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UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies

GALING POOK GOVERNANCE FAIR November 11, 2016

Novotel, Cubao, Quezon City

Dr. EDNA ESTIFANIA A. CO Dr. JOSE M. REGUNAY PRIMER PAGUNURAN

MICHAEL ERIC CASTILLO RUBEN JEFFREY ASUNCION

Engr. RAINIER JOHN TOLENTINO ALFRED MARX GARCIA


PRESENTATION OUTLINE

I. FEDERALIZATION FRAMEWORK

II. THE NATURAL REGION APPROACH

III. THE CASE OF EASTERN MINDANAO


FEDERALISM Definition Mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or “federal” government) with regional governments (provincial, state, land, canton, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system. -Oxford


FEDERAL SET UP Advantages • Enables lawmaking that suits needs of the states • Avoids tyranny as decentralized power diffuses autonomy

concentrated in a strongly centralized government • Brings government closer to the people consistent with

the vision of the Local Government Code • Provides effective and efficient governance in a larger

scale (i.e. aggregation/amalgamation)


FEDERAL SET UP Disadvantages • State governments are susceptible to conflicts and the

country tends to split apart (i.e. right of secession)

• Sub-governments may lack resources that a central government has.


FEDERALIZATION . • UP-CIDS takes the political and structural reform with much

caution, pragmatism, and reverence to democracy and social justice.

• We envision that growth and development provide access across population groups, that development across territories is equal or at least almost equally developed, and where resources are utilized in a sustainable manner.

We aim for a gradual, incremental approach to power sharing of what some compatriots call “Federalism” U.P. –CIDS would rather call for a “Federalization” process


FEDERALIZATION . • Federalization is an amalgamation of the towns and cities (big

and small) which other groups call the "state"

• The amalgamation is a graduation from the existing local government structure where the center is the small local govt. unit (municipality, city). In the UP-CIDS study, the amalgamated territory is the region .

• Amalgamation will also bring in both terrestrial and marine areas, a system of planning and development that have not been done before, because planning has always been land-based and marine or waters are set aside.


FEDERALIZATION . • The proposed federalization, the Executive (thru the president)

can start up the amalgamated growth by Executive Order, concentration of investments, better NEDA planning and coordination in the region (Eastern Mindanao) in the "laboratory areas". this can be done asap - does not need to hurry up a constitutional change.

• Other regions can follow, gradually - hence the term "federalization" - a process that takes time. No "one size fits all" at the same time.

• Federalization is a continuing process of growing and amalgamation.


WHY FEDERALIZATION? .

Argument 1 : We don’t want to kick out the Social Justice provisions of the Constitution which allow for the participation of citizens, non-government organizations, the marginalized and under-represented through their political representation in decision making.



Argument 2: We share the vision of progressive economists and industrialists that the economic provisions of the (Philippine) Constitution may have limitations.



Argument 3: A federalization is a gradual process that takes into account the clamor and demand of populations and peoples in certain territories of the country for greater autonomy and growth.

Thus, we embrace the view that “No one size fits all”.



Argument 4. The federalization process adopts the principle of responding to the public clamor for reform. Thus, the need to define the “laboratory” in areas that have long indicated the clamor of greater development, growth, and empowerment.



Argument 5. The power of taxation will largely depend on the sub-national government level taking into account the ability to generate wealth, and the right to establish taxes, tax scales, tax deductions, or in general the right to collect taxes.



Argument 6. The power arrangement will follow the Natural Regions formation whereby the amalgamated (i.e. merged) territories will have to be empowered with law and policy making powers and authorities pulled in as a state legislature.



Argument 7. Financial equalization should be reviewed regularly depending on capacities of the government units and their ability to generate wealth and revenues.



Argument 8. Public service in its general form and level will be constituted under a new national Civil Service Commission (i.e. Public Service Commission of India). The objective is insulation of civil service from politics or reduction of politicisation of civil service to uphold professionalism with a degree of autonomy from strifes and politics. In the process, this allows for a rotation of human resources and experts in units and territories.

“


FEDERALIZATION KEY PRINCIPLES .

A. A recognition of the bio-geographic character of the archipelago defined by mega-diversity and rich natural resources;

B. Territorial leaders as stewards of resources through development, conservation, protection, and reasonable utilization;

C. Principles of partnership, subsidiarity, and cooperation of government units;

D. Principle of sustainability through complementation of roles and functions, area potentials and limits;


FEDERALIZATION KEY PRINCIPLES . E. Principle of respect for culture, language, identity, and

history

F. Principle of the integration of the tripartite functions of governance namely, executive, legislative, and judicial

G. Principle of solidarity based on national-local complementarity, urban-rural, hub and spokes;

H. Principle of competency and professionalism in the case of civil service functions.


- A flexible concept, continuous, localized and intermediate between national and urban levels (Glasson)

- A group of areas with geographic contiguity and

ethnic and linguistic similarities (Carino)

- A geographic area which possesses certain homogenous characteristics (social, economic, political, geographic) that distinguish it from other areas

REGION


- An area with resource endowments.

- Area encompassed by a special development authority

- Island regions

- Metropolitan region

REGION


A basic geographic unit which is distinguished by its common natural features of geography, geology, and climate.

May refer to either land or water, and can vary in size. The term “natural region” is often used interchangeably with the word “ecological region” or “ecoregion”.

An ecoregion is an ecologically and geographically defined area that cover relatively large areas of land or water, and contain characteristic, geographically distinct assemblages of natural communities and species distinct from that of other ecoregions.

NATURAL REGION


WHY NATURAL REGION APPROACH? . • Recognizes the intrinsic biogeographical features and

their spatial distribution across the regional landscape.

• Recognizes the strong link between the biogeographical factors and the human community that “man and nature have become molded to one another over the years”.

