gas transfer water surface 11

8/6/2019 Gas Transfer Water Surface 11

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Geophysical Monograph 127

G a s Transfer a t W ater Surfa

M. A. DonelaW. M. Drenna

E. S. SaltzmaR. Wanninkho

Editors

American Geophys ica l UnW ashington,


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CONTENPreface

MarkA. Donelan, William M. Drennan, EricS. Saltzman, and Rik Wanninkhof ix

Introduction

Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces Concepts and IssuesMark A. Donelanand Rik Wanninkhof 1Section 1: Effects of Su rface W aves a nd Tu rbulenceon Gas T ransfer

Turbulence Generated by Microscale Breaking Waves and Its Influence on Air-Water Gas TransferMuhammad H. K. Siddiqui, Mark R. Loewe n, Christine Richardson, WilliamE. Asher,and Andrew T. Jessup 11

O n the Surface Kinematics of Microscale Breaking Wind WavesWilliam L Peirson and Michael L. Banner 17

Effect of Microscale Wave Breaking on Air-Water Gas TransferC. J. Zappa, W. E. Asher, A. T. Jessup, J. Klinke, andS. R. Long

Statistics of Geometric Properties of Breaking Wind Waves O bserved in LaboratoryGuillemette C aulliez 31

Overview of the C oO P Experiments: Physical and C hemical MeasurementsParameterizing Air-Sea Hea t ExchangeErik John Bock, James Bearer Edson, Nelson M. Frew, Tetsu Hara, Horst Haussecker, Bernd Jahne,Wade R. McGillis, Sean P. McKenna, RobertK. Nelson, Uwe Schimpf, and Mete Uz 39

Surface Wave O bservations During C oO P Experiments and Their Relation to Air-Sea Gas Transfer

Tetsu Hara, B. Mete Uz, Hua Wei, James B. Edson, Nelson M. Frew, Wade R. McGillis,Sean P. McKenna, Erik J. Bock, Horst HauRecker, and Uwe Schimpf 45

O n the Investigations of Statistical Properties of the Micro Turbulence at the Ocean SurfaceUwe Schimpf, Bernd Jahne, and Horst Hau&ecker 51

O n the Skewness of the Sea Slope Probability DistributionBertrand Chapron, D. Vandemark, and T. Elfouhaily 59

Directional Distributions and Mean Square Slopes of Surface WavesPaul A. Hwang and David W. Wang 65

Numerical Simulation of Hydrodynamic Processes Beneath a Wind-Driven Water SurfaceWu-Ting Tsai . 71

Direct N umerical Simulation o f Turbulent Free Surface Flow with C arbon-Dioxide Gas AbsorptionTomoaki Kunugi and S hin-ichiSatake 77

LIF Measurements of O xygen C oncentration Gradients Along Flat and Wavy Air-Water InterfacesPhilip T. Woodrow, Jr. and Steve R. Duke . 83


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CONTENTS

A D irect Visualization Method of C O 2 Gas Transfer at Water Surface Driven by Wind WavesKohsei Takehara and Goji T. Etoh 89

Measurements of Wind-Driven C urrent N ear the Water Surface by the Use of the PTV MethodHajime Kato, Hisamichi Nobuoka, and Naoki Ooshima 97

Physics from IR Image Sequences: Quantitative Analysis of Transport Modelsand Parameters of Air-Sea Gas TransferHorst W. Haussecker, Uwe Schimpf, Christoph S. Garbe, and Bernd Jahne 10

Measuring the Sea Surface Heat Flux and Probability Distribution of Surface Renewal EventsChristophS. Garbe, Bernd Jahne, and Horst Hauliecker 109

Effects of Counter-Swell on Both the Mean Current and Turbulent Structure Below the Wind-WavesShinjiro Mizuno 115

A C loser Look at Short Waves Generated by Wave Interactions With Adverse C urrentsSteven R. Long andJochen Klinke 121

Surface Divergence and Air-Water Gas Transfer

Sean P. McKenna and Wade R. McGillis 129

Section 2: Effects of Buoyancy and S urfactants on G as T ransfer

The C ritical Importance of Buoyancy Flux for Gas Flux Across the Air-Water InterfaceSally Maclntyre, W ernerEugster, and George W. Kling 135A Model of Air-Sea Gas Exchange Incorporating the Physics of the Turbulent Boundary Layerand the Properties of the Sea SurfaceA lexander Soloviev andPeter Schluessel 141

Air-Lake Interaction and Surface Layer ProcessesG. N. Panin, A.E. Nasonov, and S. G. Sarkisian 147

Spatial Variations in Surface Microlayer Surfactants and Their Role in M odulating Air-Sea ExchangeNelson M. Frew, Robert K. Nelson, Wade R. McGillis, James B. Edson, ErikJ. Bock, an d Tetsu Hara

Thermal Profiling of the Sea Surface Skin Layer Using FTIR MeasurementsJennifer A. Hanafin and Peter J. Minnett 161

An Autonomous Profiler for N ear Surface Temperature MeasurementsBrian Ward and Peter J. Minnett 167

Water C olumn C O 2 Measurements During the Gas Ex-98 ExpeditionR. A . Feely, R. Wanninkhof, D. A.Hansell, M. F. Lamb, D. Greeley, and K. Le e 1

Fine Thermohaline Structure and Gas-Exchange in the N ear-Surface Layerof the O cean During GasEx-98 iAlexanderSoloviev, Jim Edson, Wade McGillis, Peter Schluessel, and Rik Wanninkhof 181


