gaaber may 2013
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Last month I started this column with the announcement
that I will be stepping away from my role as leader of
GAAB.
I have been the Program Coordinator for GAAB for at
least 20 years and it is time to step down after the June
meeting. In addition, I have been the Apple Ambassador,
the webmaster, and the writer for three columns each month
including this column.
I have greatly appreciated the time I have spent as part of
the GAAB Leadership. I am also greatly appreciative of
the work that other members have done over the years.
Roger Mazula has done a wonderful job as the editor of
the GAABer for at least as long as I have been Program
Coordinator and probably adds a whole additional
dimension to the group.
Cecilia MacDonald has served as the Treasurer and
Mebership Coordinator keeping us nancially solvent with
our small amount of income.
Volume 29, Number 9 - May 2013
Coordinators
Cornerby John Buckley
Next GAAB MeetingMay 8, 2013
Using Windows on Mac
7:00 p.m.St. Marys Hospital
Troy, NY
Featured in this Issue
Adobe Creative Cloud............................................................... 1
Program Coordinator ................................................................ 1
Apple Ambassador .................................................................... 2
Internet SIG ............................................................................... 3
Education SIG ........................................................................... 4
QWERTY Keyboard ................................................................. 9
GAAB Internet Addresses....................................................... 12
The GABerThe Newsletter of the Greater Albany Apple Byters
Continued on page 7.
Serving the Apple Computer User Community Since May 1984
Continued on page 6.
Adobe Announces New
Creative Cloud Apps,
Abandons Creative Suiteby Juli Clover, MacRumors
Adobe has decided to focus its resources
on Creative Cloud and will not continue
development on its Creative Suite
software, reports The Next Web. While
Creative Suite 6 will continue to be
supported in regards to bug xes, there
will be no further updates and no Creative Suite 7.
Instead, the company announced several Creative Cloud
apps at its Adobe MAX conference, including Photoshop
CC, InDesign CC, Illustrator CC, Dreamweaver CC, and
Premiere Pro CC.
Each of the apps has seen notable upgrades, as detailed
by The Next Web. For example, Photoshop CC offers
new features like Camera Shake reduction and Behance
integration, which can be seen in the Adobe promo video.
Adobes Creative Cloud applications will launch this
June. The company plans to offer current users of CS 3
and beyond a year of Creative Cloud at a discounted price.
http://-/?-http://-/?-http://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/05/06/after-nearly-10-years-adobe-abandons-its-creative-suite-entirely-to-focus-on-creative-cloud/http://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/05/06/after-nearly-10-years-adobe-abandons-its-creative-suite-entirely-to-focus-on-creative-cloud/http://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/05/06/adobe-launches-new-creative-cloud-only-apps-and-services-photoshop-cc-indesign-cc-illustrator-cc-dreamweaver-cc-and-more/http://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/05/06/adobe-launches-new-creative-cloud-only-apps-and-services-photoshop-cc-indesign-cc-illustrator-cc-dreamweaver-cc-and-more/http://blogs.adobe.com/photoshopdotcom/2013/05/photoshop-cc-for-creative-cloud-members-coming-soon.htmlhttp://blogs.adobe.com/photoshopdotcom/2013/05/photoshop-cc-for-creative-cloud-members-coming-soon.htmlhttp://blogs.adobe.com/photoshopdotcom/2013/05/photoshop-cc-for-creative-cloud-members-coming-soon.htmlhttp://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/05/06/adobe-launches-new-creative-cloud-only-apps-and-services-photoshop-cc-indesign-cc-illustrator-cc-dreamweaver-cc-and-more/http://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/05/06/after-nearly-10-years-adobe-abandons-its-creative-suite-entirely-to-focus-on-creative-cloud/http://-/?- -
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The Greater Albany Apple Byters is an Apple
Computer User Group. Meetings are held the second
Wednesday of each month (except July and August)
in Room 212 of Troy High School, located on Burdett
Avenue, Troy, NY.
Annual membership fee is $10.00. Membership privi-leges include this newsletter, access to a large public
domain software and video/audio tape library, local
vendor discounts, special interest groups, and other
special offers.
Contents of The GABer are copywriten, all rights
reserved. Original articles may be reprinted by not-
for-prot organizations, provided that proper credit
is given to the author, The GABer, and a copy of the
publication sent to The GABer editor.
The views expressed herein are the sole responsibility
of each author, and do not necessarily represent the
views of the Greater Albany Apple Byters.
Note: Trademarks used in this newsletter are recog-
nized as trademarks of the representative companies.
Ofcers & Special Interest Group Leaders
Program Coordinator
John Buckley
272-7128
Membership Director
Cecilia MacDonald872-0823
Treasurer
Cecilia MacDonald
872-0823
Public Domain Librarian
Bill Shuff
393-9753
Newsletter Editor
Roger Mazula
466-7492
Education SIG
John Buckley
272-7128
Internet SIG
Lou Wozniak
465-2873
Apple
Ambassador
by John Buckley
Continued on page 7.
What Is Happening with Broadband
and WiFi in the US?
The San Francisco Chronicle reported the follow on US
bandwidth speeds.
