gavin w morley, bqit 26 th feb 2014 solid state hardware overview quantum technologies: review of...

Gavin W Morley, BQIT 26th Feb 2014

Solid State Hardware Overview

Quantum Technologies: Review of State-of-the-Art in

Hardware (Solid-State)

Gavin W Morley, Physics Department, University of Warwick



Quantum Technologies: Review of State-of-the-Art in

Hardware (Solid-State)

Gavin W Morley, Physics Department, University of Warwick



Solid-State Hardware Overview• Electron and Nuclear Spins

– Atomic dopants• Donors in silicon• NV- colour centres in diamond• Others (eg SiC)

– Quantum Dots • Gate-defined • Self-assembled

• Coherent Superconducting Circuits– Quantum computing

• Single microwave photons – Quantum annealing

• Hybrids of these



• Electron and Nuclear Spins– Atomic dopants

• Donors in silicon• NV- colour centres in diamond• Others (eg SiC)





Solid-State Hardware Overview



Electron and Nuclear Spins



Electron and Nuclear Spins- Magnetic resonance



Pulsed Electron Spin Resonance at 110 – 336 GHz

GW Morley, L-C Brunel & J van Tol, Rev Sci Instrum 79, 064703 (2008)J van Tol, L-C Brunel & R J Wylde, Rev Sci Instrum 76, 074101 (2005)

[1] GW Morley et al., PRL 101 (2008)[2] S Takahashi et al., PRL 101 (2008)[3] DR McCamey et al., Worldwide patent WO/2009/155563 (2009)[4] DR McCamey et al., PRL 102 (2009)[5] S Takahashi et al., PRL 102 (2009)[6] DR McCamey et al., Science 330 (2010)[7] GW Morley et al., Nat Materials 9 (2010)[8] S Takahashi et al., Nature 476 (2011)[9] KY Choi et al., PRL 108, 067206 (2012)[10] CC Lo et al., PRL 110 (2013)



400 GHz Electron Spin Resonance



Atomic Spins- Donors in silicon

Image by Manuel Vögtli

Reviews:

DD Awschalom et al., Science 339, 1174 (2013)

F. A. Zwanenburg et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 85, 961 (2013)



Atomic Spins- Spin coherence of donors in silicon

Bulk ensemble samples:

Nuclear T2 = 3 hoursK Saeedi et al., Science 342, 830 (2013)

Electron T2 > 1 second AM Tyryshkin et al., Nature Materials 11, 143 (2012)



Atomic Spins- Readout of donor spins in silicon

A Morello et al., Nature 467, 687 (2010)

JJ Pla et al., Nature 489, 541 (2012)

JJ Pla et al., Nature 496, 334 (2013)

Nuclear T2 = 60 msElectron T2 > 0.2 ms



Atomic Spins- Atomic-scale fabrication in silicon

JL O’Brien et al., PRB 64, 161401 (2001)

SR Schofield et al., PRL 91, 136104 (2003)

M Fuechsle et al., Nat Nano 7, 242 (2012)

B Weber et al., Science 335, 64 (2012)



Atomic Spins- Bismuth qubits in silicon

T Sekiguchi et al., PRL 104, 137402 (2010)GW Morley et al., Nature Materials 9, 725 (2010)RE George et al., PRL 105, 067601 (2010)GW Morley et al., Nature Materials 12, 103 (2013)G Wolfowicz et al., Nature Nano 8, 561 (2013)

Image by Manuel Vögtli



Atomic Spins- Colour centres in Diamond

Nitrogen-vacancy centre (NV-)J Wrachtrup & F Jelezko, J Phys-CM 18, S807 (2006)



Atomic Spins- Coherence of NV- in Diamond

Single spin at room temperature:

Nuclear T2 > 1 secondPC Maurer et al., Science 336, 1283 (2012)

Electron T2 > 2 ms G Balasubramanian et al., Nature Materials 8, 383 (2009)




Atomic Spins- Magnetometry in Diamond

1 electron spin at 50 nm:MS Grinolds et al., Nat Phys 9, 215 (2013)

NMR with (5 nm)3 volume:T Staudacher et al., Science 339, 561 (2013)HJ Mamin et al., Science 339, 557 (2013)

Nanodiamond magnetometry: expect 290 nT Hz-1/2

ME Trusheim et al., Nano Lett 14, 32 (2013)

Bulk ensemble magnetometry: expect 150 fT Hz-1/2 from 100 μm diamondVM Acosta et al., PRB 80, 115202 (2009)



Atomic Spins- Nano-thermometry in Diamond

Ambient thermometry: 5 mK Hz-1/2 in bulk, 130 mK Hz-1/2 in nanodiamonds

G Kucsko et al., Nature 500, 54 (2013)

