Gandhi Ganga(A Research and Activities Journal)

Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

GANDHIAN CENTRE FOR PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDIES (GCPCS)University of Jammu, Jammu

ISO 9001 : 2000 Certified

Launching of the Gandhian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies at University of Jammu and Gandhi Ganga with effect from April 2004 is a unique and singular exercise of its kind. The Jammu and Kashmir has never had any institution to study and grasp Mahatma Gandhi's ideas, philosophy, work and learn about Mahatma's message.

Chairman:Amitabh Mattoo,Vice Chancellor,University of Jammu,Jammu-180006.

Members:Kiran Bedi, IPSDavid Cortright, President, Fourth Freedom ForumAnurag Gangal, Member-SecretaryTushar Gandhi, Gandhian ActivistMeenakshi Kilam, Professor, JUDeepshikha Kotwal, Professor, JUJigar Mohammad, Professor, JUYunus Samad, Professor, Bradford UniversityAnjoo Sharan, Professor, BHUSavita Singh, Gandhian Activist, GSDSPriyankar Upadhyaya, Professor, BHUUmesh Uppadhyaya, Journalist/Media-person

Editorial Team:

Executive Editor:Anurag Gangal

Editors:Sahlinder Singh JamwalRenu NandaYog Raj Sharma

Assistant Editors:Bharat Bhushan AnandRanjeet Kalra

Sub Editors:Kuldeep Raj SharmaKaran Bir SinghHarveen Singh

Copyright © Gandhi Ganga, Gandhian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Jammu, Jammu-180006.

The view expressed and the facts stated in this Journal, published in March every year, are those of the writers and they do not necessarily reflect the views of the Gandhian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Jammu, Jammu. The decision of the editors / referees about the selection of manuscripts for publication shall be final.

EDITORIAL BOARD

EDITORIAL

This is the inaugural double issue of annual research and activities journal Gandhi Ganga for 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 coming out as an official publication of the Gandhian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies at University of Jammu. Indeed, here is Gandhi Ganga's special issue to commemorate 100 years of the birth of Mahatma Gandhi's Satyagraha in South Africa on 11 September 1906. Gandhi Ganga will now be published in the month of April every year. It will be our constant attempt to go for bi-annual publication of Gandhi Ganga. As such, it will then be published in April and September every year.

Its objectives are dissemination of peace and conflict related information, research activities, academic interactions and meaningful expansion of the frontiers of knowledge and action towards Mahatma Gandhi's "practical-idealism".

In our efforts of realising objectives of Gandhian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies at Jammu University, our Vice Chancellor, Professor Amitabh Mattoo and University Grants Commission have always proved to be the real guiding spirit and effective support. Without their meaningful and creative encouragement, even a single leaf of this research and activity journal could not have been written. We owe Gandhi Ganga entirely to Professor Amitabh Mattoo, UGC and Professor Deepshikha Kotwal, Head, Department of English, University of Jammu. Professor Kotwal has stood by our side, as it were, even in the difficult times of the Gandhian Centre of University of Jammu, Jammu.

Gandhi Ganga is also intended to be a unique research and activities journal in a number of ways. Gandhian Centre aims at launching a long term global peace movement through Gandhi Ganga to help evolve and ensure ever more permanent peaceful comity of nations through nonviolence, truth non-possession, non-stealing and a wider and larger perspective of brahmcharya. In this attempt, Gandhi Ganga will also go for an unceasing quest for highlighting and sharpening the Gandhian tools of conflict management, conflict resolution and conflict transformation.

Gandhian Centre is currently functioning like an open institution without walls where truth is realised through self-sustaining and self-disciplining free wills of all individuals, academics and activities aspiring for a better world to live in. We, indeed, welcome all authors,

Gandhi Ganga

activists and individuals to contribute to the cause of world peace in any relevant area of their interest through the channels of Gandhi Ganga.

There is, however, one very clear seven-fold editorial policy of Gandhi Ganga aiming for excellence towards near-perfection if not perfection: (1) Every contribution to Gandhi Ganga must have necessary references, proof and depth for the quest of peace. (2) As regards references, Gandhi Ganga will follow JNU Research Mannual 2006. (3) For the purposes of readability and presentation, references will be printed in the journal anent academic and other contributions. (4) Without references, no contribution will be considered for publication. (5) All academic contributions to Gandhi Ganga will be referred to concerned experts in the area for final decision before publication. (6) The identities of the experts and the authors will remain confidential.

In the present issue of Gandhi Ganga, apart from periodic, report of Gandhian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies' activities, a few topical and academic columns and articles are also there. There are permanent columns such as "Quotes" with relevant quotations; "Gandhi today" with original quotations of Mahatma Gandhi concerning globalization; and "What needs to be Done" with highly diverse fields such as Education in India; Peace and Conflict Outlook; Academic Writing; Psychological viewpoint on Mahatma Gandhi; Gandhi and Conflict Resolution; Gandhi and Indian Foreign Policy; and Birth of Gandhi's Satyagraha etcetera alongwith a column on "Book Reviews".

The most interesting part of Gandhi Ganga apparently is its perennial focus on continued effectiveness found in Gandhian ideas vis-à-vis the present-day world anAd its different challenges before the humanity at large.

We at Gandhi Ganga hope to receive full cooperation and genuine feedback from all our readers and volunteers. The Gandhi Ganga family wishes all the best to entire comity of peace loving people for the coming New Year in 2007.

Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 20064

CONTENT

Editorial 3

Birth of Satyagraha 7

Report 9

Quotes 31

Gandhi today· Gandhi and Globalization 33· Academic Writings 35· Mahatma Gandhi: A Man of Action 37

Peace andConflict outlook· Nothing less than Peace 39· Gandhi's Conflict Resolution 41

What needs to be done?· Education in India 44· Gandhian Foreign Policy Pointers 45· Security Dilemma Today 47

Book review· Gandhian and Beyond 50

Prospects 52

...all Indian men, women and children eight years of age and above were required to (i) register with the autho-rities, (ii) submit their finger prints and (iii) acquire a cer-tificate which they were to carry with them at all times. Defaulters were to lose their right of residence and were liable to be imprisoned, fined or deported from Transvaal.

This ordinance got into effect as the Asiatic Registration Act on 31 July 1907. Gandhi called it a “Black Act”. It occasioned the first campaign of nonviolence as corporate action. On 11 September 1906, a large number of Indians in South Africa had publicly pledged themselves to boycott the bill.

Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 20066

South Africa witnessed in August 1906 a hundred years ago printing of a draft of an ordinance in the Transvaal Government Gazette to be submitted to the state legislature. According to this draft, all Indian men, women and children eight years of age and above were required to (i) register with the authorities, (ii) submit their finger prints and (iii) acquire a certificate which they were to carry with them at all times. Defaulters were to lose their right of residence and were liable to be imprisoned, fined or deported from Transvaal.

This ordinance got into effect as the Asiatic Registration Act on 31 July 1907. Gandhi called it a “Black Act”. It occasioned the first campaign of nonviolence as corporate action. On 11 September 1906, a large number of Indians in South Africa had publicly pledged themselves to boycott the bill.

When this bill became a law, majority of Indians refused to obtain permits as contemplated under its rules. Some Indians courted imprisonment and Gandhi was among them. Gandhi had actually demanded heaviest sentence for himself. But the Judge gave him only two months' simple imprisonment. Others were also sentenced to varying terms of imprisonment.

Thus was born Gandhi's technique of nonviolent corporate action. In the beginning, Gandhi called it “passive resistance”. But as the movement advanced, Gandhi searched for a more suitable expression because the term 'passive resistance' did not quite appeal to him.

To find a proper term, Gandhi announced a prize to that end. Maganlal Gandhi, a nephew and a co-worker, suggested the expression “Sadagraha”. Gandhi, however, changed it to “Satyagraha”, which literally means clinging to truth or the pursuit of truth. He defined it as 'soul force'. Gandhi was always at pains to differentiate Satyagraha with passive resistence.

Satyagraha, for Gandhi, is a dynamic nonviolent soul force without any 'passive' element in it. It stands on its own strength. A satyagrahi is nonviolent out of his courage of conviction and not due to any circumstantial compulsions. Satyagraha is not static. It is always growing with experience. It is an ever growing and

BIRTH OF SATYAGRAHA

Gandhi Ganga

expanding act and concept. Passive resistance, on the other hand, has only the physical nonviolence of Satyagraha in it and that too born out of varied compulsions. Satyagraha goes beyond, as it were, time and space with an inherent quality of timelessness in it. Satyagraha does not harm anyone in essence. It is truth, love and nonviolence and thus it is full of life, energy and craving for humanity. We know that adopting nonviolence is an essential part of our routine life. After all, for how many hours in a day a person can remain violent in any form. There is a limit to it. However, there is no limit to remaining nonviolent throughout life all the while.

8 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

Satyagraha, for Gandhi, is a

dynamic nonviolent soul

force without any 'passive'

element in it. It stands on its

own strength. A satyagrahi is

nonviolent out of his courage

of conviction and not due to

any circumstantial compul-

sions. Satyagraha is not

static. It is always growing

with experience.

Introduction

Despite difficulties of the initial years, The Gandhian Centre is running quite successfully only with highly encouraging and positive approach of the Vice Chancellor Professor Amitabh Mattoo. The incumbent Director of the Gandhian Centre could not have run it without the comprehensive support of the Vice Chancellor. Professor Mattoo has a visionary outlook and extensive academic reach. This has helped Gandhian Centre a lot. That is why Gandhian Centre has been able to organise almost one to two meaningful activities every month during the period of University Grants Commission (UGC) grants of 2004-2005. These were utilised only during the financial year 2005-2006 as stipulated in the concerned letter from UGC. The Gandhian Centre, in terms of space, geographical area, infra-structural facilities and their expanse is working without walls quite like Ivan Illich's idea of a “Deschooling Society”. It is physically not allocated any space and location. It is going ahead with the strength of the youth and students of Jammu region. Its Visiting Faculty and workers and youthful volunteers move forward under open skies. As regards, fax, telephones and internet facilities, Jammu University's Gandhian Centre's volunteers, workers, and staff are so dedicated that they often use their own personal resources also without ever bringing this matter to light.

Director, Gandhi Smriti and Darshan Samiti (GSDS), New Delhi, Dr Savita Sing; the Trustee of Gandhi Seva Sadan (GSS), Jammu, Miss Sushma Chowdhry, IAS; and President of GSS, Dr Ved Gahi have agreed for permanent collaboration with the Gandhian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies (GCPCS) at University of Jammu. Professor Priyankar Upadhyaya, Director, Malviya Centre for Peace Research (MCPR), Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi has extended an invitation to enter into a Memorandum of Understanding with GCPCS at Jammu University. Professor David Cortwright from Notre Dame University, United States and Professor Yunus Samad from Bradford University, United Kingdom

REPORT

Gandhi Ganga

have also visited GCPCS for special lectures on Gandhi and World Peace.

As such, the GCPCS is moving into diversified fields for widening the Gandhian expanse of human fabric and understanding. The intensity of purpose and quality of work are also having their levels of quite satisfactory energy and right implementation levels.

10 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

The Gandhian Centre, in terms of space, geographical a r ea , i n f ra - s t ruc tura l facilities and their expanse is working without walls quite like Ivan Illich's idea of a “Deschooling Society”. It is physically not allocated any space and location. It is going ahead with the strength of the youth and students of Jammu region. Its Visiting Faculty and workers and youthful volunteers move forward under open skies.