The good news? The Internet is getting faster, or at least
average connection speeds in the United States are,
according toAkamais latest State of the Internet report.
The bad news? Our speeds are half those enjoyed in South
Korea. In fact, were ninth on the list among nations,
limping along behind Latvia and the Czech Republic. And
we drop to 14th when it comes to average peak speeds,
according to the study from the Cambridge, Mass., rm,
which helps websites accelerate content delivery.
Its troubling news, because studies repeatedly link fasterInternet connections to improved economic development
and education outcomes. To the degree that were lagging
other nations, were forgoing opportunities.
The U.S. average of 7.2 megabits per second, after all,
means lots of people, particularly in rural areas and low-
income neighborhoods, are grappling with speeds far below
that. And those are people who need access to information,
Mike Haug prepares Verizon ber-optic cables for
installation in New York. Verizons FiOS network
advertises download speeds up to 300 Mbps. Photo: JinLee, Bloomberg News
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On a given day, an estimated 144
billion email messages are sent and
received around the world. This
doesnt even include spam!
Compare that with an average of 175
million tweets per day, and its clear
most folks and companies still prefer
email when it comes to exchanging
messages.
As someone who receives more email than I can count,
Ive had to cook up special strategies for dealing with it.
Experts say up to a quarter of a persons work week is
spent dealing with email!
To lighten your load, here are 5 email tricks I use every
day. Use these and youll shave serious time off of your
inbox management.
1. Send less (and better) email
Email follows one law youve probably heard before:
You get what you give. If youre sending out dozens of
messages, youre going to receive that many back and
more. If the email you send isnt clear, youll end up
sending more messages to clarify. It all adds up.
Instead, look for other ways to communicate. If a quick
text, call or IM can get your message across faster, use
that instead. If youre dealing with a co-worker, taking a
trip to their ofce might be easier and more productive.
With the email you cant avoid sending out, make it clear
and concise. Anticipate questions and answer them before
theyre asked. Try to keep it as short as possible, as well.
If a list or short sentence will do, dont stretch things out
into paragraphs.
5 Email Tricks Every Person
Needs to Knowby Kim Komando
Internet SIG
Continued on page 6.
If youre frequently sending the same message to multiple
people, save time with a template you can copy and paste.
These can be customized as you go so they dont look as
much like form letters.
2. Filter and Automate
Nearly every email program or service lets you set up some
form of automated message ltering. This can be as simple
as setting up folders to separate important mail from the
clutter. Advanced systems can color code and label email
for you based on sender and other rules.
Start by routing messages from important contacts to a
folder labeled Urgent or something similar. Create a
Read later folder for routine or subscription messages.
You can create as many subfolders and folders as you need,
so set up a system that works best for you.
Act on the email you receive, and then either archive or
delete the messages. The quicker it is out of your inbox,
the better. Remember, your inbox is a delivery system, not
a storage system!
If you want even more advanced ltering options, use
programs like Outlook or the free Thunderbird. These
are a must for anyone with multiple email accounts. They
add all sorts of management features that most Webmail
cant touch.
3. Use temporary email
Im sure at some point youve made the mistake of giving
out your real email address online. Shortly afterward, a
ood of email you dont care about appears in your inbox.
In most cases, you just needed to give it to a site so you
can receive a conrmation email proving you are who
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Editorial: What Will Apple Do with
the Macintosh?by Daniel Eran Dilger, AppleInsider
After a decade of signicant growth, Apples Mac sales
have attened out as the larger market for PCs has begun
to collapse. What future is there in the Mac business, and
why is the company now designing a new Mac Pro?
Apples recent history with
iOS has been nothing short of
unprecedented and incredible.
The iPhone has sold so well
that critics have all shifted
from complaining that Steve
Jobs was unrealistically
optimistic when he said he
hoped Apple could account
for 1 percent of all phones
sold within its second year to
a complete 180, demandingthat the company make a cheaper model capable of eating
up the portion of sales in developing countries that Apple
doesnt already dominate.
And at the same time, Wall Street is now concerned that
too many people are choosing to buy the more affordable,
two and a half year old iPhone 4. Theres no worries, of
Education SIG
A Learning Experience for Us All:
The Mac Pro
The Mac Pro should be a learning experience for us all including executives at Apple.
One of the real selling points about Macs has always been the fact that they were and excellent graphics machine and
represented a higher standard for computers than the competing PC computers. This has been true for a number of
years, however Apple has failed to maintain this history over the past few years.
While desktop computers have decline in sales compared to laptops and tablets, Apple has continued to improve the
iMac and its laptops over the years. This has not been true for the top of the line Mac Pro which is the Work Station
meant to be used by high-end graphic artists and video producers.
The Mac Pro, not having an update in two years, has fallen behind a number of PCs especially the HP Z820 Workstation.
In order for Apple to continue to regain their status as the graphic and video production leader, they will have to introduce
a new Mac Pro or replacement for the Mac Pro that incorporates the latest
course, that Android licensees, including Samsung, have
been achieving their market share numbers largely by
selling not just outdated hardware but outdated versions
of Android, too, at much lower prot margins than Apple
has been earning.
