gazetteer and route maps track_appendix1... · ngr: tq 6120 7180 contractor: museum of london...

Appendix 1

Gazetteer and route maps

The Gazetteer is presented in route order from north-west tosouth-east.

Fieldwork eventsAll evaluations, excavations and watching briefs were assigned‘fieldwork event names’ and unique ‘fieldwork event codes’ byRail Link Engineering. The black text labels in the Gazetteermapping are fieldwork event names. NB: In many cases evalua-tion fieldwork events share the same name as the subsequentexcavations—they are distinguished by the event code in theGazetteer. HS1 event codes have the prefix ‘ARC’.

Project Areas and watching brief event codesThe HS1 Section 1 route was divided into four roughly equalProject Areas (330, 420, 430, 440), major route sections whichreflected areas of responsibility for construction, engineeringand project management purposes (350/410 was an additionalarea covering the Medway Crossing only). Watching brief eventcodes refer to the Project Area—blue text labels in the Gazetteermaps are watching brief event codes.The responsibility for Project Area 330, at the NW end of the

route, lay with MoLA, whereas Project Areas 350/410, 420, 430and 440 lay with Oxford Archaeology. Some differences inapproach are apparent between these two organisations. In theMoLA area, all watching brief work was undertaken under asingle fieldwork event code (ARC 330 98), the area being sub-divided into zones, as detailed under Project 330 below. Thecircumstances and predominantly chalk geology of these routesections meant that it was possible to map continuous largeareas under watching brief conditions, and the results were fullyintegrated with PX assessment reports. In OA project areas,watching brief codes were also assigned to the Project Area (egARC 420 99) and broken down into route sections, butindividual discoveries were identified by reference to the project‘chainage’. The geological conditions and earthworks methodsin the Wealden Greensand zones were not conducive to mappinglarge continuous areas under general watching brief conditions.

ChainagesChainages are measurements (km+metres) along the HS1 routefrom north-west to south-east, starting at London St Pancras,(except the Fawkham Junction section, near Southfleet, whichis numbered in a separate sequence). Primarily intended forengineering purposes these were used extensively during thearchaeological fieldwork as a convenient means of referring tosites and finds, particularly during the watching brief. Chainagemarkers were set out along the route at regular intervals.

Principal SitesFor archaeological purposes the route was divided in the post-excavation updated project design into a series of 28 ‘PrincipalSites’ which are route sections comprising a variable number ofindividual fieldwork events linked under the name of the mostsignificant site within them. These are the route sectionsreferred to in the main text of this report unless stated

otherwise. The red text labels on the Gazetteer maps refer to PXPrincipal Sites. Three letter codes were assigned to eachPrincipal site, which are used in labelling digital files in thearchive, etc. (see Chapter 1, Tables 1.1 and 1.2).

Building investigationsThe building investigations were managed somewhat separatelyfrom the archaeological investigations in most cases. For thepurpose of this volume the building investigations have beengrouped under the relevant ‘Principal Sites’ (PX route sections).They are labelled on the Gazetteer mapping as individualfieldwork events. Several historic building recording projectsincluded archaeological investigation of the building footprintsas they were being demolished/re-located, the results of whichare incorporated within the relevant historic building report.

Integrated Site Report referenceThese are digital post-excavation reports published on the ADSwebsite. An ISR has been produced for 20 of the Principal Siteswith the most significant evidence. See Appendix 2 for a full list.

Evaluation, survey and post-excavation report referencesThese are grey literature reports, also available to downloadfrom the ADS website. See Appendix 2 for a full list of availablereports.

Map WindowsThe investigation areas are shown in the Gazetteer maps,shaded to distinguish different forms of investigation, on basemapping overlaid on BGS geology and a 1:10,000 OS mapbase. A map key is included at the start of the route mapsshowing numbered route windows on a topographical basemap. The Gazetteer text refers to the ‘Map Windows’ on thisfigure (numbered 1 to 39).

PROJECT AREA 330Watching brief major route section from Southfleet to theMedway Crossing.Project Area 330 (Southfleet to the Medway Crossing) was

mostly undertaken by MoLA in the main excavation andwatching brief phases, except for Pepper Hill Roman Cemetery(OA). The PX Principal Sites in this part of the route for the mostpart correspond with zones assigned by MoLA during thefieldwork stages (Zones 1–6, which are not to be confused withthe PX landscape zones referred to elsewhere in this volume),which have been assigned names derived from the mostimportant archaeological sites contained within them, as follows:

Whitehill Road Barrow - Project Area 330 Zones 1 and 2Northumberland Bottom - Project Area 330 Zone 3Tollgate - Project Area 330 Zone 4Cobham Golf Course - Project Area 330 Zone 5Cuxton - Project Area 330 Zone 6

452 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent

Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 453

Geology:

Solid

Upper Chalk

Middle Chalk

Lower Chalk (Glauconitic Marl)

Melbourne Rock

Thanet Beds

Hythe Beds

Folkestone Beds

Sandgate Beds

Woolwich Beds

Blackheath / Oldhaven Beds

London Clay

Gault Clay

Atherfield Clay

Weald Clay

Drift

Alluvium

! ! !

! ! ! Clay-with-Flints

! ! !

! ! ! Head Gravel

! ! !

! ! ! Coombe Deposits

! ! !

! ! ! Brickearth

! ! !

! ! ! River Terrace Gravel

Features:

Sites

Detailed excavation

Strip, map and sample excavation

Watching brief discovery

General watching brief extents

Surface artefact collection survey

Geophysical survey

Features

Evaluation trenches

! Historic building investigation

Chainage

!

Principal Site

Fieldwork Events

Watching BriefProject Areas

Historic Building Investigation

Layout:

Map Window X0 500m1:10,000

All Map Windows are at 1:10,000 with North at the top


203+500

ARC 330 98Zone 1

Whitehill Road Barrow

202+000

203+000

202+500


560000

560500

561000

561500

170500

171000


ARC 330 98Zone 1

200+

091

201+000

201+500


559000

559500

560000

560500

169500

170000

Map Window 1

Map Window 2

PRINCIPAL SITE NAME: WHITEHILL ROAD BARROWProject Area 330 Zone 1 chainage limits: 200+091 - 203+750 Project Area 330 Zone 2 chainage limits: 203+750 - 205+200 Parishes crossed: Southfleet, Longfield and NewbarnIntegrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006aMap Windows 1–3

Fieldwork event: Whitehill Road Barrow, SouthfleetEvent code: ARC WHR 99 (reported with ARC 330 98 Zones 1 and 2)HS1 chainage: 201+300 NGR: TQ 5990 6990Contractor: Museum of London ArchaeologyType of investigation: Detailed excavationStart of fieldwork: 1999End of fieldwork: 1999Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006aMap Windows 1 and 2