Activities 2004 - 2006

1.Advisory Committee meetings; 2.Surveys in villages and schools; 3.Quizzes in schools; 4.Debates in Colleges; 5.Exploration Visits to Villages for knowing Environmental Conditions and Prospective Gandhian Employment Generation planning; 6.Survey for Studying Possibilities of Gandhian Conflict Resolution among Inhabitants of Border Areas Villages; 7.Publication of Research Articles on “Gandhi and Kashmir Tangle” and also on “Gandhi and Globalisation” in Anasakti, Kashmir Times, Daily Excelsior and Dainik Jagran; 8.National Seminar and Dance Drama on Mahatma Gandhi's Life and Relevance involving participants and activists from Tamilnadu, Bihar, Orisa, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir; 9.Special Lectures by Dr Savita Singh, Dr Kiran Bedi and Shri Tushar Gandhi; 10.Procurement of Equipments for the Gandhian Centre; 11.Purchasing books for reading Room; 12.Donating books on Gandhi in Jammu Schools and among 250 South Asian Delegates; 13.Delivering Lectures on Gandhi in schools; 14.Involving school, college and youth from Jammu University in Voluntary Activities of the Gandhian Centre; 15.Bhajan Sandhya with 'A' Grade Radio and TV artists, singers and children singing bhajans dear to Mahatma Gandhi; 16.Celebrating 100 years of Satyagraha from 05 September to 12 September 2005 with Shri Satpal Mittal's Lecture at Gandhian Centre, JU and visits to Prasthan Ashram at Pathankot 17.Visiting GSDS, New Delhi along with attending various Programmes on the occasion of 100 years of Satyagraha; 18.Constructive Programme oriented visits to District Jail for interacting with Convicts and Terrorist Detainees and criminals; 19.Continuing Harmony and Peace Signature Campaign as an ongoing exercise until 10,000 signatures/pledges are obtained; 20.Preparation of a Post-Graduate Diploma Syllabus for launching a one year Distance Learning National Course on Gandhi and Conflict Resolution; 21.Delivering Special Lecture on Mahatma Gandhi at Gandhian Studies Centre, MAM College, JU; 22.Attending UGC Conference of Directors of Gandhian Centre at Calcutta; 23.Visiting Professor Assignment at Calcutta University's Gandhian Centre for about a week.

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Cooperation from Colleagues,Students and Civil Society

Voluntary and sincere efforts of Professor Deepshikha Kotwal from Department of English, Dr Renu Nanda from Education, Mr Ranjit Kalra from Academic Staff College and Members of the Advisory Committee of the Gandhian Centre. Professor Jigar Mohammad from History; Dr V. N. Labh from Buddhist Studies; Professor Ramnika Jalali from Sanskrit; Professor Deep Sahi from Zoology; Mr Vikram Sahi from Library's Computer Systems Analysis; Ms Indira Rathore, Principal, Government Degree College for Women, Parade; Professor Bharat Bhushan Anand from Maulana Azad Memorial College, Jammu; Professor Naresh Padha from Physics; Dr Sangeeta Thapliyal, Mr Happy Mohan Jacob, Dr Muneer Alam, Dr V.V. Nagendra Rao and Dr Mathews Joseph C. from Centre for Strategic and Regional Studies; Professor Naubat Ram Sharma from Education; Dr Dipanker Sengupta; Dr Mohammad Tajuddin from Political Science; Professor Ashok Aima and Professor Meenakshi Keelam from Management Studies have helped the Gandhian Centre in standing upright.

Gandhian Centre at University of Jammu (JU) is also working in permanent collaboration with Gandhi Smriti and Darshan Samiti at New Delhi. GCPCS at JU is also functioning with Gandhi Sewa Sadan at Jammu in quite a few activities anent villages and use of Khadi. Ms Sushma Chowdhary as trustee and Dr Ved Ghai as Chairman of Gandhi Sewa Sadan have extended their cooperation to the Gandhian Centre on their own. The Gandhian Centre and Jammu University is very thankful to them in this act of realising common goal of expanding the frontiers of Gandhian orientation and thinking among masses and youth alike. A local non-governmental unregistered organisation Disha with Mr Sumeet as Chairman has also come forward to work with the Gandhian Centre at JU.

12 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

Realisation of Objectives

Help from UGC and esteemed colleagues, friends, civil society, students, research scholars and volunteers has led to realisation of objectives of establishing the GCPCS at Jammu University to the extent of about 75 per cent in the first year. Objectives quite fully realised are:

1. Setting up of reading and library with about 600 books in addition to periodicals, journals and Newspapers.

2. National Seminar, cultural activities, information dissemination, interactive programmes with civil society, going to the r u r a l / u r b a n p o o r e r sections of society and involving youth in diverse action oriented field work etc.

3. Providing teaching support and interactive sessions to youth and professional teachers in universities, colleges and schools.

4. Inviting experts on Visiting Faculty Assignments to the GCPCS.

5. Organised Special Lectures Series on Mahatma Gandhi with experts from India, US and UK as well.

Dr. Savita Singh, Director, GSDS, New Delhi,Keynote Address at the National Seminar

Dance Drama on Gandhi's Life at GCPCS JUduring National Seminar

Interactive Sessions with Youth at JU on Gandhi

13Gandhi Ganga

6. Conducting surveys, debates and theatre activities on Mahatma Gandhi.

7. Distributing relevant Gandhian literature on Mahatma Gandhi not only among J&K youth but also amidst South Asian community and also to prisoners in Jails.

8. Publishing (under process) select special lectures on Mahatma Gandhi and relevant subjects.

9. Preparing to launch a one year Post-Graduate Diploma by next year.

Professor Amitabh Mattoo, Vice Chancellor, JU,Presides at Special Lecture of Dr. Kiran Bedi

Final Round of Inter-College Quiz Competition

Dr. Renu Nanda giving away Inter-College DebateCompetition First Prize to Ravinder Rana of

Maulana Azad Memorial College

Jenaab Ghulam Hassan Mir, Minister of Tourism, J&K State and Dr. Savita Singh Presenting the Final Round Quiz Trophy toGDC for Women, Parade, Jammu.

Faculty, Student, Researchers and Members ofCivil Society Present at the Lecture

14 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

Media Coverage and Photos

Media Coverage to GCPCS Activities has also been phenomenal through print and electronic both. It will be well to put here a few photographs and print media coverage. In the electronic area, Siti cable, J&K Channel, Take One Channel and Star TV have covered various GCPCS programmes. In print media, Hindustan Times, Indian Express, Amar Ujala, Dainik Jagran, Daily Excelsior, Kashmir Times, Punjab Kesari, Early Times, Greater Kashmir, Kashmir Images and others have covered Gandhian Centre's activities. Apart from this, GCPCS has been able to produce CDs and DVDs of almost all its major programmes. Almost all office work of GCPCS also stands duly computerised.

There are quite a few special photographs and print media coverage that can be scanned here for providing a birds eye view, as it were, of GCPCS's action in villages, urban areas, schools and colleges etc. Obviously the entire media coverage and all photos and Compact Discs cannot be included in this brief report of GCPCS activities.