While Apples success with iOS gives it the luxury of
being cursed for not having cheap enough products and
at the same time lamented for not selling a mix favoringmore expensive models,
its Mac business is simply
plugging along as the only
PC maker left that isnt
losing its sales to iPad. IDC
noted that global PC sales
fell 14 percent in the rst
quarter of 2013, twice the
drop it had predicted.
Unlike the iPhone, Apple
cant simply sell 2 year old
Mac designs at a subsidizeddiscount to a hungry audience. Apple released the cheaper
Mac mini in 2005 without stoking intense new demand.
The majority of Apples Mac sales are notebooks, all of
which are now premium models precision crafted from
thin wedges of aluminum. Compared to iPods, iPhones and
iPads, Apples Mac sales volumes are relatively minimal.
http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-apple-iphone-20130426,0,7968879.storyhttp://appleinsider.com/articles/13/04/10/idc-pc-shipments-see-steepest-quarterly-decline-ever-apple-drops-75http://appleinsider.com/articles/13/04/10/idc-pc-shipments-see-steepest-quarterly-decline-ever-apple-drops-75http://appleinsider.com/articles/13/04/10/idc-pc-shipments-see-steepest-quarterly-decline-ever-apple-drops-75http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-apple-iphone-20130426,0,7968879.story -
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But Apples Macs are premium machines in an industry
that has been specializing in low end, disposable hardware
for decades. This has allowed Apple to collect the lions
share of prots in the PC industry. According to a report
by Asymco, Apples Mac generates more prots that the
top ve PC makers combined.
From All-Mac to Also-Mac
Its not hard to see why Apple has been focusing much of
its attention on mobile devices: thats where the money is.
At the beginning of 2001, the year the iPod debuted, Apple
announced winter quarter sales of just 659,000 Macs. Five
years later, Apple was up to selling about twice as many
Macs (1.254 million) but was now selling more than 14
million iPods, too.
The tremendous success of the iPod caused some pundits
to speculate that Apple would (or perhaps should) drop the
Mac and focus on just selling iPods. What they didnt know
was that Apple was planning to use Mac technologies to
develop an iPod successor.
Five years later at the start of 2010, Apple reported sales of
3.36 million Macs, 21 million iPods and 8.7 million new
iPhones. It then released the new iPad.
Three years later (just last week) Apple announced sales
of just under 4 million Macs, 37.4 million iPhones and
19.5 million iPads. Thats nearly 57 million iOS devices
(not including iPod touch) being sold per quarter, far
outpacing Macs.
Same but different
Of course, iOS devices are actually compact Macs, sharing
a nearly identical core os, development frameworks and
app code (including their Safari WebKit browser). Whats
different is the user interface: Macs use an advanced
version of the windowing, mouse-driven environment
it debuted with back in 1984. In 2007, Apple introduced
a new multitouch user interface designed expressly for
handheld mobile devices.
Over the past few years, Apple has cross pollinated the Macand iOS devices, introducing many common user interface
and usability concepts ranging from multitouch gestures
and Dictation to an App Store for desktop software. Apples
next big push in services, iCloud, appeared with support
for both Macs and iOS.
Despite sharing lots of technology and features between the
Mac and iOS, Apple hasnt pursued Microsofts strategy
of melding its desktop and mobile device platforms with
a common, hybrid user interface. Instead, the Mac has
remained a conventional computer without a touchscreen.
How long can Apple afford to devote signicant resources
to maintaining the Mac when theres so much moreopportunity for growth and revenues on the iOS side?
Mac Pro now a fraction of the Macs fraction
Macs have steadily become more mobile. Over the past
decade, desktop Macs have shrunk from the majority of
Apples computer sales, to being tied with notebooks, to
now being a small minority. Most of Apples desktop Macs
are iMacs, leaving its Mac Pro a tiny island within quarterly
sales of around 4 million machines.
As a workstation class system, the Mac Pro now makes up
such a small percentage of Apples Mac sales that it hasntbeen signicantly updated since 2010. And in Europe, sales
haveceased entirely because the existing design no longer
meets stringent manufacturing standards related to exposed
fan blades and other features.
If Apples chief executive Tim Cook hadnt already
promised an update to the companys full sized desktop
this year, it would be very believable to think it might just
ride into the sunset with the discontinued Xserve.
Unlike the Xserve, which was speculatively designed to
serve a market that was already well served, the Mac Pro
(and before that, the Power Mac) was built for Apples
mainstream desktop professional users. Over the past
decade however, a number of shifts in technology have
enabled more and more of the Mac Pros potential audience
to be better served by speedy notebooks with large displays
or, in some cases, the simplicity of the iMac.
The central core audience of Apples power users, including
professionals in print, audio and video production as well
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Internet SIGContinued from page 3.
Adobe Creative CloudContinued from page 1.
as science and engineering, are often still looking for more
computing power than a notebook can deliver. Rather than
beeng up the iMac to accommodate such users, Apple
made it more stylish and thin last fall.
