gas hydrates: myth or reality · gas migration through water saturated formations (as everywhere)...
TRANSCRIPT
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GAS HYDRATES: MYTH OR REALITY
JEAN-PIERRE DEFLANDRE & JACQUES MINE
SPE France Conference - Schlumberger Paris, France – 15 February 2018
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GAS HYDRATES
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OUTLINE
Introduction Origin
Location
What we know about
Production of methane gas hydrates
Natural to anthropogenic dissociation
Signature of an active petroleum system
Concluding comments
Credit: courtesy of Masakazu Matumoto
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GAS HYDRATES
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ORIGIN OF METHANE GAS HYDRATES
Gas migration through water saturated formations (as everywhere)
Specific thermodynamic conditions (not as everywhere)
Biogenic or thermogenic
origin
Source: J-P. Deflandre / Oil & Gas MOOC
Source: Sara E. Harrison Standford University - October 24, 2010
Methane hydrate Source: K. C. Janda
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GAS HYDRATES
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WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION
“The most recent estimates of gas hydrate abundance suggest that they contain perhaps more organic carbon that all the world’s oil, gas, and coal combined,” the US National Energy Technology Laboratory has said.
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GAS HYDRATES
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METHANE GAS HYDRATES
Different types of hydrates or clathrates of gas
1 m3 of CH4 hydrates may contain 164 Nm3 of gas
Biogenic or thermogenic origin
Source: Maslin et al. 2010 Source: USGS
Source: USGS
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GAS HYDRATES
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WHEN CONDITIONS MEET IN PIPELINES…
Gas hydrates are also frequently formed during natural gas production: a risk of
blocking wells, pipelines and production equipment's...
Source: Powerblanquet
Source: Oil & Gas Facilities Vol1/issue 3 - 24 May 2012
Source: N. Daraboina et al. in Fuel 2015
Source: TechnipFMC
HPHT Methanol injection package Source: Calder
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GAS HYDRATES
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DEEP OFFSHORE OIL PRODUCTION
The gas hydrates bottom boundary appears as a strong seismic reflector quite parallel to the sea floor commonly called "Bottom Simulated Reflector" or BSR.
Sea floor
D Z !
Water
P & T ok
Off shore seismic acquisition- source Internet
Source: Kvenvolden 1999 adapted from Shipley 1978 Disseminated
Nodules Beams thick layer
Gas hydrates
distribution in
sediments?
Source: USGS
TWT at Blake Outer Ridge
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GAS HYDRATES
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CH4 hydrates
T
DEEP OFFSHORE OIL PRODUCTION
Challenges while drilling: what is below the BSR?
8 Source rock
Reservoir rock
Caprock: k=0
Geological trap
f ,k
Migration
Expulsion
HC Generation
!
Same for biogenic methane
Thermodynamic trap: accumulation of free gas
below the HSZ
Drilled but not produced
Free CH4
Offshore Nigeria
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GAS HYDRATES
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OUTLINE
Introduction
Production of methane gas hydrates Production mechanisms
Field case and research projects
Natural to anthropogenic dissociation
Signature of an active petroleum system
Concluding comments
March 2013
Copyright@JOGMEC
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GAS HYDRATES
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PRODUCTION: DISSOCIATION SCENARIOS
Temperature (°C)
CH4
+
water
CH4
+
ice
Hydrates
+
ice
Hydrates
+
water
De
pth
(m
)
Equilibrium curve
gas/ hydrates
Hydrates
Dissociated hydrates
Free gas
Gas
Depressurization
BSR
Caprock
Hydrates
Impermeable layer
Steam Gas
Thermal stimulation
Methanol Gas
Injection of inhibitors
Caprock
Hydrates
Impermeable layer
Small drained radius!