A barrow monument was set up near Whitehill Road: theoriginal ditch around the barrow had partially filled in beforethe insertion of an inhumation burial. An amber necklace foundwith the body, while unusual in the Kent Early Bronze Agetradition, dates to latter part of the Early Bronze Age. Humanbone fragments from the burial gave a radiocarbon result of3273±30BP (NZA-22740). When calibrated (1620–1440 calBC) this indicates that the burial is post-Beaker. The construc-tion of a second, outer concentric ditch around the barrow wasalso a secondary event, probably contemporary with the burial. Apart from small amounts of late Iron Age material, there

was no evidence for further activity until the 1st century ADwhen Roman field systems are laid out at Fawkham Junction

and New Barn Road, and an enclosure constructed at South ofStation Road. The Roman land use and activity was apparentlyshort-lived and passed into disuse AD 100–150.Later medieval and post-medieval activity within the

landscape remained agricultural in character until the construc-tion of the Gravesend West Railway in the mid 19th Century.

Fieldwork event: South of Station Road, SouthfleetEvent code: ARC SSR 99HS1 chainage: 203+700NGR: TQ 6120 7180Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Detailed excavationStart of fieldwork: 1999End of fieldwork: 1999Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006aMap Window 3The excavation revealed part of a Roman field system datingfrom the 1st century AD.

Fieldwork event: Waterloo Connection, SouthfleetEvent code: ARC SSR 98HS1 chainage: 204+000NGR: TQ 6160 7200Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: January 1998End of fieldwork: January 1998Integrated Site Report reference: Biddulph 2006Evaluation report reference: OA 1998hMap Window 3


203+500

ARC 330 98Zone 2

Pepper HillCemetery

39+5

00

39+00

0

38+500

204+000

204+

500

205+

000

Waterloo Connection

Temple East of Springhead

New Barn Road

South of Station Road

Northfleet (A2)

Pepper Hill


Pepper Hill

561500

562000

562500

172000

172500

Map Window 3

HSI Section 2HSI Section 1

The evaluation comprised a total of ten trenches. A shallowditch was attributed to the Middle or Late Bronze Age and asecond ditch may date to the same period. A pit and ditch bothproduced pottery of the late 1st- or 2nd-century AD. Colluvialdeposits up to 2.5m deep were recorded at the bottom of thevalley slope, and produced struck flints of Mesolithic or EarlyNeolithic date as well as flints of Bronze Age date.

Fieldwork event: Pepper Hill, Southfleet Event code: ARC THB 95HS1 chainage: 38+500NGR: TQ 6200 7235 Contractor: Canterbury Archaeological TrustType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: 1995End of fieldwork: 1995Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006aEvaluation report reference: CAT 1996Map Window 3

The evaluation comprised a total of two trenches. No archaeo-logical features were present.

Fieldwork event: Temple east of SpringheadEvent code: ARC STP 95HS1 chainage: 39+000NGR: TQ 6230 7190Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of BradfordType of investigation: Geophysical SurveyStart of fieldwork: 1995 End of fieldwork: 1995Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006aSurvey report reference: GSB 1995mMap Window 3

Fieldwork event: Temple east of SpringheadEvent code: ARC STP 97HS1 chainage: 39+000NGR: TQ 6230 7190Contractor: Wessex ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: April 1997 End of fieldwork: May 1997Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006aEvaluation report reference: WA 1997cMap Window 3

The evaluation comprised a total of 41 trenches. The archaeo-logical features included ditches, postholes, a relict watercourseand a probable terrace. Three ditches, one identified as LateIron Age or early Roman, may correspond to some of thebroadly SE-NW aligned fainter linear geophysical anomaliespreviously recorded. There was no evidence to suggest anextension of the Roman temple complex or associated featuresinto the evaluation area. Colluvial deposits were identifiedwithin the valley floor, including a primary pedogenic horizonof probable Late Bronze Age date.

Fieldwork event: Temple East of SpringheadEvent code: ARC STP 99HS1 chainage: 39+000NGR: TQ 6240 7200Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Detailed excavationStart of fieldwork: 1999

End of fieldwork: 1999Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006aMap Window 3

Neolithic or Early Bronze Age activity associated with naturalsprings.

PRINCIPAL SITE: PEPPER HILL ROMAN CEMETERYChainage limits - 204+300 - 204+500Parishes crossed: SouthfleetMap Window 3Integrated Site Report reference: Biddulph 2006

Fieldwork event: Pepper Hill / New Barn Road RomanCemeteryEvent code: ARC PHL 97 and ARC NBR 98HS1 Chainage - 204+300NGR: TQ 6180 7200Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Detailed excavationStart of fieldwork: August 1998 End of fieldwork: January 1999 Integrated Site Report reference: Biddulph 2006Map Window 3

The site lay south of the Roman town and religious complex atSpringhead (Vagniacis). Excavation revealed almost the entireplan of a Roman-period cemetery which developed alongside aroad that took inhabitants, pilgrims and other traffic into thetown. A total of 558 graves or other funerary-related featureswere encountered. ARC PHL 97 was the first phase of excava-tion, arising from a SEEboard cable diversion. ARC NBR98was a subsequent phase of work along the main HS1 route.The cemetery was located at a site previously used for burial

in the Middle Iron Age. At least one grave belonged to that time.No burials were certainly made during the Late Iron Age,though quarry pits and a boundary ditch record activity datingbefore the Roman conquest. The site received the greatestnumber of burials during the Early Roman period (AD 43–130).The rate of burial declined during the 2nd century and, by the3rd century, few graves were dug. The latest burials comprise agroup of five dating after AD 260; given the fortunes of theneighbouring town, none is likely to date far into the 4thcentury. The site was abandoned after the Roman period untilmedieval times when quarrying and agricultural activity began.The predominant rite, appearing throughout the life of the

cemetery, was inhumation. Some 360 such graves wereexcavated. Many were devoid of grave goods—a factorresulting in a high proportion of undated burials—but offeringswere by no means uncommon. Pottery was regularly deposited.Drinking vessels were most popular, followed by eating-relatedvessels, then cooking forms, such as jars. Other objects wereless frequent, but could include brooches, shoes and, morerarely, bracelets, beaded necklaces and wooden objects.Skeletons were poorly preserved. Those that survived revealeda mainly adult population with an equal male-female ratio.Ages rarely extended beyond 30 years. Few children wererecorded, although their number is probably lower thanexpected since their bones would have survived least well. Ironnails and decayed wood-derived soil stains attested to thefrequent use of coffins. The proportion of coffined burials washigher in the 2nd century, compared with the 1st century.Wooden boxes or caskets filled with grave goods occasionallyaccompanied the burial.