This has left a place open for a future new Mac Pro, even
if its target demographic is relatively small. Apple couldseek to broaden the appeal of the desktop computer, or it
can instead simply deliver a really high end, attention
getting workstation just for bragging rights. Apple did
something similar last fall when it introduced the Retina
Display MacBook Pro, an extremely high end luxury
notebook that was so expensive that it needed last years
models to stick around in order to provide more affordable
alternatives.
you say you are. For those situations, its better to use a
temporary email account.Mailinator is a good site for this.
Its email addresses only last for an hour or so and then allthe email is erased.
Some people create a second email address. Thats the
one they give out to new or questionable sites. Their main
email is reserved for friends, family and reputable sites.
You should also keep business and personal email accounts
separate.
4. When to use BCC
There are many ways to send email to multiple people.
Usually, people simply use To: or CC: and ll in all
the email addresses. For most mass mailings, however,BCC: is a better option.
Using it means recipients only see their own email address.
Thats a plus when they might not know other people on
the list, or your email might be forwarded to strangers. You
dont want a spammer getting their hands on a large list of
your friends names and addresses.
Click here to learn even more tips for polite, secure email.
BCC can backre, though. In an ofce setting, using BCC
on an email makes you the only target for replies. If the
email is about a project with a team, include other teammembers addresses in a To: eld to help you carry the
weight.
Whenever you include multiple people in an email - ofce
or personal - make sure each knows why theyre included.
Dont be afraid to explain that in the body of the email.
5. Turn off notications
One of the biggest email annoyances is notications. These
come from Facebook, Twitter and other social sites.
You might get an email every time someone interacts with
your prole. If youre an avid social networker, these
notications can take over your inbox.
Go into your settings on each site to turn off notications.
Ive got tips to do it for Facebook here. Twitter, LinkedIn,
Pinterest and the rest arent much different. You can even
keep a few types of notications active if you think theyre
important.
For creatives that rely on the companys upgrade paths,
some will be pleased to nd that anyone with a CS 3 or later
serial number will get their rst Creative Cloud year for
$29.99 per month. For everyone else, the complete version
of Creative Cloud will set you back $49.99 per month,
or you can purchase a single app license subscription for
$19.99 per month.
For teams, the same applies, but youll pay $69.99 per
month per user or $39.99 if youve purchased CS 3 or later
added perks include signicantly more cloud storage.
For students, CC will set you back $19.99 per month for
the complete version, and there is also now a Teams forEducation offering at $39.99 per month per user.
With a standard Creative Cloud subscription, users can
access the full library of Adobe apps, making it an attractive
choice for subscribers that plan to access multiple Adobe
products.
According to Scott Morris (via TechCrunch), head of
Adobes Creative Cloud and Creative Suite teams, the
shift will allow Adobes engineers the ability to focus,
providing quicker updates and more innovative features
in the future.
http://www.komando.com/coolsites/index.aspx?id=12864http://www.komando.com/coolsites/index.aspx?id=12864http://www.komando.com/coolsites/index.aspx?id=12864http://www.komando.com/tips/index.aspx?id=13906http://www.komando.com/tips/index.aspx?id=13674http://www.komando.com/tips/index.aspx?id=13674http://techcrunch.com/2013/05/06/adobe-goes-all-in-with-subscription-based-creative-cloud-will-stop-selling-regular-cs-licenses-shrink-wrapped-boxes/http://techcrunch.com/2013/05/06/adobe-goes-all-in-with-subscription-based-creative-cloud-will-stop-selling-regular-cs-licenses-shrink-wrapped-boxes/http://www.komando.com/tips/index.aspx?id=13674http://www.komando.com/tips/index.aspx?id=13906http://www.komando.com/coolsites/index.aspx?id=12864 -
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Apple AmbassadorContinued from page 2.
In addition, I would like to thank Les Goldstein for his help
in securing the Leonard Board Room at St. Marys Hospital
for our meetings and the hospital for the use of the room.
We discussed the future of GAAB at last months meeting
and will continue this discussion at the May meeting.
Please try to be there for these discussions.
This months demo will feature how to run Windows and
other operating systems on the Mac. We will look at the
alternatives and what is the best way depending on your
needs.
To nd out whats happening, GAAB is the place to be.
So be sure to be at our May meeting and every meeting
to nd out the best information about the Mac and other
Apple products.
The May meeting will be held at St. Marys Hospital in the
Leonard Board Room on Wednesday, May 8, 2013. The
meeting will begin at 7 p.m. St. Marys Hospital is located
at 1300 Massachusetts Avenue in Troy NY.
However, the best route to take from the Northway is the
following:1. Merge onto NY-7 East from the Northway.
2. Follow Route 7 to Troy where it becomes Hoosick Street.
3. Turn left on Oakwood Avenue (10 Street/NY-40) which
is the rst light after the bridge and bare right.4. Turn right on Sausse Avenue. Turn left onto Lindenwood
Court. When you come to the rst entrance to the hospital
parking lot, turn left and park.
Program CoordinatorContinued from page 1.
online tutoring and job opportunities as much, or more,
than anyone.
