‘Small’ Industrial Sources GAINS Baseline for selected sources

Zig Klimont (klimont@iiasa.ac.at) GAINS (http://gains.iiasa.ac.at)

Workshop on Global Emission Scenarios until 2030

IIASA, Laxenburg, October 8-10, 2012

Global anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and contribution of

industrial processes GAINS model

• About a third of emissions

originate from China; about half

from brick, cement, steel, and

coke production

• Globally, CLE does not lead to a

significant reduction; varies by

region

• Sizable technical removal

potential, strongly depended on

region and considered time

horizon

Industrial processes [Gg]

MFR

-43%

Global anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and contribution of

industrial processes; GAINS model

Steel [Gg] Brick kilns [Gg]

MFR

-75% MFR

-70%

Cement [Gg] Coke oven [Gg]

MFR

-72%

MFR

Small?

• Most emissions originate from

brick and coke making

• Coke production dominated by

China and steps to eliminate

polluting technology initiated

leading to expected reduction in

future emissions

• Brick production dominated by

Asia; the reduction potential until

2030 might be limited but GAINS

is probably too conservative

Global anthropogenic emissions of BC and contribution of

industrial processes GAINS model

Brick kilns [Gg] Coke ovens [Gg]

MFR

-11%

MFR

>90%

Energy performance

• Specific Energy Consumption (MJ/kg fired brick)

7

Co

nve

nti

on

al

Alt

ern

ate

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Tunnel

Zigzag ND

Zigzag HD

VSBK

FCBTK

Clamps

Source: Energy utilization in brick kilns, Dr. Sameer Maithel , PhD thesis, IIT Bombay,,

Environment performance

• Suspended Particulate Matter* (g/kg fired brick)

8

Co

nve

nti

on

al

Alt

ern

ate

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Tunnel

Zigzag ND

Zigzag HD

VSBK

FCBTK

Downdraught

* Preliminary Results based on monitoring by GKSPL, Enzen & Entec

75% reduction

GAINS range

NOT INCLUDED

NOT INCLUDED

Environment performance Black Carbon* (g/kg fired brick)

9

Co

nve

nti

on

al

Alt

ern

ate

* Preliminary Results based on monitoring by GKSPL, Enzen & Entec

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

Tunnel

Zigzag ND

Zigzag HD

VSBK

FCBTK

Downdraught

85 – 90% reduction

GAINS range

NOT INCLUDED

NOT INCLUDED

Average used in Bond et al (2004) global inventory

Implied used in GAINS

for India in 2000-2005

Implied used in GAINS

for China in 2000-2005

Contribution of brick production to regional

and global emissions of air pollutants in

2010, %; Source: GAINS model

Region BC OC PM1 SO2 CO

Africa 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

East Asia & Pacific 8.2 5.1 2.3 6.5 2.3

Latin America & Caribbean 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

North America & Europe 0.2 0.1 0.2 <0.1 0.2

South-West-Central Asia 10.4 4.6 3.7 0.9 3.7

GLOBAL 5.5 2.6 1.6 2.9 1.6

Additional comments (bricks)

• Temporal resolution, e.g. in some areas brick kilns produce only for 5-

6 months a year due to monsoon, this is also a factor that might limit

potential for some technology application

• Spatial resolution – brick production concentrated in specific areas

rather than evenly distributed

• Fuel type used in brick manufacturing varies strongly between regions

resulting in significant (though uncertain) differences in emission

factors

• Depending on the type of kiln, significant amounts of biomass and

waste can be used

• Statistical information about brick production and fuel use in

developing countries typically of poor quality or not available

• Projections of future production shall include assumptions about non-

fired products