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Gas Turbine R&D and Emissions4th International Gas Turbine Conference

Brussels 2008

Dr. Victor DerOffice of Fossil Energy

US Department of Energy

October 2008

2U.S. Department of Energy 2U.S. Department of Energy 2

Growing World Energy Demand

Coal27%

Oil 33%

Gas26%

Nuclear 5%

Renewables9%

World today and tomorrow data from EIA AEO 2007, early release for years 2006 and 2030. World today and tomorrow data from EIA IEO 2006 for years 2006 (extrapolated) and 2030.

465 QBtu or 490 EJ86% Fossil Energy

Coal25%

Oil 37%

Gas24%

Nuclear 6%

Renewables 8%8%

722 QBtu or 761 EJ87% Fossil Energy

World Energy Consumption

Today

World Energy Consumption

2030

3U.S. Department of Energy 3

Current US Electricity Supply Mix

Source: EIA

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Projected Future U.S. Energy Useby Fuel

*2008 Annual Energy Outlook

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Projected LNG imports to U.S.

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U.S. Emissions Limits

• NOx

– Emissions limits vary state to state (currently 0.98 to 75 ppmv)

– Database of NOx emissions limits available at http://www.emissionslimits.org

• CO2

– Not currently regulated but carbon financial instruments are traded on the Chicago Climate Exchange

– May be subject to future regulation

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Emissions Limits on Oxides of NitrogenGas Turbines Units Larger than ~10 MWe

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

350.0

NO

x li

mit

, mg

/m3

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Changes in Net GHG Emissions* 2000-2006 for 17 Major Economies

*Includes emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbons, and perfluorocarbons, as well as emissions and removals of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide from land-use, land-use change and forestry activities.**2006 UNFCCC data not yet available; 2001 through 2005 UNFCCC data used.***No UNFCCC data available for time period; 2001 through 2005 IEA data used.Sources: 2008 National Inventory Reports and Common Reporting Formats at http://unfccc.int/national_reports/annex_i_ghg_inventories/ national_inventories_submissions/items/4303.php and IEA Online Energy Services a http://data.iea.org/ieastore/statslisting.asp (Accessed June 2 2008).

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Reducing Emissions through Efficiency and Carbon

Capture and Storage (CCS)

• Efficiency

– Maximizing efficiency is a major pathway to reducing CO2;

– At least 1.7 gigatons of CO2 emissions per year could be avoided through steps to raise worldwide efficiency (IEA report)

• Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

– Indispensible technology to deal with energy and climate concerns

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Subscale FieldTests

CCS Integration

Demos

Regional Partnerships

Large Scale CO2 InjectionDemos

1MM Tons/Yr

Near Zero-Emissions R&D:

•Advanced Low-cost Capture

•Efficiency Improvements

•Combustion and Gasification

Data, MMV Modeling

Risk Analysis

Best Practices

FutureGenIntegratedIGCC-CCS

Siting / Permitting

Commercial Demos with PromisingAdvanced

Technology

Cost and Energy Penalty

Reductions

Commercial Deployment

CO2 Regulatory Framework

Near-Zero Emissions Coal

Sequestration R&D: Safe, Long-Term CO2 Storage

CCPI 3W / CCS

Near-Term Opportunities

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U.S. Department of Energy Advanced Power Systems Goals

(Coal-Based Power)

• 2010:– 45-50% Efficiency (HHV)– 99% SO2 removal

– NOx< 0.01 lb/MM Btu– 90% Hg removal

• 2012: - Carbon Capture– 90% CO2 capture– <10% increase in COE for IGCC– <20 % increase in COE for PC

• 2015:– Multi-product capability– 60% efficiency (w/o Carbon Capture and Storage)

DOE Office of Clean Coal programs that address these goals:• Advanced Turbines• Gasification• Advanced Research• Fuel Cells• Innovations for Existing Plants• Carbon Sequestration• Fuels from Coal

The Low NOx Hydrogen-Fired Turbine is a Key Component of the DOE Clean Coal Program

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Turbine Inlet Temperature Key to Efficiency

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Advanced Turbine Program Contribution to FE Advanced Power Systems Goals

• 2010 - IGCC

– 2 – 3 % pts CC efficiency improvement

– 20 – 30 % reduction in CC capital cost

– 2 ppm NOx in simple cycle exhaust

• 2012 – Carbon Sequestration (IGCC w/CCS)

– Maintain 2010 performance with hydrogen fuels • 2015 – Carbon Sequestration (IGCC w/CCS)

– 3 – 5 % pts CC efficiency improvement

– 2 ppm NOx in simple cycle exhaust

– Additional reductions in CC cost per MW

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Low NOx Hydrogen-Fired Turbine Technology Development

• Large Frame Turbine Technology– GE– Siemens

• Additional Combustion Technology– Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory– University Turbine Systems Research (UTSR)

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Concluding Remarks

– Society challenges us with the expectation of affordable, reliable, clean electricity including the need to address climate change concerns.

– World and National electricity demands and environmental concerns require timely advancements in turbine technology to achieve affordable Near-Zero Emissions electricity.

– DOE FE has a successful history of working with private sector to advance technologies such as Gas Turbine Systems

– Continued focused efforts of the International Gas Turbine community will be needed to achieve efficiency and emission reduction goals