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GAS HYDRATES
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MESSOYAKHA (SIBERIA- RUSSIA):1970'S
Production by depressurization and injection of inhibitors (methanol)
Caprock Hydrates Reservoir
GWC
Free gas
Hydrates zone
W109 W121 W150 W142 W7
Hydrates limit
hundreds of wells
1971 production started 1978 Production stopped due to depletion
1980 Production restarted after pressure re-increased because of hydrates dissociation
A conventional reservoir with gas hydrates at the top that dissociate as pressure declines.
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A SERIES OF RESEARCH PROJECTS
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MALLIK WELLS (NORTH CANADA): 1998 - 2002
Well L-38: discovery well (1972)
Well 2L-38 (1998-2002): 1150 m depth - permafrost up to 648 m depth (-1°C) Methane hydrates are located between 897 and 1100 m depth.
Source: Mallik gas project 2002
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MALLIK WELL DATA: LOGS AND CORES
Gas hydrate interval: 200 m Free gas layer: 1.5 m thick!
Porosity range 20% to 35%
Hydrate content 25% to 80% of porosity
Structural trap
Thermogenic methane trapped after migration
Source: Mallik gas project 2002
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MALLIK WELL: PRODUCTION TEST RESULTS
No long term production but a series of tests: Depressurization (successful)
Thermal stimulation (successful)
Maximum production: 1500 Nm3/day but declines after 51h.
Permeability higher than expected
Production improvement after fracturing
Ice coating potential problem at low temperature
Economical interest?
(well abandoned in 2002 – other research projects until 2008 )
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NORTH SLOPE CANADA: PRODUCTION R&D TESTS WITH CO2
Dissociation Huge amount of water to manage 0,87 m3 per m3 of gas hydrates
Safety / Environmental issues
Management of the hydrate dissociation by injecting CO2
Source: Maribus
… a way to store CO2
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NANKAI TROUGH
Subduction of the Philippine Sea
Plate beneath Japan.
A rough estimate by Japan’s National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology pegs the total amount of methane hydrate in the waters surrounding Japan at more than 247 TCF, or enough gas to supply nearly a century’s worth of Japan’s needs.
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NANKAI TROUGH
Required indicators to delineate methane hydrates: Existence of BSRs Distribution of turbiditic sand layers High amplitude reflector High velocity anomaly
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GAS INITIALLY IN PLACE
Original methane gas in place = Total rock volume x Net/gross ratio x Porosity x Methane hydrate saturation x Volume ratio x Cage occupancy
40 trillion cubic feet (1.1 trillion cubic metres)
of methane hydrates located in Japan’s eastern
Nankai Trough alone.
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NANKAI PHASE 2: MARCH 2013 MAY 2017 PRODUCTION TESTS
The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry has announced that it intends to create a private commercial gas hydrate sector by 2027, but there are still many challenges to be overcome and tests are in very early stages, so it may be too soon to trumpet the rise of a new domestic energy source for Japan just yet. Source: Offshore Technology M. Lempriere June 2017
March 2013
Chikyu deepwater drilling vessel
Copyright@JOGMEC
2017 other active countries
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OUTLINE
Introduction
Production of methane gas hydrates
Natural to anthropogenic dissociation Facts
Fears
Signature of an active petroleum system
Concluding comments
© maribus (after IFM-GEOMAR) Methane bubbling from permafrost gas hydrate
accumulations in sediments around gas production well.