The Gandhiana Multi-Media Exhibition as a fortnight long Gandhi

15Gandhi Ganga

festival was first of its kind in Jammu and Kashmir. After this, National Seminar cum Dance Drama was organised from 25 April to 27 April 2005. Apart from Keynote Address of Dr Savita Singh and Presidential speech of Professor Amitabh Mattoo, there were quite a few other academic presentations. All this activity brought people from Kanyakumari to Jammu and Kashmir.

Then Shri Tushar Gandhi came to GCPCS for a week long programme of Special Lecture and other activities of going to poor people and villages in border areas and displaced people's Camps. All these activities of GCPCS have not only been exciting but also highly educative for youth and civil society in Jammu.

Visits to villages in collaboration with Gandhi Seva Sadan, Jammu proved to be specially fruitful as they provided an opportunity of exposure of city dwelling youth vis-à-vis rural youth and realities.

16 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

Ms Sushma Chowdhary, IAS (third from right), and Trustee, GSSDr Ved Ghai,President, GSS (fourth from right), and Shri Sumeet (at the far back), Chairman, Disha with GCPCS staff and Volunteersat Jakh Village Gandhi Seva Sadan Vocational Centre

At Jakh Village

17Gandhi Ganga

Shri Tushar Gandhi's Lecture was followed by several other programmes such as GCPCS's visit to Amphalla District Jail in collaboration with Gandhian Studies Centre at MAM College of Jammu University. In this venture, convicts, prisoners, and terrorists were the major concerns with whom all volunteers happened to meet and even shared their meals prepared by inmates of the jail in their properly maintained kitchen. This jail was a prison inasmuch as its inmates were not usually allowed to go out of its boundaries and to their families and friends. Otherwise, they were having all every opportunity and facility needed for a normal life.

Tushar Gandhi's Special Lecture with Professor Amitabh Mattoo Presiding as Vice Chancellor, University of Jammu, Jammu

GCPCS Director Speaking at Jail

18 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

At Amphalla Jail, Jammu

Kitchen at the Jail

19Gandhi Ganga

Cultural events, Dances, Skits, Bhajans dear to Mahatma Gandhi visits to several villages and schools along with organising of varied activities has brought, for the first time, a new Gandhian versatility into the youth of Jammu in particular. Their misconceptions about Mahatma Gandhi are being streamlined to some extent. Of course a lot more needs to be done.

Participants in National Seminar on Gandhi at GCPCS, JU

GCPCS Volunteers at Bishnah Village interacting with Villagers At Kool Village

Moving from Kool to border village Arnea

20 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

Participants at 15 Days Gandhi Festival at JU with Dr Savita Singh (C),Dr Renu Gangal(LC), Dr Indira Rathore (RC)

Professor Amitabh Mattoo, VC, JU and Dr. Savita Singh with Janaab Gulam Hassan Mir the then Minister of Tourism at JU Exhibition on Mahatma Gandhi

21Gandhi Ganga

Gandhian Centre at University of Jammu is aiming at spreading Mahatma Gandhi's message of peace and self-reliance. As such, almost every section of society is being involved in various peace, cultural and other related activities.

Vandita, Professor Amitabh Mattoo, Mrs Ajita Mattoo, Ishita and Dr Savita Singhat Gandhi Theatre Performance at JU

22 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

The then Minister of Education, J&K, as Chief Guest in GCPCS function at JU

Former Vice Chancellor Shri M.R. Puri presenting a Memento to veteranGandhian Journalist Shri S.P. Sahni

23Gandhi Ganga

Bhajan Sandhya being inaugurated by Pundit Ashutosh Magotra

Bhajan Sandhya

24 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

Media Coverage

25Gandhi Ganga

Media Coverage

26 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

Media Coverage

27Gandhi Ganga

Media Coverage

28 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

Media Coverage

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Media Coverage

30 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

Innumerable are the names of God; but if a choice were to be made of one, it would be Sat or Satya, that is, Truth. Hence verily Truth is God.

20.11.1944

Realization of Truth is not at all possible without Ahimsa (Non-violence). That is why it has been said that Ahimsa is the supreme Dharma (Law).

21.11.1944

The quest of Truth and the observance of Non-violence are impossible without Brahmacharya (celibacy), Non-stealing, Non-possession, Fearlessness, Equal Respect for all Religions, Removal of Untouchability, and the like.

22.11.1944

Brahamacharya here means control over the sense-organs in thought, word and deed. He shall not be deemed a true Brahmachari who, although he may be living a chaste life, otherwise harbours impurity of mind.

23.11.1944

Non-stealing does not mean merely not to steal. To keep or take anything which one does not need is also stealing. And, of course, stealing is fraught with violence.

24.11.1944

Non-possession means that we should not hoard anything that we do not need today.

25.11.1944

Fearlessness should connote absence of all kinds of fear-fear of death, fear of bodily injury, fear of hunger, fear of insults, fear of public disapprobation, fear of ghosts and evil spirits, fear of anyone's anger. Freedom from all these and other such fears constitutes fearlessness.

26.11.1944

We must respect other religions even as we respect our own. Mere tolerance there of is not enough.

27.11.1944

QUOTES

Gandhi Ganga

Removal of untouchability means not merely touching the Harijans (untouchables), but also looking upon them as our own kith and kin, in other words, treating them in the same way as we would our own brothers and sisters. None is high, none low.

28.11.1944

"Yogash Chitta Vritti Nirodhah" - This is the first aphorism of Patanjali's Yoga Darshan (Philosophy of Yoga). Yoga means contolling the activities of the mind, that is, to restrain and subdue the surging passions of the mind.

29.11.1944

How can one in whose mind passions keep surging ever realise Truth? The upsurge of passions in the mind is like a tempest in the ocean. Only that helmsman remains safe in the storm who holds fast to the helm. Likewise, he along triumphs who seeks refuge in Ramanama (the name of God) when his mind is restless.

30.11.1944

The hymn - "Take Thou a Lesson from the Tree" is worth to one's heart. The tree bears the heat of the Sun and yet provides cool shade to us. What do we do?

1.12.1944

Let us always beware of false knowledge. That knowledge is false which keeps or turns us away from Truth.

2.12.1944

For the realization of Truth, it is necessary to read the lives of the saints and ponder over them.

3.12.1944

Against whom shall we harbour enmity when God himself says that He dwells in all living beings? (Translation of today's hymn).

4.12.1944

The great lesson that we learn from the life of Mirabai* is that she renounced her all - even her husband - for the sake of God.* A great devotee of Lord Krishna.

