decay
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
IG Jiω
Mixing lines:
2
JJJJJ τ
~iexp)1-()()S(τ GPbAbA
χ J ( t )∝∑J
ρJ bJ2 exp ( iωJ−Γt )
Diag.:
Parameter from J.V. Buldyreva, L Bonamy, Phys. Rev. A 60, 370, (1999)
M.L. Koszykowski, R.L. Farrow, and R.E. Palmer, Opt. Lett. 10, 478 (1985).
? ?
IGAAG
JJ γ~ω~i1-~
Def.:
Modeling line mixingModeling line mixing
is described through the collision induced rates between specific rotational states. RET is described through the collision induced rates between specific rotational states. RET
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
Collision is not sudden finite collision duration
Include adiabatic correction ()
Collision is not sudden finite collision duration
Include adiabatic correction ()
Energy Corrected Sudden (ECS)-ModelEnergy Corrected Sudden (ECS)-Model
Lρρρ
LL
LJJ
LJJ Q
Φ
ΦLJ L
JJ
JJLJ
0
0
'
'
2
0
'' 12 1'2
2
000
'
''
JJJJ
JJ
From a subset of rates Q(l0) the complete collision matrix can be constructed
Important:
Full relaxation matrix for isotropic Raman N2 Q-branch bands Full relaxation matrix for isotropic Raman N2 Q-branch bands
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
A long standing thread through the literature is the search for simple heuristics with which to predict probabilities for vibrational and rotational relaxation.
A long standing thread through the literature is the search for simple heuristics with which to predict probabilities for vibrational and rotational relaxation.
RET matrix must correctly describe the observed frequency dependence of the spectral lineshapes as function of pressure and temperature.
RET matrix must correctly describe the observed frequency dependence of the spectral lineshapes as function of pressure and temperature.
Requirements for the ModelRequirements for the Model
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
Model L QL Parameter
ECS-E
ECS-P
EFCS
2n
2av2
ΔJJ n12
τωω1
kT
ωβexpα1LL
T
T A L
N
00
1)}L(Lχ{1ω
ωγγexp 2
0
2JJ'2
kT
ω1)(βexp
T
T
12L
A L
N
0
0
ECS – based modelsECS – based models
Parameters are strongly correlated!
Parameters are strongly correlated!
Mark Horner, Thesis, University of Cape Town
A0 N bc
A0 1 0.8574 0.9988 -0.8902 N - 1 0.8421 -0.7067 - - 1 -0.9054
bc - - - 1
A0, av, and/or ,
N, [n=1,2]
A0, , , 0, N,
A0, c, LcAECS cL
1LL0 expA
1
' τω2exp
LL
cJJ
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
0 25 50 75 1001E-6
1E-5
1E-4
1E-3
0.01
0.1
1
(d)(c)
(b)(a)
ECS-P Bonamy et al. (1988) fit
no
rmal
ized
CA
RS
sig
nal
probe delay (ps)0 20 40 60 80 100
1E-6
1E-5
1E-4
1E-3
0.01
0.1
1
ECS-E Bonamy and Buldyreva (2000) fit
no
rmal
ized
CA
RS
sig
nal
probe delay (ps)
0 20 40 60 80 1001E-6
1E-5
1E-4
1E-3
0.01
0.1
1EFCS
Kouzov (1999) fit
no
rmal
ized
CA
RS
sig
nal
probe delay (ps)0 20 40 60 80 100
1E-6
1E-5
1E-4
1E-3
0.01
0.1
1AECS
no
rmal
ized
CA
RS
sig
nal
probe delay (ps)
Model fs –CARS experiment (N2-N2)Model fs –CARS experiment (N2-N2)
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
0 1 2 3 4 5 60
1
2
3
4
ECS-PECS_E
norm
aliz
ed s
um o
f squ
are
erro
rs
pressure [mb]
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
AECS :
ResultsResults
• Fit results are better than using values from literature
• main differences appear in the adiabatic correction
Accuracy of fs – CARS measurements encourages to find expressions with reduced number of parameters
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
The AECS modelThe AECS model
cτΔE
cτΔE
c20
2
2
1
τ2μr2
lllE crot
c20
2
2
1
τ2μr2
lllE crot
Rotational energy of the collision intermediateRotational energy of the collision intermediate
Uncertainty in energy of the intermediateUncertainty in energy of the intermediate
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
The collision induced rotational energy transfer is limited by the possible energy fluctuations of the intermediate during c .
1χ
21
ΔE
ΔE
rot
cl
1
χ
21
ΔE
ΔE
rot
cl
0 lc ~ const.
0 lc ~ const.
Within the experimental Accuracy : 2cl 2cl1
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
cL
1LL0L expAQ
cL1LL
0L expAQ
Base rates:
1 '
'τω2
exp)ω(ΦLL
cJJJJL
1 '
'τω2
exp)ω(ΦLL
cJJJJL
Adiabatic correction:
Two fit parameters only: A0 and cA0 and c
2sm
cL
Transformation to the coordinates of the probed molecule
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
0 1 2 3 4 5 60
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 4 5 60
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 60
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 60
2
4
6
8
10
12
(a)
ECS_P
A0
(1
0-3 c
m-1/a
mag
at)
pressure (bar)
(b)
ECS_E
A0
(1
0-3 c
m-1/a
ma
ga
t)
pressure (bar)
(c)
AECS (Lc fitted)
A0
(1
0-3 c
m-1/a
ma
ga
t)
pressure (bar)
(d)
AECS (Lc= 4 h)
A0
(1
0-3 c
m-1/a
ma
ga
t)
pressure (bar)
all transients between 0.2 and 5 bar fitted simultaneouslyall transients between 0.2 and 5 bar fitted simultaneously
Fitting constant A0 Fitting constant A0
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek Experimental data from G. O. Sitz and L. Farrow, J. Chem. Phys., 93, 7883,(1990).