Source: WUWT 2014
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GAS HYDRATES DISSOCIATION SCENARIOS
Source: WUWT 2014
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TRIGGERING SCENARIOS: LOCAL IMPACT
© maribus (after IFM-GEOMAR)
Source: NGI
The Storrega slide: role of hydrates? Rock mass: 5500 km3
Path length: > 800 km Waves: 10-30 m Norway 5-12 m Scotland
Climate sensitive
Source: Maslin 2004 adapted from Kvenvolden 1998
Subsea slide
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MASSIVE HYDRATES DISSOCIATION AND GLOBAL WARMING
Source SWERUS-C3 Program
East Siberian Arctic Ocean (ESAO)
Sea floor uplift after heavy loading of last Ice Age
Western Svalbard from CAGE Illustration of H. Patton
Source: Prof Paul Beckwith refers to Peter Wadhams Paul Beckwith - University of Ottawa - Ontario - Canada
East Siberian Artic Shelf August 2014 ice melted & water temperature above 0°C at seafloor
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GLOBAL WARMING AND SO ON…
Permafrost thaw ponds -Hudson bay - Canada – University of Alaska
Permafrost crater – Yamal peninsula– Russia Source: Photograph: Vasily Bogoyavlensky/AFP/Getty Images
Alaskan lake methane emission
Permafrost thawing / water melting
…but 1.5 trillion tons of carbon stored in. Methane entering atmosphere estimated at 50 billion tons a decade due to the thawing trend, may be faster (a year ?).
Tens of craters with up to 50 m diameter and 80 m deep
Thousands close to explode
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HOW MUCH SEEPAGE TODAY?
Source: WoodsHole Oceanic Institution /Oceanus magazine
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OUTLINE
Introduction
Production of methane gas hydrates
Natural to anthropogenic dissociation
Signature of an active petroleum system Mud volcanoes
Pockmarks
Concluding comments
Illustration by Jayne Doucette, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Presentation of Jacques Miné
(Total)
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CONCLUDING COMMENTS
For sure huge amount of carbon in gas hydrates (mainly methane)
Production on the way (2027 at industrial scale for Japan?)
Methane emissions / Satellite monitoring (same for CO2)
Zero artic sea-Ice “Blue ocean” by 2020 / 2030? methane release from shallow water depth as in ESAO.
Facts and fears… make your own opinion
Still a lot to understand especially regarding timing and issues
Bermuda triangle…?
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Thank you for your attention
FAUNA ASSOCIATED WITH
METHANE EMISSIONS
Jacques Miné
Conférence SPE France – 15 Février 2018
CHARACTERISTICS OF DEEP WATER ENVIRONMENTS
● High biodiversity and low biomass
● Absence of light, co-existence of two benthic ecosystems:
- Detrital-based ecosystems: Ecosystem reliant on a source related
to a photosynthetic process. The organic material comes from the
primary chlorophyllian production occurring at the surface ocean’s
surface and from the continental sediment transported by the rivers
- Chemosynthesis-based ecosystems: Ecosystem associated with
methane–rich fluids or gases which rise to the water-sediment
interface. It comprises communities grouped together above of
active “pockmarks” or some other features as mud-volcanoes.
PHOTOSYNTHETIC AND DETRITUS BASED
ECOSYSTEM
CHEMO-SYNTHETIC ECOSYSTEMS
• Located near places with cold fluid emissions
(methane or sulphides) from which they are
nourished (generally by symbiosis with
methanotrophic and thiotrophic bacteria)
• ‘ Oasis ’ of life with high densities of adapted
species: mytilids (mussels), vestimentiferous
worms, shrimps, holothurians, bacteria,…
Composition of chemo-synthetic fauna within an active site
Tube Worms (in
symbiosis with sulfo-
oxidizing bacteria)
Bivalves
Vesicomyidae (in
symbiosis with
sulfo-oxidizing
bacteria)
Bivalves Mytilidae (in symbiosis with methane-
using and sulfo-oxidizing bacteria)
EXAMPLES OF WIDE BIODIVERSITY WITHIN A POCKMARK
Holothurides, shrimps, mytilidae
“Bush” of vestimentiferous