Almost 150 cremation graves were encountered. The ritespanned the mid 1st to early 3rd century AD. The deceased werecremated on pyres within the cemetery and outside its boundaries.A cobbled surface west of the cemetery may have functioned as acrematorium or place of funerary feasting. The dead, oftenwearing brooches, necklaces and the like, were occasionallycarried to the pyre on a bier. Pyre goods included shoes, pottery,joints of meat, and, rarely, beans and fruits. Overall, urned andunurned graves were equally represented, although urned graveswere more common in the 2nd century, echoing the use of thecoffin. The cremated remains had been carefully deposited incorrect anatomical order in at least one urn, while the skull hadbeen deliberately excluded from another. A few boxes and casketswere deposited. One casket was particularly ornate, beingdecorated with lion-headed studs. Analysis of the crematedhuman remains again indicated a largely adult population, butwith a slight bias towards males. Surprisingly, few crematedindividuals had died under 40 years, suggesting that the rite waslargely reserved for Springhead’s oldest inhabitants. However,children were also represented; some accompanied adults indouble burials. Unburnt grave goods included pottery—the rangeof forms was little different from that recovered from inhumationgraves—brooches and shoes. Grave goods hinted at changingbeliefs in the afterlife during the 2nd century.An unusual aspect of the cemetery was the presence of busta.

Here, the deceased were cremated on a pyre and buried wherethe remains fell into an underlying pit. The features date mainlyto the mid or late 1st century AD and the rite was introducedto Pepper Hill by soldiers or other newcomers, probably fromthe Rhineland or Danube provinces. Almost all busta wereclosely spaced, a further sign, perhaps, of a social or ethnicgrouping. Other funerary-related features included cenotaphs

that contained no human bone but were otherwise typicalgraves, and pits that yielded pyre debris only. A well or shafteast of the cemetery was not fully excavated, but is likely tohave received ritual deposits. The cemetery was very crowded and much intercutting was

evident. It admitted a cross-section of Springhead’s inhabitants,but inevitably the cemetery contained mainly low-statusburials. The comparison with a walled cemetery only a littleway north of the site, which covered a larger area andcontained eight ornate burials, is particularly revealing.

PRINCIPAL SITE: NORTHUMBERLAND BOTTOM Project Area 330, Zone 3Chainage limits: 39+600 - 41+000Parishes crossed: NorthfleetIntegrated Site Report reference: Askew 2006Map Window 4

Fieldwork event: Northfleet (A2) Event code: N/AHS1 chainage: 39+300 - 41+000NGR: TQ 6350 7159Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Surface artefact collection surveyStart of fieldwork: 1993End of fieldwork: 1993Grey literature report reference: URL 1995Map Window: 3–4

Fieldwork event: Northfleet (south of A2) Event code: N/A


!

39+5

00

ARC 330 98Zone 3

ARC 330 98Zone 4

Northumberland Bottom

Tollgate

Northumberland BottomArmy Camp

ARC 330 98Zone 2

Northfleet South of A2

Tollgate

40+

000

40+

500

41+

000

Northfleet (A2)

West of Tollgate

West of Northumberland Bottom

TollgateCropmark Complex

Hazells RoadDiversion

563000

563500

564000

171000

171500

Map Window 4

M

HS1 chainage: 39+700 - 40+400NGR: TQ 6330 7140Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of BradfordType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: 1995End of fieldwork: 1995Grey literature report reference: GSB 1995nMap Window: 3–4

Fieldwork event: Hazells Road Diversion Event code: ARC HRD 99HS1 chainage: 39+600NGR: TQ 6280 7160 Contractor: Museum of London ArchaeologyType of investigation: Targeted watching briefStart of fieldwork: April 1999End of fieldwork: May 2000Integrated Site Report reference: Askew 2006Map Window 4

Early Iron Age evidence comprised a scattered group of five pits,a cooking pit, a waterhole, a metalworking area consisting ofbowl furnace bases, and an area of possible animal pens. One ofthe pits contained a La Tène brooch, dating from the 5th to 4thcentury BC; another contained a large, mixed deposit of partiallydismembered animal carcasses, perhaps evidence for feasting. Ared deer bone from the pit was radiocarbon dated to 370–190 calBC (NZA-22748). Activity continued in the Mid–Late Iron Age. Roman features included the masonry foundations of a twin-

chambered ‘corn-drier’ and elements of a field system, lyingalongside a metalled track (probably a Roman precursor ofDowns Road). The coin and ceramic assemblages from this sitecomprise the only exclusively Late Roman (late 3rd to 4thcentury) site assemblages from the HS1 Section 1 project. Two medieval sites, found on either side of Downs Road,

were dated by ceramic evidence to the 12th/13th century. Theyperhaps form part of a medieval precursor of Hazells Farm.They comprised at least one large rectangular timber post-builtbuilding, located c 200m east of the present farm, and traces oftwo circular domed clay ovens, lying alongside Hazells Road.Evidence for more recent land-use includes a brick clamp datingfrom c 1450–1700, located c 100m north of Hazells Farm.

Fieldwork event: West of Northumberland BottomEvent code: ARC WNB 97 (reported with ARC 330 98 zone 3)HS1 chainage: 40+100NGR: TQ 6350 7130Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: April 1997End of fieldwork: May 1997Integrated Site Report reference: Askew 2006Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1997fMap Window 4

The evaluation comprised a total of 44 trenches. The earliestfeatures were three ditches and a pit which may date from theMid/Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age. The majority offeatures, consisting of pits and structural element such aspostholes, slots and hearths, were of Late Iron Age to EarlyRoman date. They indicate that the site may have beenoccupied by a small settlement with an adjacent field system.

Fieldwork event: West of Northumberland BottomEvent code: ARC WNB 98

HS1 chainage: 40+100NGR: TQ 6350 7130Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Detailed excavationIntegrated Site Report reference: Askew 2006Map Window 4

An Early Bronze Age double inhumation was found, in whicheach of the burials was accompanied by a Beaker vessel. Laterprehistoric activity was represented by a large Middle–LateBronze Age boundary ditch, part of a Middle–Late Iron Ageenclosure, and part of a possible field system. Occupationcontinued into the Late Iron Age/Early Roman period, and wasrepresented by pits, gullies, several kilns or ovens, humanburials (including two cremations) and a horse burial.An Early Roman field system was superseded in the 2nd

century AD by domestic activity represented by two possiblesunken-floored buildings, pits, a well, two single-chamberedkilns or ovens and an infant inhumation.Medieval occupation, situated on a shallow terrace near the

foot of the hill, comprised one or more timber structures withassociated pits and a boundary ditch to the south and a circularstock enclosure, which was superseded in the late 12th–early14th centuries by a sub-rectangular ditched enclosure thatcontained some evidence for occupation, including a sunken-floored building containing was a possible corn-drying ormalting oven.