A 2011 report concluded that doubling broadband speeds
can increase a nations gross domestic product by 0.3
percent. That would add up to $126 billion in the United
States, noted the paper by networking equipment company
Ericsson, consulting rm Arthur D. Little and Chalmers
University of Technology in Sweden.
Next-generation apps
Its also bad news because faster Internet connections
enable next-generation applications, the things we might
not even know we need or want yet. When the Internet
transitioned from dial-up to broadband, we went fromhappily waiting for still images to load to streaming movies
on Netix and Hulu - and learning about physics and math
from Khan Academy videos. The acceleration of Internet
speeds has transformed countless industries, upending
the way we learn, play, shop, date and much, much more.
So what will the next 10 Mbps bring? Or 50? Who knows?
It could be ultra HD or 3-D television and movies.
It could be entirely new kinds of virtual reality and
immersive games.
It could also be virtual classrooms, with high-resolution
video, interactive tools and simultaneous translations
across multiple languages, linking students and teachers
around the globe.
It could represent the infrastructure upgrade necessary to
usher in a new era of connected homes and the Internet
of Things, where all our products are connected and
talking, in ways that could make our lives easier and use
of resources more efcient.
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Its difcult to predict what becomes possible, but in
general, faster broadband access with less restrictive data
caps is likely to result in better things for consumers,
said Dane Jasper, chief executive of Sonic.net, an Internet
service provider in Santa Rosa.
Indeed, its clear from both the short history of the Internetand the long history of civilization that information
technology matters, reshufing the winners and losers in
politics, economics, arts and culture. So, its probably a
good idea to keep up.
But South Korea is consistently winning the race, clocking
in with average connection speeds of 14.7 Mbps during the
third quarter, according to Akamai. Japan came in second
at 10.5 Mbps, while Hong Kong ranked third at 9.
Lack of competition
There are a variety of reasons why the United States fallsnear the bottom of the top 10 nations, but much of it boils
down to the lack of competition - specically the continuing
reign of dominant legacy players in telecommunications
like AT&T and Comcast, despite otherwise vast changes
throughout the tech sector.
The government of South Korea has actively promoted
fast and plentiful Internet access through a series of policy
initiatives, including forcing its public power utility and
dominant telecom company to open up their networks to
rivals, according to Wired.
As reported in a Motorola White Paper, faster broadbandwill be especially important with the new WIFI routers
that are now coming on the market. They are using the
new 802.11ac standard which commonly call gigabit wi
will replace the 802.11n routers we are currently using.
802.11ac represents the fth generation of IEEE 802.11
WLAN standards and is expected to deliver a data rate
connection of at least three times that of 802.11n. Many of
the algorithms of 802.11n are being reused, but enhanced,
with 802.11ac, which should make the technology easy to
fold into existing networks.
802.11ac will be backward-compatible with 802.11n
networks operating in the 5GHz range and is expected
to offer dramatic improvements in Wi-Fi reliability,
throughput and range. 801.11ac is expected to be ratied
by IEEE late 2013. The earliest, pre-ratied products were
in stores in late 2012 and will likely ship for the home/
consumer market. From there, its expected that the rollout
of new IEEE 802.11ac devices will take between one and
three years. By 2015, according to experts, all new Wi-Fi
products coming to market are expected to be based on
802.11ac technology.
Enterprise-class products will ship with variations on the
number of antennas, spatial streams and channel widths,
and the most important education for enterprises to seek
at this time is how wider channels, but fewer of them, willaffect the organizations channel plan. This is particularly
relevant for early enterprise adopters, who will likely be
supporting large volumes of single-stream handset clients
for a couple of years, as well as clients that use the 2.4GHz
band, which will be obsolete in 802.11ac. Theres a ne
balance between accommodating the high density of
these devices with enough channels to avoid co- channel
interference and reaping the aggregate throughput benets
of the greater channel widths of 80MHz and, eventually,
160MHz, that have been specied by 802.11ac standards.
9 to 5 Mac reports that code in the latest 10.8.4 beta version
of Mountain Lion discovered by a 9to5 Mac tipster showsOS X support for 802.11ac WiFi, meaning next-gen Macs
might contain the tech. Also dubbed 5G, 802.11ac brings
speeds as high as 1.3Gbps thanks tobeamforming, while
also offering more range and robustness compared to its
802.11n predecessor. To date weve seen oodles ofrouters
packing the still-uncertied wireless format, but only a
single notebook with the tech has passed through our doors
-- theAsus G75VW gaming notebook. That might change
with a reference to the standard in the WiFi-frameworks
folder in Mountain Lions latest beta, 10.8.4, which was
recently sent to developers. Of course, until we see a
real Cupertino product packing such a radio, its just that
-- code.