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C O N T E

Section 3: Gas T ransfer in Strong T urbulen t Flows

A Field Study of Whitecap Coverage and Its Modulations by Energy C ontaining Surface WavesV .A . Dulov, V .N. Kudryavtsev,an d A. N. Bol'shakov 187

The Physical and Practical Implications of a C O2 Gas Transfer C oefficientThat Varies as the Cube of the Wind SpeedEdward C. Monahan 193

Fractional Area Whitecap Coverage and Air-Sea Gas Transfer Velocities Measured During GasEx-98WilliamAsher, James Edson, Wade McGillis, Rik W anninkhof,David T. Ho, and Trina Litchendorf 1

Gas Transfer in Energetic ConditionsDavid Kevin Woolf 205

Estimation of Whitecap Coverage Percentage Using Shallow Grazing-Angle Video and FMICW RadarCraig L. Stevens, M. } . Smith, and J. A . McGregor 213

ASGAMAGE,the Air-Sea Gas Exchange/MAGE ExperimentWiebe Oost and ASA MAG E participants 219

Comparison of the Deliberate Tracer Metho d and Eddy Covariance Measurementsto Determine the Air/Sea Transfer Velocity of C O2Cor Jacobs, Phil Nightingale, Rob Upstill-Goddard, Jorgen Friis Kjeld, Seren Larsen,and Wiebe Oost . . . . 2 2 5

Gas Transfer Velocities for 3He in a Lake at High Win d SpeedsPhilippe Jean-Baptiste, Elise Fourre,and Alain Poisson ,. 2 3 3

Measurement Uncertainty in Gas Exchange CoefficientsJ. S. Gulliver, B.Erickson, A . J. Zaske, an d K. S. Shimon 239

Measurements of Free Surface T urbulenceJoseph J. Orlins and John S. Gulliver ,. 247

Gas Transfer Across a Zero-Shear Surface: A Local ApproachMohamed A. A tmane and Jacques George 255

Atmosphere-Ocean Gas Exchange Due to Bubbles Generated by Win d Wave BreakingRoman S. Bortkovskii 261

The Effect of Bubbles on Air-Water Oxygen Transfer in the Breaker ZoneS h o h a c h i Kakuno, Douglas B. Moog, Tetsuya Tatekawa, Kenji Takemura, an d Tatsuya Yamagishi . . . . 2 6 5

Bubble Size Distributions on the N orth Atlantic an d North SeaGerrit de Leeuw and Leo H. Cohen 271

Measurements of Large Bubbles in O pen-O cean WhitecapsDale Stokes, Grant Deane, Svein Vagle,and David Farmer 279

The Effects of Bubbles on Mass Transfer Across the Breaking Air-Water Interface vSatoru Komori and Ryuta Misumi >-. 285


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C O N T E N T S

LU M IN Y-A n OverviewG. de Leeuw, G. J. Kunz, G. Caulliez, D. K.Woolf, P. Bowyer, I. Leifer, P. Nightingale,M. Liddicoat,T. S. Rhee, M. O. Andreae,S. E. Larsen, F. A . Hansen, and S. Lund

Bubbles O utside the Plume During the L UM IN Y W ind-Wave ExperimentGerrit de Leeuw and Ira Leifer 295

Bubble Measurements in Breaking-Wave Generated Bubble Plumes During theLUM IN Y Wind-Wave ExperimentIra Leifer and Gerrit de Leeuw 303

An Experimental Study of Bubble M ediated Gas Exchange for a Single BubbleNobuhito Mori, Masahiro Imamura, and Ryosuke Yamamoto 311

Better Bubble Process Modeling: Improved Bubble Hydrodynamics ParameterizationRanjan Patro, Ira Leifer, and Peter Bowyer 315

Development and Testing of an Eddy AccumulatorW. John Cooper, Mehran Alaee, and Mark Donelan 321

S ection 4: Remote Sen sing for Large-Scale G as Transfer

A Multi-Year T ime Series of Global Gas Transfer Velocity from the TOPEX Dual Frequency,N ormalized Radar Backscatter AlgorithmDavid M. Glover, Nelson M. Frew, ScottJ. McCu e, and ErikJ. Bock 325

A Global, High Resolution, Satellite-Based Model of Air-Sea Isoprene FluxDavid J. Erickson III andJose L. Hernandez 333

Daily Surface Wind Fields Produced by Merged Satellite DataAbderrahim Bentamy, Kristina B.Katsaros, William M. Drennan, andEvan B. F orde 343

The Effect of Using Time-Averaged Winds on Regional Air-Sea C O 2 FluxesRik Wanninkhof, Scott C. Doney, Taro Takahashi, an d Wade R. McGillis 3

S ection 5: Gas Trans fer by Ae ra tion

A Dynamic Method to Estimate the Reoxygenation Rate at Hydraulic StructuresBadre E. Boumansour, Olivier Dufayt,Jean L. Vasel, and Jean M. Hiver 3

Mass Transfer in Bubbly Flows: Influence of Physico-Chemical and Hydrodynamic ConditionsCornelia Lang . . 363

Air-Water Gas Transfer in Uniform Flows With Large Gravel-Bed RoughnessDouglas B. Moog and G erhard H. Jirka 371

Large Scale Laboratory Experiments for W ater O xygenation Under Breaking WavesV. K. Tsoukala, E. I. Daniil, an d C. I. Moutzouris 37

gas transfer water surface 11

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