Fieldwork event: Northumberland Bottom Army CampEvent code: ARC NBAC 98HS1 chainage: 40+600NGR: TQ 6380 7110Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Standing building surveyStart of fieldwork: September 1998End of fieldwork: October 1998Integrated Site Report reference: Askew 2006Map Window 4

The site comprised a Second World War anti-aircraft gunbattery and its associated domestic encampment. There were 26single storey buildings on the site, some of which are of post-war date. As well as the buildings there are a number ofstanding structures, partially buried structures, foundations andoriginal roads and tracks surviving on the site. None of thebuildings were Listed.

The military structures and buildings recorded form only partof the total number of military structures known to have existed.Many structures remain unlocated but levels information suggeststhat some of these may survive in a buried state. Evidence of otherfeatures, like the radar, may have been too slight to survive.

Many of the internal layouts of the buildings were recoveredand in one case a large amount of the original fixtures survived.However, the function of many of the buildings was notdiscernible from the surviving structural evidence.

Fieldwork event: West of TollgateEvent code: ARC TLGW 95NGR: TQ 6400 7100HS1 chainage: 40+700Contractor: A Bartlett and AssociatesType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: 1996End of fieldwork: 1996Integrated Site Report reference: Askew 2006



Survey report reference: ABA 1996bMap Window 4

Magnetic susceptibility and magnetometer surveys were carriedout. The latter identified a probable E-W ditch and a section ofN-S ditch at the northern edge of the survey area, which arelikely to form part of an enclosure corresponding to apreviously identified cropmark complex.

Fieldwork event: West of TollgateEvent code: ARC TGW 97HS1 chainage: 40+800NGR: TQ 6400 7100Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: April 1997 End of fieldwork: April 1997 Integrated Site Report reference: Askew 2006Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1997iMap Window 4

The evaluation comprised a total of 34 trenches. A number offield boundary ditches were recorded, forming part of acomplex of rectilinear fields dating from the Late IronAge/Early Roman period through to the early 3rd century AD.A medieval field ditch was also recorded in the area of Romanfeatures. A large circular quarry pit, at least 5m in diameter,was found but no datable finds were recovered from it.

PRINCIPAL SITE: TOLLGATE Project Area 330, Zone 4Chainage limits: 41+000 - 44+300Parishes crossed: CobhamIntegrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006bMap Windows 4–6

Fieldwork event: Tollgate cropmark complex, GraveshamEvent code: ARC TLG 95HS1 chainage: 41+100NGR: TQ 6440 7100Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: July 1995End of fieldwork: July 1995Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006bEvaluation report reference: OA 1995bMap Window 4

The evaluation comprised a total of 18 trenches. It confirmedthat a sub-rectangular ditched enclosure, visible as a cropmarkon aerial photographs, is almost certainly of Neolithic date. Ithas been substantially plough damaged and it was impossible todetermine whether it was originally a mortuary enclosure or along barrow. Only one possible internal feature was noted.Some signs of Late Bronze Age and Middle Iron Age activitywere noted in a small dry valley, but no unequivocal features ofprehistoric date were found. A ditched trackway to the north ofthe dry valley, also partially visible as a cropmark, was investi-gated but yielded no dating evidence. A large chalk quarry ofpost-medieval date was found at the east end of the site.

Fieldwork event: Tollgate Event code: ARC TLG 95NGR: TQ 6430 7100

HS1 chainage: 41+300Contractor: A. Bartlett and AssociatesType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: 1996End of fieldwork: 1996Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006bSurvey report reference: ABA 1996aMap Windows 4–5

Fieldwork event: Tollgate Event code: ARC TLG 98 (reported with ARC 330 98 Zone 4)HS1 chainage: 41+100NGR: TQ 6410 7100 Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavationStart of fieldwork: 1998End of fieldwork: 1998Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006bMap Windows 4–5

Excavations at Tollgate revealed Palaeolithic tools redepositedby colluvial processes at the base of a dry valley. The colluvialdeposits sealed ancient soils indicative of an arctic environment(c 14,000–11,000 years before present). Distinct spreads of sarsen stones were present to the east of

Church Road. These have been considered as potentially theremains of a demolished Neolithic to Early Bronze Agemegalithic structure, but are more likely to be a naturalaccumulation, disturbed by medieval and later field clearance.A sub-rectangular cropmark enclosure, identified on aerialphotographs to the east of Wrotham Road, is believed to be aNeolithic mortuary enclosure. It was preserved in situ beneathlandscaping earthworks and not investigated in detail. Evidence of a settled and cultivated landscape first appears

at the end of the Bronze Age. A small scale settlement,established in the Iron Age to the west of Church Road,provides evidence of domesticated and processed crops andlivestock, supplemented by foraged foods and game. Iron Ageactivity around Tollgate persists into the early 1st century AD,when a possible eastward shift in the focus of settlement andactivity to the Henhurst Road area is recorded. Evidence foractivity in the Roman period is dispersed along the length of theTollgate zone, with a particular focus in the Henhurst Roadarea. A trackway junction including metalled surfaces and recutditches, was established here c AD 50 to 70, apparently fallinginto disuse shortly thereafter. In the 2nd century the area maylie on the periphery of a small settled area to the south and eastof Henhurst Road. The character of Roman activity throughoutthe zone is agricultural, comprising field boundaries andtrackways, with evidence for crop production and processing.Archaeological evidence fades out by the mid 3rd century

AD and no further features are recorded until the earlymedieval period, when new field systems and local routewayswere established, suggesting renewed intensification in agricul-tural land-use in the 11th–14th centuries. Isolated pits at thistime have produced evidence for wheat production and there isevidence that naturally occurring sarsen boulders were removedand broken up, presumably to improve fields for arable cultiva-tion. Routeways and divisions of the agricultural landscapethereafter appear to remain stable, with little evidence forchange to the modern period. Post-medieval chalk quarries arepresent across the Tollgate area. A brick kiln recorded nearCobham Service Station dates to the late 17th- to late-18thcenturies and is likely to have provided brick and tile to theexpanding communities of Gravesend, Singlewell and Cobham.

Fieldwork event: South-East of Tollgate Event code: ARC TLGSHS1 chainage: 41+500NGR: TQ 6480 7075Contractor: A Bartlett and AssociatesType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: 1995End of fieldwork: 1995Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006bSurvey report reference: ABA 1996bMap Window 5

Magnetic susceptibility and magnetometer surveys bothindicated an area of increased response in the western part ofthe survey area that is potentially of archaeological origin.