http://www.sfgate.com/?controllerName=search&action=search&channel=technology%2Fdotcommentary&search=1&inlineLink=1&query=%22Dane+Jasper%22http://www.sfgate.com/?controllerName=search&action=search&channel=technology%2Fdotcommentary&search=1&inlineLink=1&query=%22Dane+Jasper%22http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=15&ved=0CLEBEBYwDg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorola.com%2Fweb%2FBusiness%2F_Documents%2FWhite%20Paper%2F_Static%20files%2F80211ac_White_Paper_0712-web.pdf&ei=Pt-GUd-rItTG4APfm4GIBw&usg=AFQjCNG59QnzNjFHy9oAg9ZG6L3_v7S-nQ&sig2=MzrXwgue8Ox3eLgLnYJ0DQhttp://9to5mac.com/2013/04/09/os-x-10-8-4-code-confirms-new-macs-incoming-with-super-fast-802-11ac-gigabit-wireless-support/http://www.engadget.com/2013/01/07/linksys-reveals-a-trio-of-802-11ac-wifi-routers-with-beamforming/http://www.engadget.com/2013/01/07/linksys-reveals-a-trio-of-802-11ac-wifi-routers-with-beamforming/http://www.engadget.com/tag/802.11ac,router/http://www.engadget.com/2011/02/08/study-802-11ac-devices-to-hit-the-one-billion-mark-in-2015-get/http://www.engadget.com/tag/802.11ac,router/http://www.engadget.com/2011/02/08/study-802-11ac-devices-to-hit-the-one-billion-mark-in-2015-get/http://www.engadget.com/2012/06/07/asus-g75vw-broadcom-80211ac/http://www.engadget.com/2012/06/07/asus-g75vw-broadcom-80211ac/http://www.engadget.com/2012/06/07/asus-g75vw-broadcom-80211ac/http://www.engadget.com/2012/06/07/asus-g75vw-broadcom-80211ac/http://www.engadget.com/2011/02/08/study-802-11ac-devices-to-hit-the-one-billion-mark-in-2015-get/http://www.engadget.com/tag/802.11ac,router/http://www.engadget.com/2013/01/07/linksys-reveals-a-trio-of-802-11ac-wifi-routers-with-beamforming/http://9to5mac.com/2013/04/09/os-x-10-8-4-code-confirms-new-macs-incoming-with-super-fast-802-11ac-gigabit-wireless-support/http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=15&ved=0CLEBEBYwDg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorola.com%2Fweb%2FBusiness%2F_Documents%2FWhite%20Paper%2F_Static%20files%2F80211ac_White_Paper_0712-web.pdf&ei=Pt-GUd-rItTG4APfm4GIBw&usg=AFQjCNG59QnzNjFHy9oAg9ZG6L3_v7S-nQ&sig2=MzrXwgue8Ox3eLgLnYJ0DQhttp://www.sfgate.com/?controllerName=search&action=search&channel=technology%2Fdotcommentary&search=1&inlineLink=1&query=%22Dane+Jasper%22 -
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Fact or Fiction? The Legend of the QWERTY Keyboardfrom Smithsonian.com
What came rst: the typist or the keyboard? The answer
depends on the keyboard. A recent article in Smithsonians
news blog, Smart News, described an innovative new
keyboard system that proposes a more efcient alternative
to the ubiquitous universal keyboard best known as
QWERTY named for the rst six letters in the top
row of keys. The new keyboard, known as KALQ, is
designed specically for thumb-typing on todays smart
phones and tablets. Its an interesting and by all accounts
commercially viable design that got me thinking about the
rationale behind the QWERTY keyboard. Unlike KALQ,
it couldnt have been designed to accommodate a specic
typing technique because, well, the idea of typing touch
typing, at least hadnt been invented yet. It turns out that
there is a lot of myth and misinformation surrounding the
development of QWERTY, but these various theories all
seem to agree that the QWERTY layout was developed
along with, and inextricably linked to, early typewriters.
In the 1860s, a politician, printer, newspaper man, and
amateur inventor in Milwaukee by the name ofChristopher
Latham Sholes spent his free time developing various
machines to make his businesses more efcient. One such
invention was an early typewriter, which he developed with
Samuel W. Soul, James Densmore, and Carlos Glidden,and rstpatented in 1868. The earliest typewriter keyboard
resembled a piano and was built with an alphabetical
arrangement of 28 keys. The team surely assumed it would
be the most efcient arrangement. After all, anyone who
used the keyboard would know immediately where to nd
each letter; hunting would be reduced, pecking would be
increased. Why change things? This is where the origin of
QWERTY gets a little foggy.
U.S. Patent No. 207,559. The rst appearance of the QWERTYkeyboard. (image: Google patents)
The popular theory states that Sholes had to redesign
the keyboard in response to the mechanical failings of
early typewriters, which were slightly different from the
models most often seen in thrift stores and ea markets.