5.12.1944

32 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

What is Gandhi's concept of holistic process of globalization? It is practical-idealist concept Gandhi called himself a practical-idealist. He has never written or said much about globalization in particular as a term with specific meaning that is being attached to it currently. Yet he had foreseen almost all major trends and strands of globalization today in a positive and creative mould. For him :

It is impossible for one to be an internationalist without being a nationalist... Our nationalism can be no peril to other nations inanmuch as well will exploit none just as we will allow none to exploit us.

The satyagrahi must maintain personal contact with people of his locality. This living association of human beings is essential to a genuine democracy.

I have no doubt that unless big nations shed their desire for exploitation and the spirit of violence of which war is the natural expression and the atom bomb the inevitable consequence, there is no hope for peace in the world.

Mechanisation is good when hands are too few for the work intended to be accomplished. It is evil where there are more hands than required...

I entertain no fads in this regard (i.e., his avowed opposition to mechanisation and capital-intensive technology). All that I desire is that every able-bodied citizen should be provided with gainful employment. If electricity and even automatic energy could be used without...creating unemployment, I will not raise my litle finger against it... If the government could provide full employment to our people without the help of Khadi hand-spinning and hand-weaving industries, I shall be prepared to wind up my constructive programme in this regard.

Gandhi on GlobalizationGCPCS Team

GANDHI TODAY

Gandhi Ganga

Under Swaraj (self-rule) of my dream, there is no necessity of arms at all.

To reject foreign manufactures merely because they are foreign and to go on wasting national time and money on the promotion in one's own country of manufactures for which it is not suited would be criminal folly and a negation of the Swadeshi spirit.

Decentralisation of political and economic power, reduction in the functions and importance of State, growth of voluntary associations, removal of dehumanising poverty and resistance to injustice... will bring life within the understanding of man and make society and the state democratic... The nonviolent State will cooperate with an international organisation based on nonviolence. Peace will come not merely by changing the institutional forms but by regenerating those attitudes and ideals of which war, imperialism, capitalism and other forms of exploitation are the inevitable expressions.

I am not against all international trade, though imports should be limited to things that are necessary for our growth but which India — and for that matter any poorer country — cannot herself produce and export of things of real benefit to foreigners.

34 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

It is impossible for one to be an internationalist without being a nationalist... Our nationalism can be no peril to other nations inanmuch as well will exploit none just as we will allow none to exploit us.

Academic WritingDirector, GCPCS,

Anurag Gangal

Academic writing is a professional and skilled work. Research aptitude and training, methodological tools, stylistic finesse, near complete knowledge of subject matter, commitment and dedication to 'perfectibility' if not 'perfection', originality, and absolute devotion to meet the 'deadlines' are a few characteristic features of an academic piece of writing.

Objective analyses, clarity of ideas and presentation are other two requirements. Cliché, plagiarism, spelling mistakes have zero tolerance limits.

Length or word-limit must also be given due importance. In any case, one must never go beyond writing more than 100 words from the prescribed word-limit in a given piece. This exception must not be treated as a general rule to follow.

Proper perception and presentation of the topic of research alongwith meaningful and exact though varied and easy vocabulary is also needed. Academic writing is, therefore, a highly skilful job. It needs great care and involvement from within and without. Every word is important and significant. Floccinaucinihilipilification will not do.

As such, academic writing is the job of an established and well trained academic. Amateur writing has little scope in the academic world. Indeed, academic writing is a serious matter even when there is the task of writing a light and comic piece!

Whatever may be the area of specialisation for academic writing, wider reading habit in the field of high quality literature is a must. For instance, regular reading of fiction, poetry, prose, drama in the concerned language and in any other language is absolutely necessary.

Deep involvement in the theme and topic of writing alongwith nearly incessant thinking about the subject matter leads to outpouring of a logical and easily readable script on its own. Writer's thematic ambience in one's mind and heart is then spread forth on the sheet of paper quite like the work of an accomplished sculptor.

Gandhi Ganga

Academic writing is a profes-

sional and skilled work.

Research aptitude and trai-

ning, methodological tools,

stylistic finesse, near com-

plete knowledge of subject

matter, commitment and de-

dication to 'perfectibility' if

not 'perfection', originality,

and absolute devotion to meet

the 'deadlines' are a few cha-

racteristic features of an

academic piece of writing.

36 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

Vocabulary emerges with exactitude of an original piece of work. Dictionaries, thesauruses and words of power from regular reading of newspapers are then not required so much. They actually spoil the pleasure of reading, writing and their natural tenor. Newspapers and other such means are helpful only from the angle of obtaining information only.

There is, indeed, no alternative to hard work with deep involvement while going for academic writing. Only then inner conflicts of an academic writer can be solved. Even the knowledge of grammar is also not so much required here. It evolves on its own.

Mahatma Gandhi: A Man of ActionRenu Gangal

Gandhi's personality can be described as 'calmly active and actively calm'. Every weakness of his that he realised and each instance of humiliation inflicted upon him became a moment of test of fire for his person. His experiences from one humiliation to another strengthened his determination to fight for justice, equality and 'right against might'. In his fight against might, he always remained cool and calm. He is known also as a great lover of humour and lighter side of life.

There is an incident quoted by Gandhi's noted biographer Louis Fischer in his The Life of Mahatma Gandhi when in this book Gandhi says, “The West has always commanded my admiration for its surgical inventions and all round progress in that direction….. Nevertheless, Gandhi quite cast off his prejudices against physicians. Once Gandhi resisted a penicillin injection.

“If I give you penicillin, you will recover in three days,' the doctor said, 'otherwise it will take three weeks.'

'That's all right,' Gandhi replied. I am in no hurry.'

The doctor said he might affect others.

Gandhi replied, “Then give them penicillin.”

In an unguarded moment, the same physician told Gandhi that if all sick people simply went to bed they would get well.

Gandhi cautioned his physician in a lighter vein and said, “Don't say that loud. You will lose all your patients.”

Gandhi, as such, has been a man of humility with determination, an activist with a great sense of humour, and a scientist always busy in his experiments with truth.

As a man of action and vision, Gandhi has had his way of doing things in his own way. His major tools were Observation, Experience, Experiments, Self-analysis and Linkage in his goals and methods. His philosophy of truth as a way of life flows from his own experiments. His experiments were drawn on the down to earth realities and facts of life. However, Gandhi's most significant tools were his power of intuition and his own inner voice and consciousness.

