GALLEON TRADE Benito Legarda -lasted for 2 and a half centuries -Longest shipping line in history -108 galleons used (30 were lost by shipwreck) -made Manila the first primate city in Southeast Asia in the early 17th c. Became part of the first-world economy of modern times -90-99% silver, cochineal, cacao, leather bags, Spanish items(wine, olive oil, woolen cloth) Exported to Mexico

a. Textiles b. Porcelain c. Ivory (carved religious images) d. Furniture (inlaid and lacquered items) e. Metalwork (grills to delicate filigrees) f. Food and plants (rice, tea, mangoes, orchids and other flowering

plants) g. Slaves

Exported to Philippines -maize, tobacco, indigo, maguey, cacao, papaya, pineapple, eggplant, cassava, tomatoes, potatoes and coffee (transshipped from Africa) Domestic Philippine exports

a. Gold dust b. Wax

c. Cordage d. Sheeting and textiles from Manila, Ilocos, Cebu

SAMPAN TRADE Chinese – Manila = unrestricted but lack confidence in bargaining Pancada= wholesale arrangement proposed by the Spaniards in 1586 =representatives of local merchants met with the Chinese importers and negotiated prices for the cargo of each junk =proved unfeasible Feria=fair Japanese=preferred barter =did not seek Mexican silver =cutlery, silk, wheat flour, dried meat Chinese silk, jars, gold, dyewood, deerskins, honey, glass and Spanish curiosities Silk=most important cargo commercially Porcelain=was also given prominence by Mexican art historians Sampan voyages=affected trade and immigration =40 Chinese in the Philippines at the time of Spanish contacts--------20-30k by 1603 =attracted the attention of enemies (foreign and Spanish) Obras Pias=pious foundations RESTRICTIVE SYSTEM

- Royal Order in 1582, cut off the Peruvian trade - Several laws were passed prohibiting trade with China and

Philippines with all of Spain’s American possessions except MEXICO - No Asian silk should reach Peru - Jan. 11, 1593=only 2 galleons cross yearly

=not more than 300 tons each =250k pesos outgoing, 500k returning =annual fair was held to dispose the goods to Span-Am buyers

- Bale/Fardo=space in the galleon divided in uniform sizes - Pieza=package - Boleta=the right to ship on the galleon

=in the form of a ticket =equal to one pieza =resulted to fraud and favoritism

- Francisco Leandro de Viana=former attorney-general of the Philippines

SILK

COTTON IVORY

SPICES

SILVER AND FRIARS

GALLEON

TRADE

=denounced the boleta system as the root of all evil in the galleon trade =Favored assigning the boletas ONLY to bonafide merchants

CONSTRUCTION OF THE GALLEONS -Siam, Japan and a great majority were built in Cavite, Bagatao Sorsogon Bay, Albay, Masbate, Mindoro and Pangasinan -made of Philippine hardwood -Filipinos=cut timber, send it to the coast and did all the rough work in the shipyards =POLO (able-bodied males between 16-40 had to render labor for 40days a year) =50-80% crews in the galleon and paid less =due to hardships and abuses, some jumped ship =thousands of Filipinos settled in Mexico and vice versa =ESPINALILLO, Guerrero= marked Malay features, Phil. Words, family names and customs =ESPIRITO SANTO- 74 out of 75 men deserted the ship and were hired by Mexican Indians to teach them how to make palm wine/TUBA. Mexico>tuba fresca DECLINE OF THE TRADE

1. Competition with the Dutch, English, French, and etc. into the Chinese market

2. Natural calamities which led to losses on the part of the merchants/traders

3. Industrial progress in Europe 4. Increased demand for English and European cottons\ 5. Decreased value for Asian silks and cottons 6. Mexican War of Independencein 1810 (Morelos took Acapulco for a

few months in 1813 and prevented the unloading of the galleon) 7. Napoleonic invasions led to the Representation in the Spanish

Cortes (Ventura de los Reyes=1st Filipino delegate who proposed the abolition of the galleon)

8. Widespread official corruption, neglect of the country’s agricultural and industrial development and abuses of encomenderos

9. Chinese immigrants (boon/bane) MAGALLANES=last galleon that left Mexico in 1815 “It was on the Manila Galleon that we began to become the Philippines” Nick Joaquin

THE CHINESE IN PHILIPPINE LIFE 1850-1898 EDGAR WICKBERG

BEFORE 1750 -direct contact with Philippines at least the Sung period (960-1279) -Ming dynasty(1368-1644) through the Chinese junk trading system (Western side of the Phils.>S. China>Sulu>Borneo>Moluccas). Passengers, merchants settled in various parts of the Philippines -Jolo=Chinese wharf and lodging quarter -Manila=150 Chinese around 1570 -Manila Galleon=saw the potential economic significance =Spain had no trading station on China coast so had to wait for the yearly monsoon to bring Chinese junks to Manila =resulted in the migration of the Chinese in the Philippines -1603=20,000 chinese vs.1,000 spaniards -monopolized the retail commercial and industrial life in the Philippines 3 ECONOMIC SYSTEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES

a. Western Economy=Manila Galleon trade =devoted on trade in foreign commodities =uninterested in the development of cash crops grown on Philippine soil

b. Native economy=local in orientation c. Chinese economy=acted as a link between the western and

native economy =taking Chinese imports to villages in exchange for local products for the Spanish community

-Legal classification: Spaniards--indios-Chinese -Sangley=Spanish name for Chinese immigrants; despised cultural minority

3 MAJOR ELEMENTS OF THE CHINESE POLICY a.Taxation=taxing heaviest those groups best able to pay except the Spaniards

INDIOS (10 REALES) CHINESE (81 REALES)

-tribute grain CASH

-obligatory service

8reales=1peso =1603; 20,000 Manila Chinese were massacred =resulted in a series of revolts =1576-1766 -expulsion orders were sent from Spain but was barely carried out in the country since they were economically essential --only 6,000 Chinese were permitted in the country; but held down 20,000 Chinese

b. Control = took the form of segregation =Parian-Chinese ghetto; located outside the city walls distant enough for military security but near enough for economic convenience c.Conversion= 3 objectives: extension of the Faith, inculcation of loyalty, encouragement of eventual assimilation =Dominicans aims: effective conversion of the Philippine Chinese; access to China as a mission field =in effect, suspension of expulsion was necessary

EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND ADMINISTRATIVE TERMINOLOGY (Phelan)

PRE-CONQUEST

EARLY SPANISH LATE SPANISH CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH

NO TERM RANCHERIA SITIO SITIO(HAMLET)

BARANGAY VISITA/BRGY BARRIO/BRGY BARRIO(VILLAGE)

CABECERA POBLACION POBLACION(TOWN)

PUEBLO MUNICIPIO MUNICIPALITY(TOWNSHIP

CUIDAD CUIDAD CITY

ALCALDIA MAYOR CORREGIMIENTO

PROVINCIA PROVINCE