Gasification and Pyrolysis

Technologies

A J Grimshaw March A J Grimshaw March 08 08

Tony.grimshaw@energ.co.ukTony.grimshaw@energ.co.uk

Introduction

• Overview of Gasification and Pyrolysis • Key Attributes of the Technologies?• Technology Description• Feedstock Preparation Requirements• Emissions• ROC Status • Development Potential

Gasification And Pyrolysis - Overview

• ‘Gasification’ and ‘Pyrolysis’ describe a set of chemical reactions

• Both processes produce an energy carrying product stream comprising a liquid and a gas phase at ambient conditions.

• Both also produce a solid phase – char - which is a mixture of the ash content of the feed and carbon ‘deposited’ by the process.

• Both processes are covered by the Waste Incineration Directive ( WID )

• Both are classified as Advance Conversion Technologies ( ACT ) for ROC’s.

• Limited penetration into the waste sector • In general, technologies are suited to smaller scale

applications

Gasification And Pyrolysis - Definition

• Gasification

Sub stoichiometric combustion –( partial oxidation ) produces a product stream containing chemical energy in the form of hydrogen/carbon monoxide and methane.

The energy concentration in the product stream is low due to the high Nitrogen content

• Pyrolysis

Thermal decomposition in the absence of air – produces either a liquid ( low temperature ) or a gas

Liquid product stream consists of a mixture of complex chemicals but gas product streams can have higher energy content then those produced from gasification

What is Gasification?

What is Gasification?

• Gasification is an ACT – RO also includes AD and Pyrolysis

What is Gasification?

• Gasification is an ACT – RO also includes AD and Pyrolysis

• Chemistry definition of gasification in RO – Sub stoichiometric and two of:- hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide

What is Gasification?

• Gasification is an ACT – RO also includes AD and Pyrolysis

• Chemistry definition of gasification in RO – Sub stoichiometric and two of:- hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide

• Is utilisation important? Does an intermediate fuel (gas or liquid) need to be produced?

What is Gasification?

• Gasification is an ACT – RO also includes AD and Pyrolysis

• Chemistry definition of gasification in RO – Sub stoichiometric and two of:- hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide

• Is utilisation important? Does an intermediate fuel (gas or liquid) need to be produced?

• Is the equipment type important?

What is Gasification?

• Gasification is an ACT – RO also includes AD and Pyrolysis

• Chemistry definition of gasification in RO – Sub stoichiometric and two of:- hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide

• Is utilisation important? Does an intermediate fuel (gas or liquid) need to be produced?

• Is the equipment type important?

• Is direct combustion (close-coupled) of syngas gasification?

Energy From Waste Plant Utilising Gasification

8 Bag house filter 9 Filter residue silo10 Flue gas fan11 Chimney12 Bottom ash extraction13 Steam turbine14 Air cooled condenser

1 Fuel bunker 2 Fuel crane 3 Screw conveyer4 Primary chamber (Gasification)5 Secondary chamber (High temperature oxidation)6 Heat Recovery Steam generator (HRSG)7 Lime and carbon silo

2

1

10 8

7 9

6

5

4

3

11

1213

14

A Gasification Waste to Energy Plant – Providing Energy for Industry

Feedstock Requirements

• Effectiveness of processes requires high surface area and therefore floc or shredded materials are good

• Reasonable density ( > 0.3 ) to assist in mechanical handling into and through plant

• Water content less than 30% is typical for both waste and technology requirements

• Most processes have greater reliability if metals and hard solids are removed.

• Some technologies do require a greater degree of feed preparation.

Emissions

• ACT’s are ‘more precise’ in the reaction chemistry particularly in terms of temperature and gas residence time

• Therefore this process control can result in a product stream containing low thermally produced contaminants eg NOX

TÜV Emission Measurements 2003 at ENERGOS Plants

0,0 %

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30,0 %

40,0 %

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% o

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its

ROC Status

• ACTs ( Including AD ) qualify for ROCs

• ACT’s will qualify for ‘double ROCs’ after 1st April, 2009 if the energy content of the syngas is > 4MJ/m3

but only one ROC if > 2 < 4 MJ/m3

• ROC’s are only awarded for the energy derived from the renewable portion of the waste

• Determining the energy contribution from the renewable portion of the feed is difficult and to date this has meant that no ROCs have been awarded to thermal ACT’s

• An option to ‘deem’ or ‘declare’ at 50% has been proposed, but even this will require some confirmation.

Example of a Gasification Process

DUPLEX (TRANSPORT MECHANISM)

FEED PLUNGER

GILLOTINE (FUEL

THICKNESS ON GRATE)

SYNGAS= 0.5

H2 = 5% CH4 = 4%CO = 14% t 900 °C

SECONDARY AIR

RECIRCULATED FLUE GAS

O2 = 7%

t = 900°C to 1000°C

2 SEC @850°CWID

COMP

FLUEGAS

OIL COOLED GRATE

Development Potential

• ACT’s all produce a product stream containing chemical energy and therefore offer the opportunity to utilise this not only in a steam cycle but in potentially more efficient processes.

• Dedicated prime movers – I/C engines/turbines have been tried but with limited success outside of Japan – bankability??