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Gandhi, in general, may therefore, be regarded as an expert in epistemology, philosophy and use of scientific methods also. Although he often preferred to go beyond established contours of scientific methods through the use of his intuition and inner consciousness. He used these two meta-scientific tools in the realms of reason and human consciousness as well!

38 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

“If I give you penicillin, you will recover in three days,' the doctor said, 'otherwise it will take three weeks.'

'That's all right,' Gandhi replied. I am in no hurry.'

The doctor said he might affect others.

Gandhi replied, “Then give them penicillin.”

In an unguarded moment, the same physician told Gandhi that if all sick people simply went to bed they would get well.

Gandh i caut ioned h i s physician in a lighter vein and said, “Don't say that loud. You will lose all your patients.”

Gandhi Ganga

Peace and Conflict Outlook

Nothing less than PeaceKuldeep Raj Sharma

Twenty-first century is an age of technology of computer-chips, nano-technology, globalisation, networking and instantaneous communication. All these together move on to evolve a “global village” where activities, ideas, thinking and living style of every individual and precious human life affects, influences and interacts with all other persons on earth let alone nations, communities and diverse ethnic groups mutually functioning concurrently.

Most of these efforts are made apparently towards continuous peace and development of comity of nations, institutions and individuals alike. Various technological and other peace processes of this type bring in their fray an inherent though latent and manifest both undercurrents of mutual conflicts also. Such conflicts arise not only from within but also from without. When conflicts become very serious then citizens of the world and different concerned countries and regions will have to be involved for their effective resolution.

This is a perennial rigmarole of peace and conflict. From peace to conflict and vice versa. What comes first Peace or Conflict? It is difficult to find and decide. The method of deeper causal observation of daily routine amongst nations and individuals brings forth the predominant role of peace in human lives in comparison to obviously widespread conflicts, wars, terrorism and weapons of mass destruction (WMDs).

Indeed, what is the nature of peace and conflict in human nature? This query needs to be examined further in depth in oncoming writings in next volumes.

In this matter quite a few recent works, among several others, are of great help. For example new revised edition of Joan V. Bondurant, Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1988; David Cortright, Gandhi and Beyond: Nonviolence for an Age of Terrorism, Paradigm Publishers, Boulder (US), 2006. The first copy of David Cortright's book was presented by its author to Professor Amitabh Mattoo, Vice Chancellor, University of Jammu and Chairman, Advisory Committee, Gandhian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies (GCPCS), University of Jammu at a Special Lecture on “Gandhi and the West” delivered on 16 April 2006 at Jammu

40 Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

University, J&K, India at the invitation of GCPCS.

Peace and Conflict must not be treated as two parallel line that shall never have a meeting point. Among these two, each is the progenitor of the other one. As such, every conflict is an opportunity for ever more cooperation and conflict resolution. Going a step further, it is conflict transformation which is necessary alongside application of different methods of conflict resolution.

Peace and nonviolence do not take away precious human lives. Violence certainly culminates in eventual harmful effects upon human lives including very painful deaths. Long live peace and nonviolence.

This is a perennial rigmarole of peace and conflict. From peace to conflict and vice versa. What comes first Peace or Conflict? It is diffi-cult to find and decide. The method of deeper causal ob-servation of daily routine a m o n g s t n a t i o n s a n d individuals brings forth the predominant role of peace in human lives in comparison to obviously widespread con-flicts, wars, terrorism and weapons of mass destruction (WMDs).

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Gandhian Conflict ResolutionKishor Sharma

Long established methods of conflict management, conflict resolution and conflict transformation are mostly arising from a present day context of a sheer helplessness in view of numerous national, regional, international and global conflicts and challenges to peace and “prosperity”. The Gandhian nonviolence, on the other hand, is such an area of managing, resolving and transforming diverse types of conflicts that it starts not from helplessness but from courage of conviction and essential belief in the caressing power of nonviolence.

Nonviolence cannot be discussed on and on. It needs i) courageous negotiators, ii) soldiers without weapons iii) unflinching faith in ahimsa iv) self-confidence with patience and perseverance and v) certainly not the bullish audaciousness.

Such nonviolence is replete with great potential to deal with a number of modern day dangerous conflictual human concerns. Nonviolence empowered with the tools of satyagraha has succeeded, among others, in gaining political independence both for India and Pakistan form our dear British counterparts upon whom “Sun never set”! Indeed, the initial hitch is that of taking a meaningful initiative and lead. The essence of the matter here is what Gandhi said immediately after his Dandi March on 05 April 1930:

The usual conflict resolution is a well established process of resolving a dispute or a conflict by providing each side's needs, and adequately addressing their interests so that they are satisfied with the outcome. Conflict resolution aims to end conflicts before they start or lead to physical fighting. Resolution methods can include conciliation, mediation, arbitration or litigation.

Sometimes disputes and conflicts may simply be avoided without actually resolving them. At times, it may even be desirable that the concerned parties may disagree. However, one thing is clear. It is that a conflict is a state of opposition between two parties.

Courtesy : Publications Division, Government of India

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There are different types of conflicts. This list can never be fully exhaustive. Broadly speaking, about eleven types of conflicts are recognized: i) intra-personal conflict, ii) interpersonal conflict, iii) group conflict, iv) organizational conflict, v) community conflict, vi) intra-state conflict, vii) inter-state conflict, viii) international conflict, ix) global conflicts, x) regional conflicts, xi) “communal” or conflicts between different religions, xii) racial conflicts.

For resolving these conflicts, several diplomatic tracks are also already there. As regards quite a few apparent and friendly conflicts between United States (US) and India, Track 6 diplomacy is also proving to be highly fruitful for evolving short-term and long-term relationship of mutuality and growing commitment and faith. There are currently nine tracks of diplomacy recognised more widely: i) government to government, ii) unofficial policy oriented non-governmental exchanges, iii) businessman to businessman, iv) citizen to citizen exchange programmes of all kinds, v) media to media based efforts and exchanges, vi) religion, vii) activism, viii) research, ix) training, and education.

All these methods of conflict resolution are also highly dynamic. These are being applied widely for several years now. The present day conflict resolution methods are, however, not really so nonviolent for they arise from an intense interest based orientation of cooperation and ever more cooperation out of a mutual assured fear among nations and individuals alike.

