gas laws gas laws highly compressible. occupy the full volume of their containers. exert a uniform...
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Gas LawsGas Laws
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• highly compressible.• occupy the full volume of their containers.• exert a uniform pressure on all inner surfaces of a
container• diffuse (mix) easily and quickly• have very low densities.
Characteristics of GasesCharacteristics of Gases
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Kinetic Molecular TheoryKinetic Molecular TheoryKinetic Molecular TheoryKinetic Molecular Theory
– Gases consist of a large number of molecules in constant random motion.
– Volume of individual molecules negligible compared to volume of container.
– Intermolecular forces (forces between gas molecules) negligible.
– Collision of gas particles are elastic so no kinetic energy is lost
– As temperature increases the gas particles move faster, hence increased kinetic energy.
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Four Physical Quantities Four Physical Quantities for Gasesfor GasesFour Physical Quantities Four Physical Quantities for Gasesfor Gases
Phys. Qty. Symbol SI unit Other common units
pressure PPascal (Pa)
atm, mm Hg, torr, psi
volume V m3 dm3, L, mL, cm3
temp. T K °C, °F
moles n mol
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TemperatureTemperatureTemperatureTemperature
ºF
ºC
K
-459 32 212
-273 0 100
0 273 373
32FC 95 K = ºC + 273
Always use absolute temperature (Kelvin) when working with gases.
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Calculate the missing temperatures
0C = _______ K 100C = _______ K
100 K = _______ C – 30C = _______ K
300 K = _______ C 403 K = _______ C
25C = _______ K 0 K = _______ C
Practise
Absolute zero is – 273C or 0 K
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What is the approximate temperature for absolute zero in degrees Celsius and kelvin?
Calculate the missing temperatures
0C = _______ K 100C = _______ K
100 K = _______ C – 30C = _______ K
300 K = _______ C 403 K = _______ C
25C = _______ K 0 K = _______ C
Kelvin Practice
273 373
– 173 243
27 130
298 – 273
Absolute zero is – 273C or 0 K
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PressurePressurePressurePressure
area
forcepressure
Which shoes create the most pressure?
Pressure (P ) is defined as the force exerted per unit area. The atmospheric pressure is measured using a barometer.
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PressurePressurePressurePressure
2m
NkPa
KEY UNITS AT SEA LEVEL
101.325 kPa (kilopascal)
1 atm
760 mm Hg
760 torr
14.7 psi•1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 101325 Pa.
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PressurePressurePressurePressure
Barometer• measures atmospheric pressure
Mercury Barometer
Aneroid Barometer
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STPSTPSTPSTP
Standard Temperature & PressureStandard Temperature & Pressure
273 K
101.325 kPa
STP
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STPSTPSTPSTP
Standard Laboratory ConditionsStandard Laboratory Conditions
25°C or 298 K
101.325 kPa
SLC
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-BOYLES-CHARLE
-GAY-LUSSAC
-BOYLES-CHARLE
-GAY-LUSSAC
The Gas LawsThe Gas Laws
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Boyle’s LawBoyle’s LawBoyle’s LawBoyle’s Law
The pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related at constant mass & temp.
P
V
PV = k
2211 VPVP
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A. Boyle’s LawA. Boyle’s LawA. Boyle’s LawA. Boyle’s Law
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PractisePractisePractisePractise
A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 mL at a pressure of 726 mmHg. What is the pressure of the gas (in mmHg) if the volume is reduced at constant temperature to 154 mL?
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A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 mL at a pressure of 726 mmHg. What is the pressure of the gas (in mmHg) if the volume is reduced at constant temperature to 154 mL?
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
P1 = 726 mmHg
V1 = 946 mL
P2 = ?
V2 = 154 mL
P2 = P1 x V1
V2
726 mmHg x 946 mL154 mL
= = 4460 mmHg
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kT
V
V
T
Charles’ LawCharles’ LawCharles’ LawCharles’ Law
The volume and absolute temperature (K) of a gas are directly related at constant mass & pressure
2
2
1
1
T
V
T
V
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Charles’ LawCharles’ LawCharles’ LawCharles’ Law
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PractisePractisePractisePractise
2. A sample of gas occupies 3.5 L at 300 K. What volume will it occupy at 200 K?
3. If a 1 L balloon is heated from 22°C to 100°C, what will its new volume be?
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2. A sample of gas occupies 3.5 L at 300 K. What volume will it occupy at 200 K?
