Formulals,ConversionsandDatarequiredtosolvegateproblems

1litre=.001cubicmeter1m^3=1000litres1BTU(britishthermalunit)=1055joules1btu/hr=3.412joules/s

Area100cents=1Acre1Acre=4840sqyards1yard=3'or36"1cents=435.60sqft1sq.m=10.76sq.ft

1Acre=4047sqm2,47cents=1are(100sqmeter)2.47acres=1hectare(10,000sqmeters)

Fn=Fn1+Fn2

0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21....

Slope/Gradienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(slope)

Contourinterval:thedifferenceinaltituderepresentedbythespacebetweentwocontourlinesonamap

PERTTe(expectedtime)=(O+4M+P)/6whereO=optimistictime,M=mostlikelytime,P=pessimistictime.V(variance)=((PO)/6)^2Projectvariance=sumofvariancesalongthecriticalpath

Conversions

Fibonacciseries

GoldenRatio

Standarddeviation=sqrootofvariance

unitmassofreinforcedconcrete=2400kg/m3unitwtofreinfircedconcrete=2400*10(9.8)N/m3densityofsteel=7850kg/m3

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0DghZBRAU

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMmOMLstGm0

ScaleofAerialPhotograph=Focallength/AltitudeaboveGroundlevel

ForecastingPopulation

Arithmaticmethod

dP/dt=KaP=P1+Ka(tt1)

P=populationt=time

Ka=arithmeticgrowthconstant

Geometricmethod

dP/dt=KgPlnP=lnP1+Kg(tt1)Kg=lnP2lnP1/t2t1=ln[P2/P1]/t2t1

P=populationt=timeKg=geometricgrowthconstant

Note:lim(1+K)1/K=e=2.718baseofthenaturallogarithms

K0

BMandSFdiagram

HooksLaw,YoungsModulus,BulkModulus,Poisson'sRatio

1lux=1lumen/sqmeterluxistheunitofilluminanceFlux=illuminationrequired(lux)xsurfacearea(sqm)Flux(lumenoutput)(received)=MF(maintenancefactor)xUF(utilizationfactor)xFlux(installed)depreciationfactor=reciprocalofmaintenancefactorlux=candela/d^2cd(candela)=lm(lumen)/(2(1cos(/2)))

forisotrophiclightsource(alldirections),lumen=candelax4x22/7http://www.compuphase.com/electronics/candela_lumen.htm

RoomIndex(RI)=LxW/[Hmx(L+W)]Hm=mountingheight

SpacingtoheightratioSHR=1/Hmx[(A/N)^1/2]

T(reverbarationtimeinseconds)=.161xV(volumeinm3)/A(soundabsorptionpowerinm2sabine=areaxcoeffcientofabsorption)Lp=20log10(Prms/Pref)dBLp2=Lp1+20log10(r1/r2)lpsoundpressuresoundlevel10log10(Prms/Pref)dB

Thehandlingcapacity(lifts)iscalculatedbytheformula:H=3OOxQx100/TXPwhereH=handlingcapacityasthepercentageofthepeakpopulationhandledduring5minperiod,Q=averagenumberofpassengerscarriedinacar,T=waitinginterval,andP=totalpopulationtobehandledduringpeakmorningperiod.(Itisrelatedtotheareaservedbyaparticularbankoflifts.)

ThevalueofQdependsonthedimensionsofthecar.Itmaybenotedthatthecarisnotloadedalwaystoitsmaximumcapacityduringeachtripand,therefore,forcalculatingHthevalueofQistakenas80percentofthemaximumcarryingcapacityofthecar.

Thewaitingintervaliscalculatedbytheformula:T=RTT/N

Acoustics

ivwhereT=waitingintervalN=numberoflifts,andRTT=roundtriptime,thatis,theaveragetimerequiredbyeachliftintakingonefullloadofpassengersfromgroundfloor,dischargingtheminvariousupperfloorsandcomingbacktogroundfloorfortakingfreshpassengersforthenexttrip.

Thermaltransmittance,alsoknownasUvalue,istherateoftransferofheat(inwatts)throughonesquaremetreofastructuredividedbythedifferenceintemperatureacrossthestructure.Itisexpressedinwattspermetressquaredkelvin,orW/mK.Wellinsulatedpartsofabuildinghavealowthermaltransmittancewhereaspoorlyinsulatedpartsofabuildinghaveahighthermaltransmittance.

=AU(T1T2)

whereistheheattransferinwatts,Uisthethermaltransmittance,T1isthetemperatureononesideofthestructure,T2isthetemperatureontheothersideofthestructureandAistheareainsquaremetres.

Theformulaforventilationheatlossis:

Q=N.V.Sp.ht.dt

WhereQ=heatloss(Watts)(W)N=Numberofairchangesperhour.Anairchangeisoneroomvolume.V=Roomvolume(m3)Sp.ht.=Specificheatfactorforair.Thisisfoundfromthefollowingformula.Sp.Ht.Factor=(Specificheatcapacityofairx1000toconvertfromkJtoJoulesxdensityofair)/3600toconvertfromhrtosecs.Sp.Ht.Factor=(1.01x1000x1.2)/(3600)Sp.Ht.Factor=0.34dt=temperaturedifferencebetweeninsideandoutside(oC)

DuctcrosssectionalareaA(m2)=q(airflowratem3/s)/v(airspeedm/s)

q(flow=novehicles/time)=1/h(timeheadway=timebetweenrearbumpertorearbumper)densityk=n/distance(numberofvehiclesoccupyingagivenlengthnofhighway

distanceheadway=distancebetweencorrespondingpointsintwo

Trafficformulas

successivevehiclesk(density)=1/s(distanceheadway)

usedforpipeslargerthan2"andsmallerthan6'india

v=1.32.Ch.R^0.63.S^0.54v=averagevelocityft/sCh=HazenWilliamsCoefficientR=Hydraulicradiusofflowconduit(ft)s=ratioofhL/L,energyloss/headlenghthofconduit(ft/ft)

inSIUnits

v=0.85.Ch.R^0.63.S^0.54v=averagevelocity(m/s)Ch=HazenWilliamsCoefficientR=Hydraulicradiusofflowconduit(m)s=ratioofhL/L,energyloss/headlenghthofconduit(m/m)

VolumeflowrateQ=Av

r=rateofinterestasdecimaln=nooftimesinterestiscompoundedinayeart=noofyears

PlumbingandWaterSupplyHazenWilliamsFormula

Ammortisationformulaforsinkingfund

CompoundInterest