Fieldwork event: South-East of TollgateEvent code: ARC TGS 97HS1 chainage: 41+500NGR: TQ 6480 7075Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: May 1997End of fieldwork: May 1997Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006bMap Window 5

The evaluation comprised a total of 22 trenches. A LowerPalaeolithic pointed biface handaxe was found incorporatedwithin a later deposit. A large pit was recorded dating from theLate Iron Age/Roman period. A linear feature containingcharcoal and struck flint was also recorded.

Fieldwork event: West of Church Road, SinglewellEvent code: ARC CRS 95HS1 chainage: 42+200NGR: TQ 6550 7040Contractor: A Bartlett and AssociatesType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: 1995End of fieldwork: 1995Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006bSurvey report reference: ABA 1996bMap Window 5

Magnetic susceptibility and magnetometer surveys bothindicated areas of increased response in the western half and atthe eastern end of the survey area.

Fieldwork event: Singlewell (A2)Event code: N/AHS1 chainage: 42+000 - 42+600NGR: TQ 6530 7060Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Surface artefact collection surveyStart of fieldwork: 1993End of fieldwork: 1993Grey literature report reference: URL 1995Map Window 5

Fieldwork event: West of Church Road, SinglewellEvent code: ARC CRS 97HS1 chainage: 42+200NGR: TQ 6550 7040Contractor: Oxford Archaeology


Tollgate

41+5

00

42+0

00

42+5

00

43+0

00South-East ofTollgate

West of Church Road

Singlewell (A2)

Tollgate

ARC 330 98Zone 4

?

564500

565000

565500

566000

170000

170500

171000

Map Window 5

Type of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: April 1997End of fieldwork: April 1997Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006bEvaluation report reference: OA 1997eMap Window 5

The evaluation comprised a total of 21 trenches. Two pits ofcertain Bronze Age date were identified, and a possibleposthole. A number of shallow gullies, interpreted as fieldboundaries, located in the same part of the site as the pits, maybe Bronze Age, although a later possible Saxon date cannot bediscounted based on the ceramic evidence. Two quarries ofprobable post-medieval date were also identified..

Fieldwork event: West of Church Road, SinglewellEvent code: ARC CRS 98HS1 chainage: 42+200NGR: TQ 6550 7040Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavationStart of fieldwork: September 1998End of fieldwork: September 1998Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006bMap Window 5

Several small pits or postholes, and ditches were recorded, butspecific dating evidence was lacking.

Fieldwork event: Henhurst (A2) Event code: N/AHS1 chainage: 43+200 - 44+100

NGR: TQ 6643 6995Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Surface artefact collection surveyStart of fieldwork: 1993End of fieldwork: 1993Grey literature report reference: URL 1995Map Windows 5–6

Fieldwork event: West of Scalers Hill, Cobham Event code: ARC WSH 98 HS1 chainage: 44+000NGR: TQ 6609 6980Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: January 1998End of fieldwork: January 1998Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006Evaluation report reference: OA 1998fMap Window 6

The evaluation comprised a total of eight trenches. The featurescomprised three substantial ditches, one of which produced asmall quantity of Late Iron Age–Early Roman pottery, as wellas two gullies, a posthole and a small pit.

PRINCIPAL SITE: COBHAM GOLF COURSEProject Area 330, Zone 5Chainage limits: 44+300 - 49+800Parishes crossed: CobhamIntegrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006Map Windows 7–9


ARC 330 98Zone 4

ARC 330 98Zone 5

43+

500

44+

000

44+

50

0Henhurst (A2)

West of Scalers Hill

Scalers Hillto Cobham

Cobham Golf Course

Tollgate

566500

567000

567500

169500

170000

170500

Map Window 6

M

Fieldwork event: Ashenbank Wood Army Camp Event code: ARC AWC 98HS1 chainage: 44+900NGR: TQ 6380 7110Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Standing building surveyStart of fieldwork: September 1998End of fieldwork: October 1998Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006Building investigation report reference: MoLA 1999aMap Window 7

Building survey of some of the Second World War structureslocated in Ashenbank Wood.

Fieldwork event: Scalers Hill to CobhamEvent code: ARC SCC 98HS1 chainage: 45+200NGR: TQ 6810 6960Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: August 1998 End of fieldwork: September 1998Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006Evaluation report reference: OA 2000bMap Window 7

The evaluation comprised a total of five trenches. A single pit,of Bronze Age date, was recorded.

Fieldwork event: Brewer’s GateEvent code: ARC BG 98

HS1 chainage: 45+500NGR: TQ 6836 6958Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Detailed excavationStart of fieldwork: September 1998End of fieldwork: September 1998Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006Map Window 7

The foundations of a presumed rebuild of the gate lodge ofCobham Park (documented c 1900) were found. There was nosign of a documented earlier phase of construction. The westside of the gateway and a metalled drive were found immedi-ately adjoining the gate lodge to the east.

Fieldwork event: Watling StreetEvent code: ARC WS 98HS1 chainage: 45+900NGR: TQ 6850 6955Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Detailed excavationStart of fieldwork: September 1998End of fieldwork: October 1998Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1999oMap Window 7

The evaluation comprised a total of five trenches. A post-medieval park pale or substantial ha-ha was found. Very scantremains of buildings were found, documented as dog kennelserected c 1790. No evidence was observed for a road earlierthan the current road.


!

Watling Street

ARC 330 98Zone 5

45+

000

45+

500

46+

000

Ashenbank WoodArmy Camp

Cobham ParkGolf Course

Cobham Golf Course

Scalers Hill to Cobham

Watling StreetBrewer's Gate

Cobham Golf Course

568000

568500

569000

169000

169500

170000

Map Window 7

Fieldwork event: Cobham Golf CourseEvent code: ARC CGC 95HS1 chainage: 46+200NGR: TQ 6915 6940Contractor: A Bartlett and AssociatesType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: 1995End of fieldwork: 1995Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006Survey report reference: ABA 1996aMap Windows 7

Fieldwork event: Cobham Golf CourseEvent code: ARC CGC 98HS1 chainage: 46+200NGR: TQ 6915 6940Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavationStart of fieldwork: August 1998End of fieldwork: October 1998Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006Map Window 7

A ring ditch of Bronze Age date was found. No sign remainedof an overlying mound. Other features consisted of a linearditch and a concentration of small pits, postholes and at leasttwo possible hearths. These features variously contained struckflints and pottery dated to the Middle and Late Bronze Ages.The site was badly disturbed by the bunkers, teeing-offplatforms and irrigation pipes of a modern golf course.

