galaxies as sources of reionization
DESCRIPTION
Galaxies as Sources of Reionization. Haojing Yan (Carnegie Observatories) Reionization Workshop at KIAA July 10, 2008. Luminosity Function of Galaxies at z 6 — UV LF has a very steep faint-end slope Stellar Masses of Galaxies at z 6 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Galaxies as Sources of Reionization
Galaxies as Sources of Reionization
Haojing Yan (Carnegie Observatories)
Reionization Workshop at KIAAJuly 10, 2008
Haojing Yan (Carnegie Observatories)
Reionization Workshop at KIAAJuly 10, 2008
Outline• Luminosity Function of Galaxies at z 6
— UV LF has a very steep faint-end slope
• Stellar Masses of Galaxies at z 6
— some high-mass, “old” galaxies already in place; but they are not likely the dominant reionzation sources.
• Implications for (HI) Reionization
— dwarf galaxies did it!
• An Unanswered Question at z 6 — evolution of LF at the bright-end?
Part I
LF of Galaxies at z 6 (5.5 z 6.5)
Source(s) of ReionizationYan & Windhorst 2004, ApJ, 600, L1
Critical value fromMadau, Haardt & Rees 1999
Contribution from reionizing sources
• Galaxies can account for the necessary reionizing photons, if the LF Galaxies can account for the necessary reionizing photons, if the LF has a steep faint-end slope; dwarf galaxies are important contributors.has a steep faint-end slope; dwarf galaxies are important contributors.
To z<30 mag, 108 i-dropouts found in the HUDF
(Yan & Windhorst 2004, ApJ, 612, L93; YW04)
Note: ~ 1.5 mag deeper than Bunker et al. (2004; MNRAS, 355, 374)
• By pushing to the very limit of the HUDF, we start to be able to address the LF faint-end slope at z~6.
i’ z’
z’=29.23
z’=29.97
Detection Reliability at z>28.5 mag Level
z=5.83; Dickinson et al. (2004)
z=5.9; Malhotra et al. (2005)
ACS Grism Observations of HUDF (GRAPES; Malhotra et al. 2005)
z=6.0
z=6.1
z=6.4
• GRAPES: i-dropouts success rate of ~ 90% in the HUDF to z~27.5 mag
•Our HUDF z 6 candidate sample supports a very steep UV LF faint-end slope:
α = -1.8 to -1.9
• Dwarf galaxies can provide sufficient (re)ionizing photons at z 6
YW04 Constrain to the UV LF at z 6
Recent Result Confirms the Steep Faint-end Slope (Bouwens et al.
2006)
506 i-drops: UDF, UDF-Pars, GOODS But compare to YW04: M* = -21.03, * = 4.6x10-
4/Mpc3
4.6x10-3
Msun/yr/Mpc3
1.1x10-2
Msun/yr/Mpc3
SFR is still uncertain by 2x
“Lilly-Madau Diagram”
Luminosity Function of z 6 LAE• LAE : ~ 1/4 of the entire galaxy population (based on
results at z~3), but still very important — easier to identify; current redshift record holder is the LAE at z=6.96 (Iye et al. 2006)
• LAE as probe of the reionization epoch : neutral IGM — Lya line suppressed — LAE number drop (e.g., Marilada-Escude 1998; Malhotra & Rhoads 2001)
• LAE at z 6 are usually selected at two narrow windows at z=5.7 & 6.5 in order to avoid strong night-sky lines
Evolution of LAE LF from z=5.7 t0 6.5
• Malhotra & Rhoads (2004): no evolution seen; IGM ionized up to z=6.5
• Haiman & Cen (2005): not necessarily; local HII bubble permits escape of Lya photons and the suppression is not as large; <XHI> up to 25%
Better Statistics from Subaru Deep Field
Shimasaku et al. (2006) Kashikawa et al. (2006)
• Kashikawa et al. (2006): strong evolution from z=5.7 to z=6.5 !
• Significant fraction of HI at z=6.5 ?? WMAP zreion ~ 11.4?