• The product streams could be transported to an offsite, high effeciency process – particularly pyrolysis liquids

• Fuel cells and injection into the gas grid are also being evaluated

• However the most attractive, and lowest technology risk, is the development of CHP schemes

Advantages

The ENERGOS solution provides a number of advantages such as:

• A local based solution for local waste arisings

• Complements an integrated waste management system (does not discourage recycling)

• Reduces the need for transfer stations and bulk haulage

• Minimises the cost of pre-treating the feed waste

• Decreases cost of transport and their related emissions

• Reduces HGV traffic locally

• Creates long term skilled employment opportunities

• Small footprint and height (18m) means the building does not dominate the skyline.

• Dry APC means no visible plume.

* To be converted

Isle of Wight*Opened: 2000Waste: 30,000tEnergy: Elec.

Location of Plants

SarpsborgOpened: 2002Waste: 75,000tEnergy: Steam

MindenOpened: 2001Waste: 37,000tEnergy: Steam

RanheimOpened: 1997Waste: 10,000tEnergy: Steam

AverøyOpened: 2000Waste: 34,000tEnergy: Steam/Elec.

ForusOpened: 2002Waste: 38,000tEnergy: Steam/Elec.

HurumOpened: 2001Waste: 36,000tEnergy: Steam

Ranheim Plant- 1997

Plant Description• Pilot plant built with support from the Research

Council of Norway, the Department for the

Environment and the Norwegian Water

Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE)

• Fuel capacity: 10,000 tonnes per year

• Energy production: 25 GWh per year

• Footprint 380 m2

• Fuel bunker capacity 560 m3

Ownership & Partners

• ENERGOS AS 100%

Waste Contracts

• Local commercial waste

• Paper waste from Peterson Ranheim Linerboard

Energy Contracts

• Peterson Ranheim Linerboard, a paper mill specializing in manufacturing paper from recycled

cardboard

Averøy Plant- 2000

Plant Description• First commercial plant• Partnership of local municipalities

(estimated population 66,000)• Fuel capacity: 34,000 tonnes per year• Energy production: 65 GWh per year• Footprint 1200 m2

Ownership & Partners• ENERGOS AS 90%• NIR (community waste company) 10%

Waste Contracts• Municipal Solid Waste from Nordmøre

Interkommunale Renovasjonsselskap(NIR), a waste management networkcomprising of 11 local municipalities of which Kristiansund is the largest

• Local commercial waste

Energy Contracts• Steam for Skretting AS, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Nutreco

Group• Electricity for local grid

Hurum Plant- 2001

Plant Description• First plant under standard design• Fuel capacity: 36,000 tonnes per year• Energy production: 90 GWh per year• Footprint 1200 m2

• Fuel bunker capacity 1300 m3

Ownership & Partners• Daimyo AS

Waste Contracts• Municipal Solid Waste ROAF, a waste

management company owned by severalmunicipalities north of Oslo

• Commercial waste from international flightsto Oslo Airport Gardermoen (OSL)

• Industrial waste (paper rejects) from HurumFabrikker, Sundal Eker, and Peterson Moss

Energy Contracts• Steam for Hurum Fabrikker AB, a paper manufacturer

Minden Plant- 2002

Plant Description• Turnkey supply with O&M• Fuel capacity: 37,000 tonnes

per year• Energy production: 110 GWh per year

Ownership & Partners• ENERGOS Deutschland GMBH 100%

(Owned by E.On group)

Waste Contracts• MSW (50%)• RDF / SRF (50%)

Energy Contracts• BASF PharmaChemikalien GMBH• Steam from the ENERGOS plant replaces 19 Million m3 of natural gas

Forus Plant- 2002

Plant Description• First plant with integrated pre-treatment• facilities• Fuel capacity: 38,000 tonnes per year• Energy production: 86 GWh per year• Footprint 1200 m2

• Fuel bunker capacity 1300 m3

Ownership & Partners• Lyse Energi 44.5% and IVAR IKS 44.5%

Westco 11%

Waste Contracts• Residual Municipal Solid Waste from

IVAR IKS, a local waste collection

company• Local Commercial waste

Energy Contracts• Lyse Energi AS Steam for district

heating and electricity for the grid

Sarpsborg1 Plant- 2002

Plant Description• First double-line plant• Fuel capacity: 75,000 tonnes per year• Energy production: 190 GWh per year• Footprint: 2100 m2

• Fuel bunker capacity: 2500 m3

Ownership & Partners• Østfold Energi AS 100%

Waste Contracts• Local municipal and industrial waste

Energy Contracts• Borregaard Fabrikker, a large Norwegian

industrial chemical firm Steam from theENERGOS plant replaces 20,000 tonnes offuel oil

ENER-G Group

The Group has 4 product areas and is organised into four divisions:

• COGENERATION - Decentralised electricity generation with waste heat recovery

• RENEWABLE ENERGY - Produced from landfill biogas and including mines gas

• ENERGY EFFICIENCY - Intelligent energy management

• ENERGY FROM WASTE - Energy recovery from waste residues

Associated Companies:

• Biogas Technology – landfill gas systems and flares

• EcoMethane – CO2 trading. CDM projects in developing

countries in conjunction with Renewable Energy

ENER-G Group

International Operations

• Based in UK – ECPL, ENPL, EE, UAL & EfW

• Subsidiary in Netherlands – Nedalo ENER•G BV

• Subsidiary in Poland – ENER•G Polska

• Subsidiary in Norway – ENERGOS AS

Joint Ventures

• Spain – Hera ENER-G S.A.

• South Africa – ENER-G Systems pte

Agents

• Northern Ireland (AC Automation Limited)

• Republic of Ireland (Temp Technology Limited)

• Spain (Icogen SA)