Fieldwork event: Cobham Park Golf CourseEvent code: ARC CGC 97HS1 chainage: 46+300NGR: TQ 6920 6950Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: September 1997End of fieldwork: September 1997Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006Evaluation report reference: OA 1997fMap Windows 7–8

The evaluation comprised a total of 17 trenches. A scatter ofshallow archaeological features were identified on the spur ofhigher land, some of which contained pottery dated to theMiddle and Late Bronze Age.

Fieldwork event: Cobham Park Event code: ARC CPK 97HS1 Chainage: 47+200NGR: TQ 7040 6910Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: September 1997End of fieldwork: September 1997Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1998cMap Window 8

The evaluation comprised of a total of five trenches, excavatedin order to investigate a group of geophysical anomalies. No


46+

500

Cobham ParkGolf Course

ARC 330 98Zone 5

ARC 330 98Zone 6

47+

000

47+5

00

48+0

00

Cobham Park

Knights PlaceConstruction Site

Knights Place FarmCobham Golf Course

569500

570000

570500

571000

168500

169000

169500

Map Window 8

M


archaeological features were located, but a number of undated,infilled stream channels, possibly of Pleistocene date, werefound.

Fieldwork event: Cobham ParkEvent code: ARC COPK 95HS1 Chainage: 47+500NGR: TQ 7030 6930Contractor: A Bartlett and AssociatesType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: 1996End of fieldwork: 1996Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006Survey report reference: ABA 1996bMap Window 8

Magnetic susceptibility and magnetometer surveys were carriedout, but in both surveys responses were relatively weak and areprobably the result of geological variations.

Fieldwork event: Knights Place Construction SiteEvent code: ARC KCS 98HS1 Chainage: 47+500 NGR: TQ 7030 6935Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: January 1998End of fieldwork: January 1998Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006Evaluation report reference: MoLA 2000aMap Window 8

The evaluation comprised a total of 13 trenches. The archaeolog-ical features consisted of a Roman-period field boundary ditch, asecond undated field ditch, two small undated pits, and six possibleovens, the latter probably of medieval or post-medieval date.

Fieldwork event: Knights Place FarmEvent code: ARC KPF 98HS1 Chainage: 47+700NGR: TQ 7030 6930Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: January 1998End of fieldwork: January 1998Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1998dMap Window 8

The evaluation comprised a total of seven trenches. Six small,undated, dispersed pits and sunken ovens, possible of medievalor post-medieval date, were recorded.

Fieldwork event: Great Wood Event code: ARC GWE 98HS1 Chainage: 49+200NGR: TQ 5715 1682Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: August 1998 End of fieldwork: August 1998Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1999cMap Window 9

The evaluation comprised a total of 12 trenches in two areas ofthe northern side and part of the base of a dry valley. A deepcolluvial sequence over 3m thick was recorded in the valleybase but no archaeological features were encountered.

PRINCIPAL SITE: CUXTONProject Area 330, Zone 6Chainage limits: 49+800 - 51+000Parishes crossed: CuxtonIntegrated Site Report reference: Mackinder 2006Map Window 10

Fieldwork event: Cuxton Anglo-Saxon cemetery Event code: ARC CXT 97HS1 chainage: 50+000NGR: TQ 7200 6735Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: April 1997End of fieldwork: April 1997Integrated Site Report reference: Mackinder 2006Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1997cMap Window 10

The evaluation comprised a total of 25 trenches. PossibleIron Age occupation was characterised by three rectangularpits containing ashy fills and two large, deep postholes. The evaluation identified seven possible Early Saxon burials,of which four were surrounded by ring or penannularditches.

Fieldwork event: Cuxton Anglo-Saxon cemeteryEvent code: ARC CXT 98HS1 chainage: 50+000NGR: TQ 7200 6735Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Detailed excavationStart of fieldwork: July 1998End of fieldwork: September 1998Integrated Site Report reference: Mackinder 2006 Map Window 10

Two principal phases of activity were recorded at the site,which was found on the north-west bank of the River Medway:Traces of an Early–Middle Iron Age settlement comprisedevidence for a possible hut within an enclosure and a number oflarge pits. The Iron Age site was overlain by an Anglo-Saxon cemetery,

in use from c AD 580 to 700. The cemetery exhibited a mix of‘pagan’ and Christian features. For example, the prominentposition of the cemetery on a terrace overlooking the RiverMedway, perhaps overlooking the settlement, and the inclusionof grave goods with some of the interments, being ‘pagan’characteristics. On the other hand the grave alignments, whichtend towards an east-west orientation, and the inclusion of twoworkboxes/reliquaries with Christian symbols attest toChristian influence. Skeletal remains of 35 individuals were identified, including

one individual too poorly preserved for analysis purposes. Themajority of the assemblage (77% or 27 individuals) was poorlypreserved. All burials were from stratigraphically distinctgraves containing a single individual, with the exception of 303which contained an adult burial and a single intrusive juveniletooth crown. The remains comprise 24 adults (70% of thoseanalysed), five juveniles (15%), four infants (12%) and animmature individual of unknown age, categorised as ‘infant-juvenile’ (3%) between 2 and 9 years at death. Of those individ-uals for which it was possible to determine the sex, 18% (24%of the adults) were female, or probably female, 18% (25% ofthe adults) male, and the remainder unsexed 35% (51% of theadults).


ARC 330 98Zone 5

48+5

00

49+000

49+500

Great Wood

Cobham Golf Course

571000

571500

572000

572500

168000

168500

ARC 330 98Zone 6

ARC 350 / 410 99Medway Crossing

50+000

50+500

51+000

Cuxton Anglo-Saxoncemetery

South of Medway

Cuxton

Nashenden Valley

571500

572000

572500

573000

166500

167000

Map Window 10

Map Window 9


ARC 410 99

51+500

52+000

52+500

NashendenValley

NashendenValley

NashendenFarm

South of Medway

Nashenden Valley

572500

573000

573500

165500

166000

Map Window 11

There were nine weapon burials, all with spears, and four ofthese also had shields. Thirty knives were recovered, but onlyone (<82>, cxt 300) was close to the typical length of a seax.Five graves had no accompanying artefacts, though one ofthese (361) had been disturbed by metal detectorists prior toexcavation. The majority of the finds recovered from the graves are

thought to have originated in Kent, two of the burialscontaining Kentish type triangular buckles. The distinctivepenannular ditches around 11 of the graves also appear to be aKentish phenomenon, though they do occur elsewhere insouthern England.