Part II
Stellar Masses of Galaxies at z 6
Stellar Mass Assembly History in Early Universe
• Stellar mass density & SFR density: = ∫SFR dt
• Need measurements at rest-frame optical (and beyond) to reduce biases caused by dust extinction and short-lived stars when converting light to mass
• Study at high-z made possible by Spitzer IRAC
• GOODS Spitzer Legacy Program has played a critical role
3.6μm 4.5μm
5.6μm 8.0μm
z =5.83 galaxy
IRAC Sees z ~ 6 Galaxies in HUDF
z=5.83
z=5.9
zp~5.9
Three i-drops in HUDF securely detected by IRAC
Yan et al. 2005, ApJ, 634, 109
• Some high-mass (a few x 1010Msun) galaxies were already in place by z6 (age of Universe < 1.0 Gyr)
• A few hundred Myr old (formed at z>>6)
• Number density consistent with CDM simulation from Nagamine et al. (2004)
Some Major Conclusions from SED Fitting
See also Eyles et al. (2005)
CDFS, 3.6μm HDFN, 3.6μm
Extending to Entire GOODS(Yan et al. 2006, ApJ, 651, 24)
IRAC-detected i-dropouts
CDFS, 3.6μm HDFN, 3.6μm
IRAC-invisible i-dropouts
Difficulty: no photometric info between z’ and IRAC 3.6μm
Have to take a different, simplified approach
(z’-3.6μm) color age for a given SFH M/L for a given SFH at this age stellar mass; repeat for all SFH in the set, and take min, max, median
Stellar Mass Estimates Summarized
• IRAC-detected Sample
Mrep: 0.09 ~ 7.0x1010Msun (median 9.5x109Msun)
Trep: 50 ~ 400 Myr (median 290 Myr)
• IRAC-invisible Sample, using 3.6m upper limit
Upper-limit of Mmax (median 4.9x109Msun)
IRAC-invisible sample stack Random stack
3.6μm
3.6μm mag = 27.44median z’ mag = 27.00
Mmin = 1.5x108
Mrep = 2.0x108 Msun
Mmax = 5.9x109
Stacking of IRAC-invisible i-dropouts
Models courtesy of K. Nagamine;based on simulationsof Nagamine et al. (2004) and Night et al. (2006)
Implications (I): compare to simulation•ΛCDM models seem to be capable of
producing such high-mass galaxies by z 6
Implications (II): Global Stellar Mass Density•Lower limit at z ~ 6: (1.0, 1.6, 6.5) x 106MsunMpc-3
Implications (III): Source of Reionization• Critical SFRD based on
Madau et al. (1999)
• Progenitors of all IRAC-detected z6 galaxies formed simultaneously with the same e-SFH: SFR e-t/
• The progenitors of high-mass galaxies alone CANNOT provide sufficient ionizing photons to sustain the reionization
• Dwarf (low-mass, low-luminosity) galaxies, which could be more numerous, must have played an important role
Part III
Bright-end of LF at z 6
L* & Bright-end of LBG LF
• Bouwens et al. (2006): L*(z=6) = 0.6L*(z=3)
•Effect of large-scale structure ( “cosmic variance”)??
Need Degree-sized Surveys to Minimize Impact of “Cosmic
Variance” at Bright-end
(Millennium Simulation slice at z=5.7)
D1(2h-4d)(overlap SWIRE)
D2 (10h+2d)(w/COSMOS)
D3 D4
16.5’x10’GOODS-Size Area
Bright i-drops in 4-deg2 CFHTLS
Yan et al. (in prep)
Magellan High-z LAE Survey
Yan, McCarthy & Windhorst
Survey Highlights
•Narrow-band imaging in 917nm & 971nm OH-free windows to search for LAE at z ≈ 6.5 & 7.0
•Four IMACS f/2 fields (~ 0.9 deg2); reducing cosmic variance with limited telescope time
•Survey depth (5-) AB=25.0 mag (2.4510-17 erg/s/cm2 for pure-line sources; 7-810-18 erg/s/cm2 for continuum-detected sources)
•Aiming at bright-end of the luminosity function
6.46 — 6.62
6.91 — 7.07
~ 400 Mpc3/arcmin2
(Before upgrading, SITe CCDs)
o(917nm) p(971nm)
Survey Design: Filters
Survey Design: Fields
•Use fields that have public, deep continuum images in multi-bands (especially in z’-band)
•Accessibility from Las Campanas
•CFHTLS Deep D1, D2 & D4 spreading out in RA
Survey Status
• 1-night in Feb. 2007 + 2-night in Mar. 2008, 1 IMACS pointing in COSMOS field (CFHTLS-D2), 20hr in o(917nm)
• 3-night in Jul. 2007, 1 IMACS pointing in CFHTLS-D4, 20 hr in o(917nm)
• Achieved desired depth
COSMOSCFHTLS-D4
1.48o
1.48o
1o
1o
5- source counts
CFHTLSD4NW, 20hr in o
LAE Candidate Selection•Continuum images
from the T0003 release of CFHTLS-D4
•z’-o>0.44 (flin/fcon>1.5) i’-z’>1.3 if detected in z’ non-detection in u’,g’ and r’
•For now only discussing candidates invisible in z’
3 candidates invisible in continuum
o=23.88
o=24.39
o=25.49?
(Now seeking time do spectroscopic identification)
Kashikawaet al. 2006(in SubaruDeep Field)
Rapid Evolution from z=5.7 to 6.6 or not?
Summary• UV Luminosity Function of Galaxies at z 6
— a very steep faint-end slope (lots of dwarf galaxies …)
• Stellar Masses of Galaxies at z 6 — some high-mass, “old” galaxies in place; but not enough
• Implications for (HI) Reionization
— dwarf galaxies did it!
• Unanswered questions at z 6: Bright-end of LF (LBG/LAE) should tell a lot
— degree-sized surveys needed to reduce “cosmic variance”