3. If a 1 L balloon is heated from 22°C to 100°C, what will its new volume be?
V1 = 3.5 L, T1 = 300K, V2 = ?, T2 = 200K3.5 L / 300 K = V2 / 200 K
V2 = (3.5 L/300 K) x (200 K) = 2.3 L
V1 = 1 L, T1 = 22°C = 295 KV2 = ?, T2 = 100 °C = 373 KV1/T1 = V2/T2, 1 L / 295 K = V2 / 373 KV2 = (1 L/295 K) x (373 K) = 1.26 L
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A sample of carbon monoxide gas occupies 3.20 L at 125 0C. At what temperature will the gas occupy a volume of 1.54 L if the pressure remains constant?
V1 = 3.20 L
T1 = 398.15 K
V2 = 1.54 L
T2 = ?
T2 = V2 x T1
V1
1.54 L x 398.15 K3.20 L
= = 192 K
V1/T1 = V2/T2
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kT
PP
T
Gay-Lussac’s LawGay-Lussac’s LawGay-Lussac’s LawGay-Lussac’s Law
The pressure and absolute temperature (K) of a gas are directly related at constant mass & volume
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Gay-Lussac’s LawGay-Lussac’s LawGay-Lussac’s LawGay-Lussac’s Law
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Combined Gas LawCombined Gas LawCombined Gas LawCombined Gas Law
P1V1
T1
=P2V2
T2
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
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GIVEN:
V1 = 473 cm3
T1 = 36°C = 309K
V2 = ?
T2 = 94°C = 367K
WORK:
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
E. Gas Law ProblemsE. Gas Law ProblemsE. Gas Law ProblemsE. Gas Law Problems
A gas occupies 473 cm3 at 36°C. Find its volume at 94°C.
CHARLES’ LAW
T V
(473 cm3)(367 K)=V2(309 K)
V2 = 562 cm3
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GIVEN:
V1 = 100. mL
P1 = 150. kPa
V2 = ?
P2 = 200. kPa
WORK:
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
E. Gas Law ProblemsE. Gas Law ProblemsE. Gas Law ProblemsE. Gas Law Problems
A gas occupies 100. mL at 150. kPa. Find its volume at 200. kPa.
BOYLE’S LAW
P V
(150.kPa)(100.mL)=(200.kPa)V2
V2 = 75.0 mL
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PractisePractisePractisePractise
A gas occupies 7.84 cm3 at 71.8 kPa & 25°C. Find its volume at STP.
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GIVEN:
V1 = 7.84 cm3
P1 = 71.8 kPa
T1 = 25°C = 298 K
V2 = ?
P2 = 101.325 kPa
T2 = 273 K
WORK:
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
(71.8 kPa)(7.84 cm3)(273 K)
=(101.325 kPa) V2 (298 K)
V2 = 5.09 cm3
E. Gas Law ProblemsE. Gas Law ProblemsE. Gas Law ProblemsE. Gas Law Problems
A gas occupies 7.84 cm3 at 71.8 kPa & 25°C. Find its volume at STP.
P T VCOMBINED GAS LAW
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GIVEN:
P1 = 765 torr
T1 = 23°C = 296K
P2 = 560. torr
T2 = ?
WORK:
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
E. Gas Law ProblemsE. Gas Law ProblemsE. Gas Law ProblemsE. Gas Law Problems
A gas’ pressure is 765 torr at 23°C. At what temperature will the pressure be 560. torr?
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
P T
(765 torr)T2 = (560. torr)(309K)
T2 = 226 K = -47°C
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kn
V
V
n
Avogadro’s PrincipleAvogadro’s PrincipleAvogadro’s PrincipleAvogadro’s Principle
Equal volumes of all gases contain equal numbers of moles at constant temp & pressure.
2
2
1
1
n
V
n
V
2
2
1
1
n
V
n
V
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The Ideal Gas EquationThe Ideal Gas EquationThe Ideal Gas EquationThe Ideal Gas Equation
The gas laws can be combined into a general equation that describes the physical behavior of all gases.
11.5
nTV
P
VP
1
Boyle’s law
V n
Avogadro’s law
V T
Charles’s law
nTV R
P PV = nRTrearrangement
R is the proportionality constant, called the gas constant.
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B. Ideal Gas LawB. Ideal Gas LawB. Ideal Gas LawB. Ideal Gas Law
UNIVERSAL GAS CONSTANT
R = 8.3145 J/mol·KR=0.0821 Latm/molK
PV=nRT
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R = 0.0821 liter·atm/mol·K R = 8.3145 J/mol·KR = 8.2057 m3·atm/mol·KR = 62.3637 L·Torr/mol·K or L·mmHg/mol·K
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GIVEN:
P = ? atm
n = 0.412 mol
T = 16°C = 289 K
V = 3.25 LR = 0.0821Latm/molK
WORK:
PV = nRT
P(3.25)=(0.412)(0.0821)(289) L mol Latm/molK K
P = 3.01 atm
B. Ideal Gas LawB. Ideal Gas LawB. Ideal Gas LawB. Ideal Gas Law Calculate the pressure in atmospheres of
0.412 mol of He at 16°C & occupying 3.25 L.
