位於義大利羅馬的「波格賽美術館」（位於義大利羅馬的「波格賽美術館」（ Galleria BorgheseGalleria Borghese），在藝術史上），在藝術史上佔有一席之地，也是旅人們必須造訪的一個美術重鎮。佔有一席之地，也是旅人們必須造訪的一個美術重鎮。

十七世紀時，教宗保祿五世（西元十七世紀時，教宗保祿五世（西元 16051605 至至 16211621年在位）的外甥紅衣主教年在位）的外甥紅衣主教Scipione BorgheseScipione Borghese收集了相當多的畫作、雕塑和古董都存放於他位於波格收集了相當多的畫作、雕塑和古董都存放於他位於波格賽公園的別墅中賽公園的別墅中後來後來 BorgheseBorghese的別墅收歸國有，就成立了「波格賽美術館」。的別墅收歸國有，就成立了「波格賽美術館」。

美術館總共兩層，美術館總共兩層， 2020間房間規模不大，卻收藏著令人無法忽視的作品，一樓主間房間規模不大，卻收藏著令人無法忽視的作品，一樓主要包括西元要包括西元 11 至至 33 世紀的古典文物，包括在世紀的古典文物，包括在 18341834年，在年，在 TorrenovaTorrenova所發現所發現BorgheseBorghese的莊園中著名的西元的莊園中著名的西元 320-30320-30之間的馬賽克格鬥士，古典和新古典之間的馬賽克格鬥士，古典和新古典雕塑如裝扮成維納斯的寶琳娜雕塑如裝扮成維納斯的寶琳娜‧‧波格塞波格塞 Venus VictrixVenus Victrix，她的裝飾的計劃包括，她的裝飾的計劃包括在第一個房間的錯視畫法天花板濕壁畫，或由西西里島的藝術家馬里亞諾在第一個房間的錯視畫法天花板濕壁畫，或由西西里島的藝術家馬里亞諾‧‧羅西羅西Mariano RossiMariano Rossi利用透視法的優點設計的畫廊，使它看起來有立體感。利用透視法的優點設計的畫廊，使它看起來有立體感。

其他著名作品有山羊阿爾曼與年幼的邱比特和牧神（其他著名作品有山羊阿爾曼與年幼的邱比特和牧神（ 16151615），以及阿波羅和達），以及阿波羅和達芙妮（芙妮（ 16221622年至年至 16251625年）還有大衛（年）還有大衛（ 16231623），都被認為是巴洛克式的雕塑），都被認為是巴洛克式的雕塑作品，此外，貝尼尼有三尊半身像在畫廊，包括教宗保祿五世作品，此外，貝尼尼有三尊半身像在畫廊，包括教宗保祿五世 Paul VPaul V（西元（西元16181618 至至 2020年）的兩尊半身像、他的第一個贊助人樞機主教年）的兩尊半身像、他的第一個贊助人樞機主教 Scipione Scipione BorgheseBorghese （（ 16321632）的肖像！）的肖像！

Villa Borghese Park

The Galleria Borghese is situated in a park about 2 km from the centre of the city, Rome.

The gallery is not big but housed in an opulent palaces. It is the most exclusive gallery in Rome. To see the collection, visitors have to make a reservation before hand, in one of the 2-hour slots offered by the gallery.

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The main entrance

The building was built for as the personal home of Cardinal Scipione Borghese, between 1613 and 1615. Scipione Borghese was also the nephew of the pope Paul V. He was also a patron of Bernini. The gallery underwent an extensive 14 years restoration in 1983 and reopened in 1997.

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Cardinal Scipione Borghese

Pope Paul V (1605-21)

The Emperor Room

The building was built as a showpiece gallery of the cardinal. The gallery is known for its collection of Bernini, Raphael and Caravaggio masterpieces.

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The Egyptian Room

Ancient Greek Sculpture

Artemis. 4C BC. OriginalPeplofora. Early 5C BC. Possibly Greek Original

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The Sleeping Hermaphrodite was a 1C Roman copy of the 150 BC original sculpture by Polycles. The first Hermaphrodite sculpture belonged to the gallery was sold to the Louvre. This current Hermaphrodite was found in 1781 and reworked by Pacetti.

The Sleeping Hermaphrodite, original Greek, 150 BC.

Dancing Satyr, original Greek, 4C BC.

Hercules, original Greek, 4C BC.

Ancient Greek Sculpture

In 1807, many pieces of art works were sold to Napoleon and they are now exhibit as the ‘Borghese collection’ in the Louvre, Paris.

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Satyr on a Dolphin, original Greek, 1C BC.

Iris (Egyptian godess), Roman 2C.

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Woman with a Unicorn. 1505-06. Sanzio Raffaello.

Raphael probably did not finish the painting. Another artist completed the portrait by changing its pose and the size of the sleeves. He also added a small dog and the windowsill. Soon after, the dog was changed into a unicorn.

In 17C the woman was changed into St Catherine with addition of her wheel. In the 1935 restoration the 17C changes were removed .

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The Deposition of Christ. 1507. Sanzio Raffaello.

The painting was cleaned in 2005 and revealed the magnificent vivid colours.