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
1
10
(a)
Experiment AECS ECS_P ECS_E EFCS
0,J
(1
0-3 c
m-1/a
tm)
J
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0.1
1
10 (b)
Experiment AECS ECS_P ECS_E EFCS
14, J
(1
0-3 c
m-1/a
tm)
J0 10 20 30
0
20
40
60(b)
AECS ECS-P ECS-E
J (1
0-3cm
-1/a
tm)
J
0 5 10 15 20 251E-3
0.01
0.1
1
10
(a)
AECS ECS-P ECS-E L
12,1
0 (
10-3 c
m-1/a
tm)
L
Comparison to state to state ratesComparison to state to state rates
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 15000
50
100
150
200
250
c / f
s
Temperatur / K
v
b
2ln8vμτ av
2
lc
dttV
dtttV
c)(
)(
τ
0 50 100 150 2000
200
400
600
800
1000
300 K
1000 K
100 K
c [fs
]
l
V(t) ~ 12-6 Lennard-Jones potential (~ 4Å ; LJ~ 80 cm-1)
V(t) ~ 12-6 Lennard-Jones potential (~ 4Å ; LJ~ 80 cm-1)
Collision duration (?) c~ 200fsCollision duration (?) c~ 200fs
3k
2T
)T(T
LJ0
10c
ετ
3k
2T
)T(T
LJ0
10c
ετ
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
Temperature dependenceTemperature dependence
Experimental data from: Rahn and Palmer, J. Opti. Soc. Am. B 3,1164 (1986).ECS-E Values: Bonamy and Buldyreva, Phys. Rev. A 63, 12715, (2000).
0 5 10 15 20 25 300
20
40
60
80
AECS ECS-E (Ref. [5])
295 K 500K 730 K 1000 K 1500 K
J (
10-3 c
m-1/ a
tm)
rotational Quantum number ! No additional ! fit parameter needed! No additional !
fit parameter needed
T
TT
ECS
cc0
0
:
T
TTcc
00
AECS
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
Collisions with higher mass partnersCollisions with higher mass partners
0 25 50 75 100 125
N2-Kr
N2-Ar
N2-Ne
N2-He
CA
RS
sig
na
l
probe delay (ps)
Still: AECS has onlytwo free fit parameters:
A0 and c
Still: AECS has onlytwo free fit parameters:
A0 and c
tcL
tLLL
LLLτωA
LL,AQ C
,exp
expmin
00
10
tcL
tLLL
LLLτωA
LL,AQ C
,exp
expmin
00
10
Lt is defined by :Lt is defined by :
Modification needed: Partial pressure:
N2≈ 500 mb, X ≈ 4.5 bar
ccL
tt LLL
0
11
ccLtt L
LL 0
11
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
What is the meaning of the AECS modification ?What is the meaning of the AECS modification ?
During c the energy exchange has to be sufficient E L0c < 1 to allow the angular momentum transfer.
During c the energy exchange has to be sufficient E L0c < 1 to allow the angular momentum transfer.
)τωexp(AQ cL00L )τωexp(AQ cL00L
0 5 10 15 20 250.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(a) N2-N
2
QL
AM
QL
E
QL
rotational quantum number
0 5 10 15 20 250.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(b) N2-Kr
QL
AM
QL
E
QL
rotational quantum number
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
Molecule with higher polarity (CO-CO)Molecule with higher polarity (CO-CO)
A0 (mK/amagat)
c (fs)
Lc / ћ
4.06 (24) 152.7 (15.5) 4.07 (14) 1
4.17 (7) 151.4 (15.0)
4 1.003
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1E-5
1E-4
1E-3
0.01
1.16 bar 2.78 bar5.13 bar
no
rma
lize
d C
AR
S s
ign
al
probe delay (ps)
CO-CO
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
0001 01 0
0000 00 0
0101 01 0
0000 10 1
0100 10 1
0100 00 0
dar k s t at esRaman- act ive t r ansit ions
197 4 cm-1
196 2 cm-1 197 3 cm-1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
710 mbar
1420 mbar
100 mbar
norm
aliz
ed C
AR
S s
igna
l
probe delay (ps)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
FFT
wavenumber (cm-1)
Including VET
VET
vib IJiGvib IJiG
C2H2 – C2H2 collision system C2H2 – C2H2 collision system
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
0 10 20 30 40 500
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
J (1
0-3 c
m-1
/ am
agat
J
C2H2 – C2H2C2H2 – C2H2
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
Thanks for your attentionThanks for your attention
• Fs- CARS excellent method for RET investigations
• The new AECS scaling law was introduced and proved on - N2-N2
- CO-CO - N2-Rare gas- C2H2-C2H2 collisions systems
• Two free fit parameters only for all investigated pressures and temperatures.
• Without significant loss of accuracy the angular momentum scaling
parameter ℓc can be set to 2ћ. Just a coincidence ?
G. Knopp FRISNO-8 2005 Ein Bokek
END