The type bars connecting the key and the letter plate hung
in a cycle beneath the paper. If a user quickly typed asuccession of letters whose type bars were near each other,
the delicate machinery would get jammed. So, it is said,
Sholes redesigned the arrangement to separate the most
common sequences of letters like th or he. In theory
then, the QWERTY system should maximize the separation
of common letter pairings. This theory could be easily
debunked for the simple reason that er is the fourth most
common letter pairing in the English language. However,
one of the typewriter prototypes had a slightly different
keyboard that was only changed at the last minute. If it
had been put into production this article would have been
about the QWE.TY keyboard:
By 1873, the typewriter had 43 keys and a decidedly
counter-intuitive arrangement of letters that supposedly
helped ensure the expensive machines wouldnt break
down. Form follows function and the keyboard trains the
Experimental Sholes & Glidden typewriters circa 1873. (originalimage: The World of Typewriters)
The 1873 prototype used to demonstrate the technology toRemington (original image: The World of Typewriters)
http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/smartnews/2013/04/this-is-the-new-non-qwerty-keyboard-you-will-use-to-compose-your-iphone-opus/http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/smartnews/2013/04/this-is-the-new-non-qwerty-keyboard-you-will-use-to-compose-your-iphone-opus/http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/smartnews/2013/04/this-is-the-new-non-qwerty-keyboard-you-will-use-to-compose-your-iphone-opus/http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/smartnews/2013/04/this-is-the-new-non-qwerty-keyboard-you-will-use-to-compose-your-iphone-opus/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTYhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/541481/Christopher-Latham-Sholeshttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/541481/Christopher-Latham-Sholeshttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/541481/Christopher-Latham-Sholeshttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/541481/Christopher-Latham-Sholeshttp://www.google.com/patents/US79265http://www.google.com/patents/US79265http://www.google.com/patents/US79265http://www.howstuffworks.com/question458.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigram#Bigram_Frequency_in_the_English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigram#Bigram_Frequency_in_the_English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigram#Bigram_Frequency_in_the_English_languagehttp://www.howstuffworks.com/question458.htmhttp://www.google.com/patents/US79265http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/541481/Christopher-Latham-Sholeshttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/541481/Christopher-Latham-Sholeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTYhttp://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/smartnews/2013/04/this-is-the-new-non-qwerty-keyboard-you-will-use-to-compose-your-iphone-opus/http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/smartnews/2013/04/this-is-the-new-non-qwerty-keyboard-you-will-use-to-compose-your-iphone-opus/ -
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typist. That same year, Sholes and his cohorts entered into
a manufacturing agreement with gun-maker Remington, a
well-equipped company familiar with producing precision
machinery and, in the wake of the Cilvil War, no doubt
looking to turn their swords into plowshares. However,
right before their machine, dubbed the Sholes & Glidden,
went into production, Sholes led another patent, whichincluded a new keyboard arrangement. Issued in 1878,
U.S. Patent No. 207,559 (top image) marked the rst
documented appearance of the QWERTY layout. The
deal with Remington proved to be an enormous success.
By 1890, there were more than 100,000 QWERTY-based
Remington produced typewriters in use across the country.
The fate of the keyboard was decided in 1893 when the ve
largest typewriter manufacturers Remington, Caligraph,
Yost, Densmore, and Smith-Premier merged to form the
Union Typewriter Company and agreed to adopt QWERTY
as the de facto standard that we know and love today.
Theres a somewhatrelated theory that credits Remingtonspre-merger business tactics with the popularization of
QWERTY. Remington didnt just produce typewriters,
they also provided training courses for a small fee, of
course. Typists who learned on their proprietary system
would have to stay loyal to the brand, so companies that
wanted to hire trained typists had to stock their desks with
Remington typewriters. Its a system thats still works
today, as illustrated by the devout following Apple built
through the ecosystem created by iTunes, the iTunes store,
and the iPod.
While it cant be argued that deal with Remington helped
popularize the QWERTY system, its development as aresponse to mechanical error, has been questioned by
Kyoto University Researchers Koichi Yasuoka and Motoko
Yasuoka. In a 2011 paper, the researchers tracked the
evolution of the typewriter keyboard alongside a record
of its early professional users. They conclude that the
mechanics of the typewriter did not inuence the keyboard
design. Rather, the QWERTY system emerged as a result of
how the rst typewriters were being used. Early adopters
and beta-testers included telegraph operators who needed
to quickly transcribe messages. However, the operators
found the alphabetical arrangement to be confusing and
inefcient for translating morse code. The Kyoto paper
suggests that the typewriter keyboard evolved over several
years as a direct result of input provided by these telegraph
operators. For example;
The code represents Z as which is often
confused with the digram SE, more frequently-used than
Z. Sometimes Morse receivers in United States cannot
determine whether Z or SE is applicable, especially in
the rst letter(s) of a word, before they receive following
letters. Thus S ought to be placed near by both Z and E
on the keyboard for Morse receivers to type them quickly
(by the same reason C ought to be placed near by IE. But,
in fact, C was more often confused with S).
In this scenario, the typist came before the keyboard. The
Kyoto paper also cites the Morse lineage to further debunkthe theory that Sholes wanted to protect his machine from
jamming by rearranged the keys with the specic intent
to slow down typists:
The speed of Morse receiver should be equal to the Morse
sender, of course. If Sholes really arranged the keyboard
to slow down the operator, the operator became unable to
catch up the Morse sender. We dont believe that Sholes
had such a nonsense intention during his development of
Type-Writer.
Regardless of how he developed it, Sholes himself wasnt
convinced that QWERTY was the best system. Althoughhe sold his designs to Remington early on, he continued to
invent improvements and alternatives to the typewriter for
the rest of his life, including several keyboard layouts that
he determined to be more efcient, such as the following
patent, led by Sholes in 1889, a year before he died, and
issued posthumously:
But the biggest rivals to ever challenge QWERTY is the
Dvorak Simplied Keyboard, developed by Dr. August
Dvorak in the 1930s.