The painting was painted by Raphael before he moved to Rome. It was originally placed in the church of S Francesco al Prato in Perugia.

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elis

sa o

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irce The painting refers to a

romantic epic poem by Ludovico Ariosto. It told the story of an enchantress, Circe, who imprisoned her lovers within trees (see miniscule figures of men on the tree, top left), rocks and animals. The lady who sat in a magic circle was probably Melissa, who liberated the victims from the spell. The empty armour was a reference to the trapped knight of Astolpho.

Melissa or Circe, c1530. by D. Dossi.

Note the fantasy and opulent use of colours in the painting and fine landscape in the background.

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Danae. 1531-32. Correggio. He was responsible for some of the most vigorous and sensuous works of the 16C.

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Portrait of a Man. 1535. Lotto. Born in Venice, his work is always crisp and clear. His works show the influence of the Venetian painters and the influence of German painters, in his landscape.

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Aeneas’ Flight from Troy. 1598. Barocci. Bernini must had seen this before he worked on the Aeneas and Anchises sculpture.

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Self-Portrait as the Sick Bacchus. c1593. Caravaggio

CaravaggioCaravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi is the most important Baroque painter. His revolutionary technique used dramatic dark background, selective illuminations and strong lighting contrasts. Many painters were influenced by his styles, including Artemisia Gentileschi, Ribera, Honthorst, Georges de La Tour, Rembrandt and Velazquez.

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Boy with a Basket of Fruit. c1594. Caravaggio.

Caravaggio’s style is described as ‘chiaroscuro’. The fruits in his paintings were often over-ripe and starting to decay. The leaves were wilting and colours were fading.

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St Jerome. 1605-06. Caravaggio. This was painted at the height of his career. Note the light streams off the bald head of the saint.

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Madonna of the Palafrenieri. 1605-06. Caravaggio.

It is a very unusual painting of the Madonna and child. It was commissioned as an altarpiece in the St Peter Basilica.

The painting shows the Virgin, with the help of her son, trampled on a snake, the source of the original sin. This is an allegory of the Catholics church (represented by the Virgin) crashing the opposition, on the dispute between the Catholics and the Protestants on the original sin.

St Anne (on the right), the mother of the Virgin was given the rough treatment by Caravaggio.

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David with the Head of Goliath. 1609-10. Caravaggio.

Self-portrait, the head of Caravaggio, who was wanted by the police for murder. Caravaggio is saying “here is my head”.

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The Hunt of Diana. 1616. Domenichino. The painting was forcefully bought by the Scipione Borghese from the rebellious artist Domenichino. It depicts a an archery contest, in a festive atmosphere amongst Diana’s nymphs. The exquisite colour was part of the Veneto school ‘s style.

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Sybil. c1616. Domenichino.

A colourful and a youthful Persian Sybil, with a viola and a music book. In antiquity sybils sang their prophecies, accompanied with music. Domenichino was also an expert in music.

Bernini c1623

Bernini c1630-35

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nini Bernini

It is impossible for any tourist to visit Rome without coming across art works by Gian Lorenzo Bernini. He was a very successful artist in the early 17C. He was the leading sculptor, a painter, play write, a prominent architect and a stage designer. Several of his masterpieces are on display in the gallery. Below are some of his works in Rome.

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Aeneas fleeing from the burning city of Troy carrying his elderly father, while his son carries the sacred fire. Aeneas and Anchises. 1618-1620.

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Many scholars saw the influence of Bernini’s father on the sculpture. Some even suggested it was his father’s work.

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Proserpine was carried by Pluto into the underworld. Rape of Proserpine. 1621-22.

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Marble softened in the hand of Bernini.

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Life-size marble sculpture (1622-26) by Bernini. Apollo insulted Cupid, who shot him with the gold arrow of love. Knowing Apollo was in love with Daphne, Cupid shot her with the lead arrow of hate. The sculpture showed the moment when Apollo touched her. Sensing Apollo’s touch and the danger she turned herself into a tree to escape from Apollo.

The Apollo and Daphne was one of the four sculptures commissioned by Cardinal Borghese.

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Daphne’s foot is turning into roots.

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Bernini’s David is very dynamic and compared well with previous well-known examples of sculpture of David.

David. 1623-24. Life-size marble.

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Note the biting lips, the hatred and other emotions on His face.

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Bernini was very skilful in conveying movements in his David sculpture. Note the tension on his leg.

Madonna and Child. c1650. Sassoferrato.

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Pauline was Napoleon’s sister, who married one of the Borghese Princes. Pauline Bonaparte as Venus Victrix, 1805-1808. Antonio Canova.

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By portrait Pauline in nude with an apple in her hand, Canova elevated her to be a goddess. The apple is a reference to the Judgement of Paris, about beauty.

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Galleria Borghese

In 1605, two months after his ascent to the papal throne, Paul V appointed his nephew Scipione Cardinal. Shortly after he gave him the ‘vineyard’ outside Porta Pinciana, where Scipione fulfilled his artistic dream by building a villa.

Scipione Borghese was an early patron of Bernini and an enthusiastic collector of works by Caravaggio. As a result, the gallery has a very large collection of Bernini and Caravaggio’s masterpieces. The gallery was re-opened in 1997, after a 14 years restoration.