Nonviolence of the Gandhian order, on the other hand, does not suffer from such a, as it were, cliché. Therefore, what is the harm if this approach is also developed alongside other prevalent ways of conflict resolution? Nonviolence is also highly free from any religious bias in nature inasmuch as it is presently coming from a secular mind of Gandhi who is regarded as an undisputed leader not only the downtrodden but also of the saner minds in the world.

The need is to make experiments with an open mind and objective scientific outlook. Gandhi had this faith in social and political experimentation. Indeed, a positively practical attitude to evolution of ever new avenues and vistas of knowledge must never be put aside.

The world can live and prosper by nonviolence alone. Love triumphs not hatred. Human intuition, inner consciousness, inner strength, discipline and courage provide the real mentle to every activity and

idea in which present day man is engaged. Without these even the best equipped army cannot succeed. A nonviolent Satyagraha activist also needs only these things to succeed. Hence, initially what every individual has to realise is that it is not by violence alone wars can be won. May be it is for this reason that Gandhi is known not only as the greatest Commander of the largest nonviolent army of the world but also as the most successful expert in conflict resolution.

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There are currently nine tracks of diplomacy recog-nised more widely: i) govern-ment to government, ii) un-official policy oriented non-governmental exchanges, iii) businessman to businessman, iv) citizen to citizen exchange programmes of all kinds, v) media to media based efforts and exchanges, vi) religion, vii) activism, viii) research, ix) training, and education.

Education in IndiaKaran Bir Singh

There is need to think over following basic questions once again separately on a national level:

What is education? What is information? What is indoctrination? What is knowledge? What is self-awareness? What is an examination? What is self-assessment? What is vocational education (sic) / training?

What is merit? What is performance? What is professionalism? What is excellence? What is perfection?

What are various purposes and aims behind these thirteen activities, processes and systems?

What is the relationship between democracy and all above mentioned fundamental pointers?

Is utterly examination orientation of the education system really fruitful?

What is the relationship between professional training for obtaining jobs, on-job training and “education”?

Until answers in proper perspective are found to these questions, India and Indians cannot have respite from their evils of poverty, unemployment and exploitation through foreign aid etcetera. Self-reliance will remain a distant dream and security of the nation will slip away time and again.

World Food Scarcity

One easy way of removing scarcity of food the world over is vegetarianism. There are over one billion hungry people in the world today. If everyone every human person opts for vegetarianism, world will have enough food for every citizen of this spaceship earth!

How will this be possible?

“It is elementary my dear Watson”!

A Sherlock Holmes is not needed to answer this.

WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE?

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Gandhian Foreign Policy Pointers Academic Team of GCPCS

Foreign Policy Diagram

Above mentioned spheres, in an international foreign policy perspective, represent:

v A country's immediate neighbours as immediate sphere.

v Other poor, less developed, underdeveloped, developing and smaller countries like India are in the mid sphere.

v Bigger, more developed, developed, militarily and otherwise very powerful great powers or superpower countries constituting the outer sphere.

As Gandhi says, in this global conflict reduction security buffer design, there will be:

…ever widening, never ascending circles. Life will not be a pyramid with the apex sustained by the bottom. But it will be an oceanic circle whose centre will be the individual always ready to perish for the village, the later for the circle of villages, till the last … becomes one life composed of individuals, never aggressive in their arrogance but ever humble, sharing the majesty of the oceanic circle of which they are integral parts. Therefore, the outermost circumference will not wield the power to crush the inner circle but will give strength to all within and derive its own strength from it… No one… [will] be the first and none the last.

Utmost priority, apparently, is to be given to good understanding and relations with immediate neighbours like Pakistan and others. A holistic security climate has to be expanded from the inner most circle of neighbours and beyond. That is how three broad conflict reduction security buffer spheres may be created through very friendly relations based on utter mutual faith and nonviolence.

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In the absence of a general belief in the power of nonviolence and love, i.e., truth, this pattern must still be strengthened despite continuing armaments race and “overkill” capacities of WMDs or nuclear, biological and chemical (NBCs) weapons. These weapons cannot provide us security inasmuch as they are there for mutual massive destruction and spreading terror. These weapons do not defend us. They are meant to kill during wars and terrorise during peacetime. About thirty countries already possess these WMDs. Anti-tank nuclear bullets are also in use. Nearly 100, 000 nuclear bombs are also there among these states. United States and Russia alone share more than half of this arsenal.

Only less than an iota of present-day stockpiles of armaments was there in Gandhi's time. Practical-idealism of Gandhi emerges even more clearly when he says in this context:

It [nonviolence] is of universal applicability. Nevertheless, perfect nonviolence, like Absolute Truth, must forever remain beyond our reach……Perfect nonviolence is impossible so long as we exist physically, for we would want some space at least to occupy. Perfect nonviolence whilst you are inhabiting the body is only a theory like Euclid's point or straight line, but we have to endeavour every moment of our lives.

This impossibility of “perfect nonviolence” does not prevent an initiative in this direction. As long as there is absence of general, fundamental, practical and political belief in the efficacy of nonviolence as a way of life, till then at least a Nonviolent National Defence Army, Navy and Air Force can be evolved on Gandhian lines of nonviolent spirit and nonviolence of the brave. This nonviolent national defence system can work alongside existing defence forces in every country.

Pyarelal, Mahatma Gandhi: The Last Phase, Ahmedabad, Navajivan Publishing House, 1958, Volume II, pp. 580 581. E.J. Hogendoorn, A Chemical Weapons Atlas, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, September/October 1997 Vol. 53, No. 5. Harijan, 21 July 1940, p. 211.

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Security Dilemma TodayGCPCS Team

There is also a related aspect of a 'security dilemma' or striker's falling into the pit instead of scoring a few points through excessive rebound play in the carom board game among inter-state "patrons" of civil society today. One's security becomes a threat to another player in the globalising twenty-first century's global civil culture. Politics by all means is an integral part of such activities. Security then becomes a menace to its preserver itself.

