gas exchange and acid- base balance louie d. lopez mark
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Mark Louie D. LopezDepartment of BiologyCollege of SciencePolytechnic University of the Philippines
GAS EXCHANGE AND ACID-
BASE BALANCE
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FUNCTION OF RESPIRATION
2ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Movement of gases in and out of the body
Host defense
Metabolism
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GAS EXCHANGE IN ANIMALS
3ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Gas exchange between an animal and its
environment happen through simple
diffusion
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EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE IN ANIMAL VENTILLATION
4ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
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AIR VS WATER AS MEDIUM FOR VENTILATION
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GAS EXCHANGE IN GENERAL BODY SURFACE
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GAS EXCHANGE IN TRACHEAL SYSTEM
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GAS EXCHANGE THROUGH GILLS
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GILLS IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
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GILLS IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
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GILLS IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
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GILLS IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
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MECHANISM OF BREATHING IN WATER
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MECHANISM OF BREATHING IN WATER
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MECHANISM OF BREATHING IN WATER
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MECHANISM OF BREATHING IN WATER
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GAS EXCHANGE THROUGH LUNGS
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RESPIRATION IN BIRDS
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RESPIRATION IN HUMANS
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HUMAN RESPIRATORY AIRWAYS
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HUMAN RESPIRATORY AIRWAYS
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HUMAN RESPIRATORY AIRWAYS
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HUMAN RESPIRATORY AIRWAYS
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HUMAN RESPIRATORY AIRWAYS
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AIRWAY RESISTANCE
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RESPIRATORY GAS EXCHANGE UNIT
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ALVEOLI-CAPILLARY EXCHANGE UNIT
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CELL TYPES IN ALVEOLI
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CELL TYPES IN ALVEOLI
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CELL TYPES IN ALVEOLI
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GAS EXCHANGE
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GAS EXCHANGE
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BLOOD
Approximately 5-6 L
6-8% body weight (plasma = 5%)
Specific Gravity: 1.050 (plasma = 1.025)
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
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BLOOD COMPONENTS
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
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BLOOD FUNCTIONS
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Transport (free form or bound to protein/hemoglobin): Nutrients = plasma
Gases = plasma and RBC
Hormones, enzymes, electrolytes (by plasma)
Waste materials to the excretory organs such as kidneys, skin, lungs (by plasma)
Defense (by white blood cells)
Repair (maintenance of hemostasis)
Regulation Acid-Base Balance (by plasma and RBC)
Maintenance of body temperature (by plasma)
Maintenance of adequate body fluid volume (by plasma)
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ERYTHROCYTE CHARACTERISTICS
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Characteristics of RBC
Shape: BICONCAVE DISC
Size: 7.5 micrometers in diameter
2 micrometers at thickest point
1 micrometer in the center
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ERYTHROCYTE CHARACTERISTICS
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
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ERYTHROCYTE CONSTITUENTS
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Hemoglobin
2,3 diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG)
Glutathione - antioxidant – removes free radicals
Carbonic anhydrase - interconverts CO2 &
HCO3-
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HEMOGLOBIN MOLECULE
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
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HEMOGOBIN MOLECULE
Normal adult hemoglobin consists of: four hemo groups which are the pigmented, iron-
containing non-protein portions
four amino chains that collectively constitute globin (a protein)
At the center of each heme group, the iron molecule can combine with one O2 molecule for form oxyhemoglobin:
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FETAL VS ADULT HEMOGLOBIN
The globin, or protein portion of each adult Hbmolecule consists of two identical alpha chains and two identical beta chains.
Normal fetal Hb (Hb F) has two alpha chains and two gamma chains.
These gamma chains increase hemoglobin’s attraction to O2 and facilitates transfer of maternal O2 across the placenta.
Fetal Hb is gradually replaced with adult Hb (Hb A) over the first year of postnatal life.
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OXYGENATED HEMOGLOBIN
Oxyhemoglobin – oxygen loaded form
of hemoglobin; bright red in color.
Deoxyhemoglobin – the form of
hemoglobin without oxygen; purple blue
in color.
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GAS EXCHANGE SUMMARY
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
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OXYGEN TRANSPORT
The transport of oxygen between the
lungs and the cells of the body is a
function of the blood and the heart.
as dissolved oxygen in the blood plasma
chemically bound to the hemoglobin (Hb) that
is encased in the erythrocytes
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OXYGEN DISSOLVED IN PLASMA
As O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillary blood, it dissolves in the plasma of the blood.
At normal body and temperature about 0.003 mL of O2 will dissolve in 100 ml of blood
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OXYGEN BOUND WITH HEMOGLOBIN
Most of the O2 that diffuses into the pulmonary capillary blood rapidly moves into the RBC’s and chemically attaches to the hemoglobin.
Each RBC contains about 280 million Hbmolecules, which are highly specialized to transport O2 and CO2.
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OXYGEN BOUND WITH HEMOGLOBIN
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
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OXYGEN-HEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION CURVE
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
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OXYGEN-HEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION CURVE
BOHR’S EFFECT
“hemoglobin's oxygen binding affinity is inversely
related both to acidity and to the concentration of
carbon dioxide.”
49ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
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OXYGEN-HEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION CURVE
There is some degree of cooperativity between the
monomers which constitute the final molecule of
hemoglobin
The presence of carbon dioxide and H on blood
50ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
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CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT
The transport of carbon dioxide does not require
any specialized respiratory pigments to carry it.
The reason for this is that carbon dioxide is far
more soluble in solution than is O2 - 20-30 times
more soluble.
51ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
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HOW DOES BLOOD
KNOW WHEN TO
DUMP UP OXYGEN?
52ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
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ALLOSTERIC
INHIBITION
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CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT
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HEMOGLOBIN-CARBON DIOXIDE DISSOCIATION CURVE
55ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
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pH REGULATION
56ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Animals regulate their internal pH, in the
face of a continual metabolic release of
hydrogen ions, to stabilize volume and
regulate enzyme activity.
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pH REGULATION
57ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Animals regulate their internal pH, in the
face of a continual metabolic release of
hydrogen ions, to stabilize volume and
regulate enzyme activity.
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H+ PRODUCTION AND EXCRETION
58ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
The largest pool and flux is due, usually, to
the metabolic production of carbon dioxide
which reacts with water to form H+ and
HCO3
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