P Neumann et al., Nano Lett 13, 2738 (2013)




Atomic Spins- Nano-electromechanical diamond

Cantilever:S. Kolkowitz et al., Science 335, 1603 (2012)

Phonons:K. C. Lee et al., Science 334, 1253 (2011)




Atomic Spins- Diamond gyroscope

Projected sensitivity of 10−5 rad s−1 Hz−1/2: MP Ledbetter et al., PRA 86, 052116 (2012)

Levitated crystals:Y Arita, M Mazilu & K Dholakia, Nat Commun 4, 2374 (2013)

M. Scala et al., PRL 111, 180403 (2013)



Atoms for storing light- Rare-earth-ion-doped crystals

Entangled photon storage:

C Clausen et al., Nature 469, 508 (2011)

E Saglamyurek et al., Nature 469, 512 (2011)



Spins in quantum dots- Gate-defined dots in GaAs

Single qubit control and readout:FHL Koppens et al., Nature 442, 766 (2006)

Electron spins, 200 µs coherence:H Bluhm et al., Nat Phys 7, 109 (2011)



Spins in quantum dots- Gate-defined dots in SiGe

Electron spin T1 > 2sCB Simmons et al., PRL 106, 156804 (2011)

Electron spin T2* = 360 ns BM Maune et al., Nature 481, 344 (2012)



Spins in quantum dots- Self-assembled dots in GaAs

Single photon source:

Sven Hoefling talk

IJ Luxmoore et al., Sci Rep 3, 1239 (2013).

MJ Conterio et al., APL 103, 162108 (2013). Debabrata Bhattacharyya, A. C. Bryce, John H.

Marsh and Clivia M. Sotomayor-Torres, Glasgow



Coherent Superconducting Circuits

L

C

R



L

C

R

ΦFlux, Φ

Energy

|ground>

|excited>


MH Devoret & JM Martinis, Q Inf Proc 3, 163 (2004)RJ Schoelkopf & SM Girvin, Nature 451, 664 (2008)

J Clarke & FK Wilhelm, Nature 453, 1031 (2008)MH Devoret & RJ Schoelkopf, Science 339, 1169 (2013)





Clarke & FK Wilhelm, Nature 453, 1031 (2008)MH Devoret & RJ Schoelkopf, Science 339, 1169 (2013)

L Steffen et al., Nature 500, 319 (2013)

- Aluminium (Tc = 1.2 K) at 20 mK,aluminium oxide insulator

- “Circuit QED” allows single microwaves to be created, transported , amplified and detected

- Design

Review:J






1 qubit gate ~ 10 ns, 2 qubit gate ~ 100 ns- Performance

Review:J






- Nano-electromechanical

Quantum drum:AD O'Connell et al., Nature 464, 697 (2010)

Review:J




Entanglement:M Neeley et al., Nature 467, 570 (2010)L DiCarlo et al., Nature 467, 574 (2010)

Quantum error correction: MD Reed et al., Nature 482, 382 (2012)

Teleportation:L Steffen et al., Nature 500, 319 (2013)

5 qubits with >99% gate fidelity:R Barends et al., arXiv:1402.4848

- Applications for three qubits



Image courtesy of D-Wave Systems Inc.

Paul Warburton talk

MW Johnson et al., Nature 473, 194 (2011)

NG Dickson et al., Nat Commun 4, 1903 (2013)

Coherent Superconducting Circuits- Quantum annealing is not QC



Quantum phase slips

JE Mooij & YV Nazarov, Nat Phys 2, 169 (2006)

CH Webster et al., Phys Rev B 87, 144510 (2013)

Coherent Superconducting Circuits- Nanowire current standard?



Superconducting technologies?

MEG with an array of 300 SQUIDs operated as classical magnetometers

Also single photon detectors:- F Marsili et al., Nat Photonics 7, 210 (2013)- CM Natarajan, MG Tanner & RH Hadfield, Superconductor Science & Technology 25, 063001 (2012)- J Kuur et al., JLTP 167, 561 (2012)

- Brain scans again



Spin-superconductor hybrids- Spin ensemble memory

DI Schuster et al., PRL 105, 140501 (2010)

Y Kubo et al., PRL 105, 140502 (2010)

H Wu et al., PRL 105, 140503 (2010)









Solid-State Hardware

gavin w morley, bqit 26 th feb 2014 solid state hardware overview quantum technologies: review of...

Documents

gw morley

electron spin resonance

university of warwick

manuel vgtli slide

rotating frame spin

donor spins

electron t

quantum dots gate