When 'security' is leading to 'insecurity' then why this hullaboloo and concern for security of individuals and nations alike? Whom who is benefiting? Why this is happening? No doubt, security is a must for all as a fundamental need and human right to life. This need has to be fulfilled. Security beyond this need emerges into a utterly self-aggrandising global nexus and Mafia causing loss of precious human lives of brave soldiers and common citizens alike. Indeed, "How much land does a man require?" Individuals among peoples of the world understand this predicament. Nations and statesmen and nations are bound to ignore it for they have to act otherwise. Security for peace is relentlessly negating its purpose. Amassing of WMDs, terrorism of different types including nuclear terrorism further proves this glaring logic and reality. No state has ever achieved the security it desires without becoming a menace to its neighbours.

Apart from 'genuine' concerns about security needs of a state, there are other reasons also leading to ever widening arms race. They are all practical pointers to national leaders' strong belief in military might as their only real protection when they are facing an irritating and hostile opponent.

All these are realities of modern deep-rooted political perversion, Politics -- as political thinkers, actors and Gandhi in particular say - is concerned primarily with establishing truth and order in society. Ongoing diverse manipulations in politics represent something different than what is political.

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Manipulations and perversions of civil society in this age of globalisation are presenting intriguing trends:

µ Bringing together of global trade and economy to a notable extent.

µ Smaller traders, investors, entrepreneurs, and industrial units facing far greater challenges.

µ Increasing burden of poverty, population, pollution, proliferation of armaments and (precarious) peace, i.e., 'five Ps' on Afro-Asian and Latin American (AALA) countries.

µ Emergence of United States and Europe as relatively more stable global econimic and political peace zones of the world.

µ Widening framework of work and space for international actors, organisations and operators.

µ World peace through WMDs deterrence basd on dwindling foundations of mutual terror.

µ Terrorist groups having their own share from state-of-the-art weapons.

µ Preventing a situation of a third world war through institutionalised terror.

µ Security threat from terrorism and 'War on Terrorism'.

These trends further complicate quest for a comprehensive security perspective when most of the states in the world are able to ensure at best 'a pretence of security' despite their constantly burgeoning military budgets. Even for their limited military security needs, these countries depend, expressly or implicitly, either on other great powers or on so-called 'collective defence/ security'.

Such wasteful security scenario point to a need for a more comprehensive policy of defence and security especially for poorer AALA countries in general and South Asia in particular.

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When 'security' is leading to 'insecurity' then why this hullaboloo and concern for security of individuals and nations alike? Whom who is benefiting? Why this is happening? No doubt, security is a must for all as a fundamental need and human right to life. This need has to be fulfilled. Security beyond this need emerges into a utterly self-aggran-dising global nexus and Mafia causing loss of precious human lives of brave soldiers and common citizens alike. Indeed, "How much land does a man require?" Indivi-duals among peoples of the world understand this pre-dicament.

Gandhi and BeyondBharat Bhushan Anand

David Cortright, Gandhi and Beyond: Nonviolence for an Age of Terrorism, Paradigm Publishers, Boulder (US), 2006, Paperback Edition, Preliminary PP. i x, 1 264, Price - $ 25.

Author of this timely book is having over thirty years experience of being a peace, disarmament and peacemaking activist in various important capacities. He is a Professor and Research Fellow at the Joan B. Korc Institute for International Peace Studies at University of Notre Dame, United States (US). He is also President and co-founder of the Fourth Freedom Forum in Indiana, US.

This book is divided into three sections. First three Chapters present basic Gandhian concepts and social action techniques, Gandhi's influence in US and evolution, development and application of Gandhian Methods by Martin Luther King Jr.

The second section contains further development and application of nonviolent action in the present day world with special reference to Cesar Chavez, Dorothy Day and Barbara Deming.

The third part of this book has Chapters 7, 8 and 9 with critical analysis of challenges for the future such as civil rights, global justice, nuclear disarmament and anti-war movements, gender related issues and feminist critique of Gandhi and King. According to the author, “The last Chapter summarises some of the most important practical considerations for effective nonviolent action.”

In author's words again, “As a great philosopher once said, the point is not merely to understand the world but to change it. Precisely, Dr Marx, except that our commitment is to change it non-violently.”

Author further says, “We can never be sure when or how our efforts will succeed. We plan and work for success, but our commitment does not depend on immediate gratification. We continue rolling that boulder up the hill, even when the chances of victory seem distant, believing that the cause of justice and peace

BOOK REVIEW

Vol. 1 No. 1-2, April 2006

ultimately will prevail. Movements for social justice need long-distance runners. To sprint and burn out after a few years is of little benefit. Better to be a long-distance runner walker, like Gandhi to take the long march with him to the sea.”

This book has used references and research works on a vast scale. Despite this it has its own originality intact. Primary sources of research are also consulted judiciously. Eye-opening critical analysis is also there.

However, it will be difficult for Indian readers to obtain this useful book on its current price tag. Despite the price, the title of this book Gandhi and Beyond -- is also highly visionary. Professor David Cortright, congratulations for your masterly effort!

“The last Chapter summa-rises some of the most impor-tant practical considerations for effective nonviolent action.”

In author's words again, “As a great philosopher once said, the point is not merely to understand the world but to change it. Precisely, Dr Marx, except that our com-mitment is to change it non- violently.”

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Major Programmes of GCPCS

1. Proposing to launch Gandhian Studies Department.

2. Launching Post-graduate Diploma in Gandhian Conflict Resolution through Distance Learning at national level.

3. Organising Gandhi World Congress in collaboration with other Gandhian institutions.

4. Major programmes in the next session initially are planned to be special lectures by a few international activists and academics in the Gandhian field.

5. Experts in Peace Studies will be invited for coming to the Gandhian Centre at JU on longer duration Visiting Assignments.

6. A National Seminar on Gandhi, World Peace and Youth.

7. Organising Summer Camps for exposing J&K youth to Gandhian orientation and creative work and vocation as well as Gandhian Constructive Programme.

8. Different activities in schools and colleges in J&K.

9. Launching a Gandhi Youth Club.

10. Publishing a book/research journal/Newsletter etc.

As such, a number of important activities are to be planned for involving ever wider spectrum of civil society and youth alongwith the university community in Gandhian and other related areas. Quite a few Memorandum of Understanding with Peace and Conflict Studies Institutions.

l Kishor Sharma, Ph.D. Senior Lecturer, Department of Education, Government of Jammu & Kashmir, J&K, India.

l Renu Gangal, Ph.D. Principal & Psychologist, Atman College of Education, University of Jammu, J&K, India.

PROSPECTS

CONTRIBUTORS

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