worms
USE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS FROM FLUIDS BY
CHEMIOSYNTHETIC FAUNA WITHIN A “POCKMARK”
Distribution of habitats along dive tracks
Map realized using ArcView GIS/ Adelie software
ArcGIS-ADELIE softwares
Charlou et al. 2004, Ondréas et al.2005
Olu-Le Roy et al. 2007 (Marine Ecology)
252.4 µmol.l-1
Massive hydrates Reduced
sediment and
hydrate/gas
escape
39.2 µmol.l-1
Adult siboglinids
1.1-0.2 µmol.l-1
Dead vesicomyidsLiving vesicomyids
high density - low density
Young siboglinids
4.45-1.55 µmol.l-1
Mytilids
33.7-1.6 µmol.l-1
high density
CH4
3 sites3 sites
1 site
2 sites
CH4 level controls mytilid distribution
Habitat chemical characterisation
Olu-Le Roy et al. 2007 (Marine Ecology)
GEOPHYSICAL SIGNATURE OF A MUD-VOLCANO :
HAAKON MOSBY MUD VOLCANO (NORWAY)
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Gas plume
Gas hydrates
SEISMIC SIGNATURE OF A POCKMARK
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A. Gay 2002
IDENTIFICATION OF COLD WATER CORRALS (GEOPHYSICS AND BIOLOGY)
0 2km
N
APPLICATIONS
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• Protection of the habitats
• Avoidance (ex: pipeline routes)
• Geochemical prospecting
PROTECTION OF THE HABITATS
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● Chemosynthetic communities protected in the Gulf of Mexico since 1998
● Pockmarks : Identified Features identified by the EU Habitats Directive (Annex 1) as “ submarine structures made by gas leaking”
● Pockmarks: Examples of two major areas protected in UK (Special Areas of Conservation):
- Scanner pockmarks complex (Witch Ground Basin- North Sea)
- Braemer pockmarks complex (Northern North Sea)
● More attention given to cold corals :
- Mediterranean sea (Barcelona Convention)
- Norway
- OSPAR List of threatened and/or declining species and habitats
- …
Scanner P.
Braemer P.
Cold coral, Bay of Biscaye
(Ifremer)
AVOIDANCE
LOCATION OF THE GAS-PIPELINE BLOCK 17 – ANGOLA LNG
GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING
PETROLEUM SYSTEM VERSUS SEABED SEEPAGES
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MDAC : Methane-Derived Authigenic Carbonates
Seabed gas seapage - Norway
Martin Hovland 2012
MULTIBEAM ECHOSOUNDER – BACKSCATTERING
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Backscattering anomalies drapped on
geomorphology anomalies
MULTIBEAM ECHOSOUNDER – BACKSCATTERING
E. Cauquil
BATHYMETRY
3D SEISMIC AND MULTIBEAM ECHOSOUNDER –
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E.Cauquil
MULTIBEAM ECHOSOUNDER – WATER COLUMN IMAGING
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D. Levaché et E.Cauquil
Mark of exact core location
Schematic of the piston core operation at the seabed
GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTION - PISTON CORING PROCEDURE
ISOTOPE RATIO FROM HEADSPACE GASES ON SELECTED SAMPLES
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All the gases analyzed have a biogenic origin (d13 C1 -71 -75)
Biogenic
ThermogenicEastern Mediterranean sea
D. Levaché
HEAD SPACE GAS ANALYSIS
Ethane/Ethylene ratio vs. Total alkane gas
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
1000.00
10000.00
0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 10000.00 100000.00 1000000.00
Total alkane gases (ppmV)
Eth
an
e/E
thyle
ne
BP 1993
Amoco 1998
Texaco 2000
Total Fina Elf 2002
X*Y = 100
Ethane/Ethylene = 1
PossibleProbable sure
Background
Biogenic gases
Mixing gases
Thermal gases
D. Levaché
Merci pour votre
attention
Special Thanks to K. Olu (Ifremer) ,
D. Levaché & E.Cauquil (Total)
SPARE
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Above, left to right – corer recovered to vessel (piston trigger visible above water), slotted in cradle, inclined back onto the deck horizontally …
Below, left to right – corer on deck, separated from weight (yellow ‘bomb’), liner pulled out of barrel, 1-m sample visible on base of liner )
CORING AND SAMPLING
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