PROJECT AREA 350/410This watching brief Project Area includes all permanent andtemporary land-take associated with construction of HS1, fromwest of the Medway Crossing to the Pilgrim’s Way. Thisincludes the trace (at grade, within cuttings and on embank-ments), bridges and associated works (mitigation earthworks,construction sites, transformer stations etc.).Project Area 350, which consists of the Medway Crossing

and a 650m stretch of the route on ether side of the river,extends from NGR TQ 7200 6770 to NGR TQ 7265 6660.This report considers only the 650m section to the south-east ofthe river, which ranges from c 45m to 90m in width. No signif-icant archaeological discoveries were made. Opportunities foruseful observation during construction of the crossing werevery limited. Project Area 410 extends for a distance of 7.2km from NGR

TQ 7265 6660 to TQ 7540 6000. The total width of thelandtake area in this section ranges from c 45m to c 300m

(generally c 200m). Areas previously subject to detailed or strip,map and sample excavation were excluded from the works, aswere areas of known large-scale modern disturbance (asdetailed in the WSI). No significant individual discoveries weremade in this route section. The results from a targeted watchingbrief during the cutting of the Pilgrim’s Way is fully integratedwith the White Horse Stone excavation results, so is not listedseparately below.

PRINCIPAL SITE: NASHENDEN VALLEYProject Area 410Chainage limits: 51+000 - 57+500Parishes crossed: RochesterPX assessment report reference (No ISR): URS 2000 Map Windows 11–12

Fieldwork event: South of Medway, Rochester Event code: ARC MED 98HS1 chainage: 51+300NGR: TQ 7270 6650Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: July 1998End of fieldwork: July 1998Evaluation report reference: OA 1998dMap Window 11

The evaluation comprised a total of 10 trenches. The onlyarchaeological feature identified was a ditch of recent origin.The trenches typically revealed a silty Loessic deposit(Swanscombe Loam), although other Pleistocene deposits


were recorded, including Valley gravels and Clay-with-Flints. Colluvium of Holocene date was recorded in alltrenches.

Fieldwork event: Nashenden Farm, RochesterEvent code: URL 93HS1 chainage: 51+500 - 51+900NGR: TQ 7285 6594Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Surface artefact collection surveyStart of fieldwork: 1993End of fieldwork: 1993Survey report reference: URL 1995Map Windows 11–12

Fieldwork event: Nashenden Valley, RochesterEvent code: URL 93HS1 chainage: 51+900 - 53-000NGR: TQ 7285 6594Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Surface artefact collection surveyStart of fieldwork: 1993End of fieldwork: 1993Survey report reference: URL 1995Map Windows 11–12

Fieldwork event: Nashenden Valley, RochesterEvent code: ARC NSH 97HS1 chainage: 52+200NGR: TQ 7325 6560Contractor: Wessex ArchaeologyType of investigation: Evaluation

Start of fieldwork: May 1997End of fieldwork: May 1997Evaluation report reference: WA 1997bMap Window 11

The evaluation comprised a total of 24 trenches, and revealeda very small number of features, predominantly modern or ofnatural origin. Colluvial deposits were identified within thevalley floor, including a basal horizon containing both Earlyand Late Bronze Age pottery. Burnt flint from the interfacebetween colluvium and underlying chalk meltwater depositsprovided a thermoluminescence date of 790 +/- 350 BC. A soil horizon, located within chalk meltwater deposits,remains undated, but studies elsewhere would suggest that itprobably originates in the late glacial Allerød chronozone (c 11,000 BP).

Fieldwork event: Nashenden Valley, RochesterEvent code: ARC NSH 98HS1 chainage: 52+200NGR: TQ 7325 6560Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Detailed excavationStart of fieldwork: September 1998End of fieldwork: September 1998Map Window 11

An enlarged trench at the location of the colluvial sequencereferred to above was designed to investigate and sample theAllerød soil and any other deposits with palaeoenviron-mental potential. The section revealed a Holocene colluvialsequence and Pleistocene Coombe rock deposits, but the

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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

ARC 410 99

Upper Nashenden Farm

53+000

53+500

54+000

Little Monk Wood

Nashenden Valley

Upper NashendenFarm

Nashenden Valley

Nashenden Valley

573000

573500

574000

164500

165000

Map Window 12

M


Allerød soil horizon recorded in the evaluation was notidentified.

Fieldwork event: Little Monk Wood, Wouldham Event code: ARC MON 98HS1 chainage: 53+200NGR: TQ 7350 6460Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: August 1998End of fieldwork: August 1998Evaluation report reference: OA 1998cMap Window 12

The evaluation comprised a total of 23 trenches, and recordeda sequence of solifucted chalk, a late glacial soil horizon andHolocene colluvium. No archaeological features were located,although struck flint, burnt flint and a single sherd of LateBronze Age pottery was recovered from a deposit near to thebase of the colluvial sequence.

Fieldwork event: Upper Nashenden Farm, RochesterEvent code: ARC NSH 95HS1 chainage: 53+500NGR: TQ 6450 6560Contractor: Bartlett-ClarkeType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: 1996End of fieldwork: 1996Survey report reference: ABA 1996aMap Windows 12

Fieldwork event: Upper Nashenden Farm, WouldhamEvent code: ARC NFM 97HS1 chainage: 53+700NGR: TQ 7350 6400Contractor: Wessex ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: 28th May 1997End of fieldwork: 30th May 1997Evaluation report reference: WA 1997eMap Window 12

The evaluation revealed a small number of archaeologicalfeatures, including an undated lynchet, a ditch of probableprehistoric date, two modern building platforms and a numberof natural periglacial features. A sequence of up to threecolluvial deposits was identified within the valley floor, theprimary horizon producing a single sherd of 13th-centurypottery. A Mesolithic or Early Neolithic flint pick wasrecovered from the topsoil.

PRINCIPAL SITE: WHITE HORSE STONEProject Area 410 / 420Chainage limits: 57+500 - 60+000Parishes crossed: Aylesford, BoxleyIntegrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006aMap Windows 13–14

Fieldwork event: White Horse Stone, Aylesford Event code: ARC WHS 97HS1 chainage: 57+800NGR: TQ 7530 6041Contractor: Oxford Archaeology

Type of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: April 1997 End of fieldwork: May 1997Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006aEvaluation report reference: OA 1997kMap Window 13

The evaluation comprised a total of 36 trenches and a singlemachine-excavated test pit and was located in a dry valley atthe foot of the North Downs escarpment, immediately adjacentto the reputedly megalithic monuments of the White HorseStone and Smythes’ Megalith. The four trenches in the upperpart of the valley bottom revealed a thin scatter of archaeolog-ical features. Most were boundary or drainage ditches of LateBronze Age/Early Iron Age date. There was little evidence forsurviving archaeological deposits on the western valley slope, orin the central part of the valley bottom.Thick hillwash deposits were present in the bottom of the

valley, becoming deeper towards the southern end, where theywere banked up against the boundary formed by the Pilgrim’sWay. There was no conclusive evidence that any of thenumerous sarsen boulders discovered in the valley bottom hadbeen utilised, although several occurred in close proximity toarchaeological features, and many may have been visiblefeatures in the prehistoric landscape. An extensive buried soil horizon, cut by ditches and a large,

shallow pit, was identified in five trenches in the south-eastcorner of the site, sealed beneath as much as 1.2m of hillwash.Although the archaeological features were undated, both theburied soil horizon through which they were cut, and theoverlying hillwash, yielded small quantities of Late BronzeAge/Early Iron Age pottery. The evaluation also investigated the possible line of the

Roman Road between Rochester and Hastings. No evidencewas found to support or disprove the identification.