U.S. Patent No. 568,630, issued to C.L. Sholes after his death(image: google patents)
http://www.google.com/patents/US207559?dq=U.S.+Patent+No.+207,559&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nqmCUZWKEubr0gGN5YGgAw&ved=0CDYQ6wEwAAhttp://www.google.com/patents/US207559?dq=U.S.+Patent+No.+207,559&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nqmCUZWKEubr0gGN5YGgAw&ved=0CDYQ6wEwAAhttp://books.google.com/books?id=jlmVKZ1psCkC&pg=PA45&dq=qwerty+remington&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8LCCUdm8K_GX0gHqjoDADA&ved=0CDkQ6wEwAQ#v=onepage&q=qwerty%20remington&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=jlmVKZ1psCkC&pg=PA45&dq=qwerty+remington&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8LCCUdm8K_GX0gHqjoDADA&ved=0CDkQ6wEwAQ#v=onepage&q=qwerty%20remington&f=falsehttp://kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~yasuoka/publications/PreQWERTY.htmlhttp://kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~yasuoka/publications/PreQWERTY.htmlhttp://kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~yasuoka/publications/PreQWERTY.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvorak_Simplified_Keyboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvorak_Simplified_Keyboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvorak_Simplified_Keyboardhttp://kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~yasuoka/publications/PreQWERTY.htmlhttp://kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~yasuoka/publications/PreQWERTY.htmlhttp://books.google.com/books?id=jlmVKZ1psCkC&pg=PA45&dq=qwerty+remington&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8LCCUdm8K_GX0gHqjoDADA&ved=0CDkQ6wEwAQ#v=onepage&q=qwerty%20remington&f=falsehttp://www.google.com/patents/US207559?dq=U.S.+Patent+No.+207,559&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nqmCUZWKEubr0gGN5YGgAw&ved=0CDYQ6wEwAA -
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Dvorak users reported faster and more accurate typing, in
part because the system dramatically increases the number
of words that can be typed using the home row of keys
where your ngers naturally rest also known as the keys
you type when youre just trying ll space. asjdfkal; sdfjkl;
asdfjkl; asdfjkl; dkadsf. asdfjklasdfjk. Morerecent research
has debunked any claims that Dvorak is more efcient, but
it hardly matters. Even in 1930 it was already too late for
a new system to gain a foothold. While Dvorak certainly
has its champions, it never gained enough of a following
to overthrow King QWERTY. After all, the world learned
to type using Remingtons keyboard.
When the rst generation of computer keyboards emerged,
there was no longer any technical reason to use the system
computers didnt get jammed. But of course, theres
the minor fact that millions of people learned to type on
the QWERTY keyboards. It had become truly ubiquitous
in countries that used the Latin alphabet. Not only that,
but way back in 1910, the system had been adopted by
Teletype, a company that would go on to produce electronic
typewriters and computer terminals widely used around
the world, thereby ensuring QWERTYs place as the newtechnological standard.
When a design depends on a previous innovation too
entrenched in the cultural zeitgeist to change, its known as
a path dependency. And this why the new KALQ proposal
is so interesting. It attempts to break from the tyranny of
The Dvorak Simplied Keyboard (image: wikipedia)
The KALQ keyboard layout (image: Outlasvirta et al.)
Christopher Latham Sholes, whose QWERTY system
makes even less sense on the virtual keyboards of tablets
and smartphones than it does on a computer keyboards. Is
the new KALQ system any different? In some ways, the
answer is obviously yes. It has been designed around a
very specic, very modern behavior typing with thumbs.
Like the telegraph operator QWERTY theory, the user isdetermining the structure of the keyboard. But it could still
be argued that the KALQ system, or any similar system
that may be developed in the future, is also a product of
path dependency. Because no matter how the letters are
arranged, they basic notion of individually separated letters
distributed across a grid dates back to Sholes and co.
tinkering away in their Milwaukee workshops. But its just
not necessary in a tablet. If you gave an iPad to someone
who had never used a keyboard and told them to develop
a writing system, chances are they would eventually invent
a faster, more intuitive system. Perhaps a gesture based
system based on shorthand? Or some sort of swipe-to-type
system? This is not to say that such a system would bebetter, its merely an observation that our most bleeding
edge communication technology still dates back more than
150 years to some guys tinkering in their garage. Truly, the
more things change, the more they stay the same.
http://hardware.slashdot.org/story/09/01/18/210216/dvorak-layout-claimed-not-superior-to-qwertyhttp://hardware.slashdot.org/story/09/01/18/210216/dvorak-layout-claimed-not-superior-to-qwertyhttp://hardware.slashdot.org/story/09/01/18/210216/dvorak-layout-claimed-not-superior-to-qwertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletype_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletype_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_dependencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_dependencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_dependencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletype_Corporationhttp://hardware.slashdot.org/story/09/01/18/210216/dvorak-layout-claimed-not-superior-to-qwerty -
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