garson - genesis of acs electronic...
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Genesis of ACS Electronic Journals
Lorrin R. Garson
August 30, 2005Herman Skolnik Award Symposium230th ACS National MeetingWashington, D.C.
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Outline• Pre-computer journal production• 1970’s Technology• Early electronic journal publishing• Crucial technical advancements• Early online journal experiments• The Internet & World Wide Web• Looking to the future
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Pre-computer Journal Production
• ACS journals at Mack Printing Company
• Monotype (hot-metal)−one letter at a time
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Pre-Computer Journal Production: Monotype
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Computer-assisted Photocomposition• Photon Composition System• 1966: J. Chem. Doc.• Followed by I&EC Quarterlies
See “A Century of Chemistry” by Ken Reese (Editor), ACS, 1976.
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Miniprint: 1974 Technology
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J124 Composition at Chemical Abstracts Service• 1975: Inorg. Chem. on J124
– An extension of CA’s production
– Automated page layout– “Blind” batch-mode editing– Data element identification– Hyphen & dashes: - – —– Italic v & Greek ν
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Xyvision Composition at Chemical Abstracts Service• 1989-1993: Langmuir to J.
Am. Chem. Soc. on Xyvision– Greater human intervention
than J124 (temporarily suspended in 1989 due to high labor costs)
– Problems with hyphenation, placement of graphics, display math and tables
– 200+ Utilities
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Crucial Technical Advancements
• Computers– Hardware– Software
• Telecommunications
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Computers: Evolution of Intel Microprocessors
125,000+241,000809862007
10,500355Pentium 42005
0.060.00010.002340041971
MIPSGHzTransistors (M)
CPUDate
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Computers: Evolution of Disk Drives
• 1955: IBM 350 Disk File was first hard drive. 50-24”platters. 5 MB total capacity
• 1979: Alpha Micro, 5-17”platters. 75 MB total capacity. $32,000 or $427,000/GB
• 2005: 250 GB, single platter drive. $140 or $0.56/GB
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What if car prices followed prices of disk drives…
• 1979: The average price of a car was $6,800 ($18,000 in today’s dollars).
• What would the 2005 average car price be?
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If car prices followed prices of disk drives…
The 2005 average car price would be …
2.4¢
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ACS Member Special! (Booth 1025)
Mercedes-Benz 2005 SLR McLauren•617 horsepower•207 MPH•0-60 < 3.8 seconds
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ACS Member Special! (Booth 1025)
Mercedes-Benz 2005 SLR McLauren•617 horsepower•207 MPH•0-60 < 3,8 seconds
•Monday, August 29 only!
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ACS Member Special! (Booth 1025)
Mercedes-Benz 2005 SLR McLauren
43¢ or 3/$1
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Evolution of Telecommunications
• 1980: 30 characters/ second. Acoustic coupler. (0.00024 Mbits/second)
• 1984: STN International 56 KB dedicated lines. (0.056 Mbits/second)
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Evolution of Telecommunications (cont.)
• 2005: Broadband. 1-3 Mbits/second
• Currently broadband telecommunications available to most scientists
• Last mile problem?
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19 of 34Ushuaia, Argentina
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¿Cheeseburger with your JACS, Señor?
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Computers: Software• Internet• Web Browsers• GML, SGML, HTML, XML,
CML, etc.• Database management
systems• Business systems
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Early Online Journal Experiments
• 1980: 1000 articles from J. Med. Chem. on BRS.
• 1982: All 16 ACS journals on BRS
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Early Online Journal Experiments (cont.)
• 1983-6 ACS journals on STN International– Inverted file & Display file– 40 bits (5 bytes) for proximity– SLART (Simultaneous Left And
Right Truncation)– Browse Index– No graphics, tables or math– Architecture still used for
fulltext files (USPATFULL) on STN
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Early Online Journal Experiments (cont.)
• 1989-95: CORE Project• 1992-97: Red Sage Project
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The World Wide Web Arrives• 1995: Supporting Information
for J. Am. Chem. Soc.available
• 1996: J. Phys. Chem. available (100th anniversary)
• 1997: All 26 ACS journals available
• 2002: ACS Journal Archives available (aka ACS Legacy Archives)
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Gazing Into the Future…
© Vadim Markanov
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The Future• The Internet and Web are
truly exceptional• No obvious break-through
technologies on the horizon• Advancements in scientific
communication likely the result of incremental discoveries and developments
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The Future (cont.)
• Moore’s Law to continue…but
• Quantum computers– Sprintronic Science &
Applications Center (SpinAPs): Stanford/IBM-Almaden
– Vectis Link Encryptor (from id Quantique)
• Uses qubits for communicating• 100 km range
– Magio QPN Security Platform (from MagiQ)
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The Future (cont.)
• Holographic data storage– Terabytes/platter (3D storage)– Rapid access (10 µs)– Rapid parallel searching– (See C&EN, June 27, 2005, pp. 31-32)
• 30 GB card for $1 from Optware (end 2006)
• 300 GB disc (WORM) with a transfer rate of 20 MB/sec from InPhase (2006). Up to 1 TB with 1 GB transfer rate.
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The Future (cont.)
• Expansion of broadband telecommunications– 3, 5, 10… Mbits/second using
cable & DSL– 5/2, 15/2 and 30/? Mbits/
second using FTTP– Efforts to expand in U.S. rural
areas and less-developed countries
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The Future (cont.)
• Potential collaborations in publishing experiments– Publishers, editors & scientists
with: • universities (centers of
excellence)• software companies• telecommunications companies• government agencies
– Publishers of primary & secondary products have a unique advantage
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Acknowledgements• Mike Bowen, John “Tom”
Keys, Richard Love, David Martinsen & Jeffrey Spring
• Mostafa El-Sayed, Gordon Hammes & Hans Neurath
• Chemical Abstracts Service; Cornell University, Bellcore; OCLC; University of California−San Francisco & Bell Laboratories
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Thank You!