IDEAL GAS LAW
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GIVEN:
V = ?
n = 85 g
T = 25°C = 298 K
P = 104.5 kPaR = 8.315 dm3kPa/molK
B. Ideal Gas LawB. Ideal Gas LawB. Ideal Gas LawB. Ideal Gas Law
Find the volume of 85 g of O2 at 25°C and 104.5 kPa.
= 2.7 mol
WORK:
85 g 1 mol = 2.7 mol
32.00 g
PV = nRT(104.5)V=(2.7) (8.315) (298) kPa mol dm3kPa/molK K
V = 64 dm3
IDEAL GAS LAW
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SummaryDalton found that the total pressure of mixed gases is equal to the sum of their individual pressures (provided the gases do not react).
+
1 L oxygen
50 kPa
1 L nitrogen
100 kPa
1 L mixed gas
150 kPa
=
Note: all of these volumes are the same
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Gas MixturesGas Mixtures
Each component of a gas mixture exerts a pressure independent of the other components. The total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures.
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Practise
• Calculating partial pressures
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Vapour Pressure Defined• Vapour pressure is the pressure exerted by a
vapour. E.g. the H2O(g) in a sealed container.
Eventually the air above the water is filled with vapour pushing down. As temperature , more molecules fill the air, and vapour pressure .
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Collecting gases over water• Many times gases are collected over H2O• Often we want to know the volume of dry
gas at STP (useful for stoichiometry).For this we must make 3 corrections:1. The level of water inside and outside the
tube must be level (so pressure inside is equal to the pressure outside).
2. The water vapour pressure must be subtracted from the total pressure (to get the pressure of the dry gas).
3. Finally, values are converted to STP using the combined gas law.
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Sample calculationA gas was collected over 21°C H2O. After equal-izing water levels, the volume was 325 mL. Give the volume of dry gas at STP (Patm=102.9 kPa).Step 1: Determine vapour pressure (pg. 464)
At 21°C vapour pressure is 2.49 kPaStep 2: Calculate the pressure of dry gas
Pgas = Patm - PH2O = 102.9 - 2.49 = 100.41 kPaStep 3: List all of the data
T1 = 294 K, V1 = 325 mL, P1 = 100.41 kPaStep 4: Convert to STP
(P1)(V1)(T2)(P2)(T1)
V2=(100.4 kPa)(325 mL)(273 K)
(101.325 kPa)(294 K)=
= 299 mL
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Assignment1. 37.8 mL of O2 is collected by the downward
displacement of water at 24°C and an atmospheric pressure of 102.4 kPa. What is the volume of dry oxygen measured at STP?
2. Try questions 8 – 10 on page 465.3. 236 mL of H2 is collected over water at 22°C
and at an atmospheric pressure of 99.8 kPa. What is the volume of dry H2 at STP?
4. If H2 is collected over water at 22°C and an atmospheric pressure of 100.8 kPa, what is the partial pressure of the H2 when the water level inside the gas bottle is equal to the water level outside the bottle?
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1)
V1 = 37.8 mL, P1 = 99.42 kPa, T1 = 297 K
V2 = ?, P2 = 101.3 kPa, T2 = 273 K
P1V1
T1
=P2V2
T2
(99.42 kPa)(37.8 mL)(297 K)
=(101.3 kPa)(V2)
(273 K)
(99.42 kPa)(37.8 mL)(273 K)(297 K)(101.3 kPa)
=(V2) = 34.1 mL
Vapor pressure at 24C = 2.98 kPaPgas = Patm - Pvapor
= 102.4 kPa - 2.98 kPa= 99.42 kPa = P1
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3)
V1 = 236 mL, P1 = 97.16 kPa, T1 = 295 K
V2 = ?, P2 = 101.3 kPa, T2 = 273 K
P1V1
T1
=P2V2
T2
(97.16 kPa)(236 mL)(295 K)
=(101.3 kPa)(V2)
(273 K)(97.16 kPa)(236 mL)(273 K)
(295 K)(101.3 kPa)=(V2) = 209 mL
Vapor pressure at 22C = 2.64 kPaPgas = Patm - Pvapor
= 99.8 kPa - 2.64 kPa= 97.16 kPa = P1
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Answers4 - Total pressure = PH2 + PH2O
100.8 kPa = PH2 + 2.64 kPa
100.8 kPa - 2.64 kPa = PH2 = 98.16 kPa
For more lessons, visit www.chalkbored.com
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Ideal and real gas
• Ideal gas:
• Ideal gas molecule have
- zero volume
-zero attraction between molecules
• Real gases behave ideally at
- high temperature
- low pressure