• Physical boundaries delineation can be easily identified and demarcated, biological resources and associated ecological linkages can be clearly identified


DELINEATION OF NATURAL REGIONS . • Provides the framework for:

- resolving resource use conflicts and the efficient, equitable sharing, and sustainable management of resources

- new modes of governance can be structured and implemented

- Facilitate the identification of development and programming regions


DELINEATION OF NATURAL REGIONS . • Based on the recognition that the Philippines is an

archipelago, and a mega diversity territory, that natural endowments exist whilst the structure of poverty is deep and widespread across the country. In the end, the gap between developed and underdeveloped territories has to be reduced.

• Can provide the spatial framework to facilitate for urban-rural development linkages and operationalize the “hub and spokes” development strategy.


DELINEATING NATURAL REGIONS . Biogeographic Regions

16 distinct regions each representing unique floral and faunal assemblages.


DELINEATING NATURAL REGIONS . Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs)

Sites of global significance for biodiversity conservation. They are identified using globally standard criteria and thresholds, based on the needs of biodiversity requiring safeguards at the site scale.


DELINEATING NATURAL REGIONS . Major River Basins

• A river basin or drainage basin is a

hydrologic system which normally contains various ecosystems, and its topographic boundaries typically covering 3 or more provinces and 2 or more regions.

• DENR identified 18 major river basins in the country.


DELINEATING NATURAL REGIONS . Water Resource Regions

• National Water Resources Board (NWRB)

mapped out the 12 designated water resources regions in the Philippines as part of its integrated water resources management (IWRM) strategy.

• The Department of Agriculture has adopted the IWRM strategy and associated water resources regions in the crafting of its own road map for the improvement of the performance, productivity, and competitiveness of the agriculture and fisheries sector.


The NATURAL REGIONS . Northeast Luzon

Northwest Luzon Central Luzon

Southern Tagalog Bicol

Palawan East Visayas West Visayas

East Mindanao Central Mindanao West Mindanao

Total


Resource Endowments .

Land Area: 3,757,584.38 ha 12.6% of entire country Ranks 3rd



Forest Area: 468,209.37 ha 10.4% of entire country Ranks 4th



Important Watershed Area: 468,209.37 ha 10.4% of entire country Ranks 4th



Protected Area: 526,312.33 ha 7.3% of entire country Ranks 6th



Key Biodiversity Area: Terrestial : 1,235,634.85 ha 22.4% of entire country Ranks 1st Marine : 218,300.99 ha 9% of entire country Ranks 5th



Mining Area: 128,962.90 ha 26.3% of entire country Ranks 1st


.

Flood Susceptible Area: 704,669.50 ha 15.8% of entire country Ranks 1st

Disaster Vulnerabilities


.

Landslide Susceptible Area: 3,133,032.63 ha 13.3% of entire country Ranks 3rd

Disaster Vulnerabilities


Socio-demographic .

Population 7,490,027 5th largest Income Gap 24.1 2nd lowest Poverty Gap 7.3 6th lowest Severity of Poverty 2.9 6th lowest


Socio-demographic .

Mandaya Mansaka Monobo Mamanwa Mangguangan Dibbawon Banwa-on Higa-onon Ata-manobo Obu-Manuvu Bagobo-Tagabawa B'laan-Tagakaulo


Socio-demographic Characteristics .

Health Education

Social Services Protective Services

42


Economy .

Labor force

3,176M

Employment rate 95.0%

No. of financial institutions 21,405


Economy .

Primary Sector (Agri, fisheries, forestry) Performance

Secondary Sectory (Manufacturing, Mining) Tertiary Sector (Wholesale, Retail, and Tourism)

44


Infrastructure .

Insert /matrix/data:

Roads Ports

Airports


Institutions .

Insert /matrix/data:

Inter-LGU collaborations Major development initiatives

Financial performance


Regional Center

Inter-mediate

City

Inter-mediate

City

Inter-mediate

City

Inter-mediate

City

Inter-mediate

City

Rural Service Center








Hub and Spokes Framework



.

Davao City

Digos City

Butuan City

Tagum City

Mati City

Surigao City

Bislig

Hinatuan

Dinagat Island

Davao del Sur Municipalities

Agusan Municipalities

Davao Oriental Municipalities

Surigao Municipalities

Compostela Municipalities



.

Davao City

Surigao City

Butuan City

Mati City

Tagum City

Digos City

Bislig

Hinatuan

Surigao Municipalities

Dinagat Island

Compostela Municipalities

Davao Oriental Municipalities

Agusan Municipalities

Davao del Sur Municipalities


CONCLUSION . • The UP-CIDS Federalization proposal is aimed at

contributing to the articulation of a vision of the future organization of the Philippine Archipelagic state under a federal set up.

• UP-CIDS believes that a clear picture and

understanding of the envisioned state organization and its spatial structure are critical to the success of any initiative of transforming the Philippines and transitioning into a federal form of government.


CONCLUSION . • As shown in the East Mindanao test case, the

delineation of territories of the future federal units can be framed within the natural region (NR) approach that recognizes the intrinsic biophysical features and their spatial distribution across the regional landscape. The NR framework provides the base for overlaying and analyzing the various components of the development sectors and their inter-relationships and potentials for operationalizing the “hub and spokes” strategy.


CONCLUSION .

• Within the context of the federalization principles and consistent with gradual, incremental, pragmatic process to federalization, the identification of Eastern Mindanao as the ‘pilot farm’ for first formation of a federal region, can be justified.


CONCLUSION .

• Lastly, the natural regions approach offers a scientific option and informed strategy on the matter of federal state formation. The NR framework as a pathway to federalization has the ability to incorporate the biogeographic factors with the other development sectors and provides the better basis for development planning, programming, and governance.

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