Fieldwork event: White Horse Stone, AylesfordEvent code: ARC WHS 98HS1 chainage: 57+800NGR: TQ 7530 6041Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Detailed ExcavationStart of fieldwork: August 1998End of fieldwork: March 1999Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006aMap Window 13

The remains of two Early Neolithic, post-built, rectangularstructures were found sealed below an Iron Age ploughsoil.Both were associated with very small assemblages offragmented finds, including small Plain Bowl sherds, flint,animal bone, charred plant remains and charcoal.Radiocarbon dates suggest they date from 4110–3530 cal BC.Although some of the postholes associated with thesestructures cut tree-throw holes, there is little evidence for anypreceding activity. Residual Decorated Bowl sherds suggestactivity slightly later in the Early Neolithic. Middle Neolithicactivity is evidenced by finds of Mortlake-style PeterboroughWare from two small groups of shallow pits near to one of theEarly Neolithic structures. Two small, round, post- and stake-built structures probably date from the Late Neolithic. Theywere associated with numerous groups of pits distributedwidely across the sites. The pits contained varied assemblagesconsisting of Clacton-style Grooved Ware, worked flint,animal bones, charred plant remains, charcoal, fired clay, a

polished ironstone ball and possibly cremated humanremains.A settlement, characterised by numerous four-post

structures and pits, was occupied in the Early–Middle IronAge. The pits around this settlement are characterised bydiffering kinds of finds, which include a cremation burialassociated with a set of iron tools, iron-working and produc-tion debris, human burials and disarticulated remains, as wellas large quantities of pottery, animal bone and charred plantremains. In the Late Iron Age–Early Roman period a series oftrackways was laid out across the site. A trackway that mayhave formed part of the Rochester to Hastings Roman roadwas also identified.

Fieldwork event: Pilgrim’s Way, BoxleyEvent code: ARC PIL 98HS1 chainage: 58+000NGR: TQ 7525 6030Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: July 1998 End of fieldwork: August 1998 Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006aEvaluation report reference: OA 1998eMap Window 13

The evaluation comprised a total of 13 trenches. The features inthis area comprised six pits, a cremation burial, and twoditches. Both ditches produced Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Agepottery. The cremation burial contained a flat-topped bone pin,which indicates a date in the Iron Age or Roman period. Noneof the other pits produced artefactual evidence. However, two

contained fragments of broken sarsen, which suggests that thepits may be the result of removing sarsen boulders from theploughsoil. A buried soil was identified in three of the trenches. Two

small pottery sherds were recovered from the buried soil, andwhile the dating of these sherds is inconclusive, an Iron Agedate is likely.

Fieldwork event: Pilgrim’s Way, BoxleyEvent code: ARC PIL 98HS1 chainage: 58+000NGR: TQ 7525 6030Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Detailed excavationStart of fieldwork: October 1998End of fieldwork: February 1999Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006aMap Window 13

A possible Early Neolithic structure similar to that at WhiteHorse Stone was located in the south-eastern corner of the site. The distribution of Late Neolithic features recordedat White Horse Stone extended into the western side of the Pilgrim’s Way site, but no definite structures could beidentified.A distinct cluster of 81 postholes and two pits dating from

the Middle Bronze Age was found near the centre of the site,and included a roughly rectangular structure. A second clusterof postholes near the eastern edge of the Pilgrim’s Way site alsocontained a possible circular structure.The trackway that may have formed part of the Rochester to

Hastings Roman road also extended through this site.


ARC 410 99

ARC 420 99

57+500

58+000

58+500

White Horse Stone

Boarley Farm

Pilgrim's Way

West of Boarley Farm

White Horse Stone

575000

575500

576000

160000

160500

Map Window 13

A section cut across the Pilgrim’s Way shows that thetrackway at this location was probably Anglo-Saxon ormedieval in origin. A single female late Saxon burial was foundlying close to the Pilgrim’s Way. A corn-drier, dating from the12th–15th centuries, a holloway marking the parish boundary,and other features, provides the latest significant evidence foractivity on the sites.

PROJECT AREA 420Project Area 420 consists of all permanent and temporary land-take associated with construction of the HS1, from West ofBoarley Farm, Boxley (TQ 7530 6010) to East of LenhamHeath (TQ 9180 9200). This includes the railway trace (atgrade, within cuttings and on embankments), bridges andassociated works (mitigation earthworks, construction sites,transformer stations etc.). Areas previously subject to detailedor strip, map and sample excavation were excluded from themonitoring. Areas that were known not to contain significantdeposits (for example tunnels, and areas of known large-scalemodern disturbance) were also excluded. All watching brieffieldwork in this route section was undertaken by OxfordArchaeology. Significant individual discoveries are listed asfieldwork events below and in an interim report on the ADSwebsite (WB 2000a). Significant individual discoveries are the subject of Integrated Site Reports (cf. East of Hockers Lane;Eyhorne Street) and/or post-excavation assessments (cf West ofSittingbourne Road). Unlike the areas of chalk geology (ProjectArea 330), it was generally not possible to obtain a coherentfeature map under watching brief conditions except in ‘targetedwatching brief’ areas where soil stripping methods weremodified to an archaeological specification (in which excava-

tors were fitted with toothless ditching buckets, and dumptrucks were prohibited from running on stripped areas).

Fieldwork event: West of Boarley Farm, BoxleyEvent code: ARC BFW 98HS1 chainage: 58+400NGR: TQ 7560 5990Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavationStart of fieldwork: November 1998End of fieldwork: December 1998Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006aMap Window 13

Dispersed activity on this site included pits, postholes andanimal burials, the latter radiocarbon dated to the Mid-Saxonperiod.

Fieldwork event: Boarley Farm, Boxley Event code: URL 93HS1 chainage: 58+400 - 59+200NGR: TQ 7571 5946Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Surface artefact collection surveyStart of fieldwork: 1990End of fieldwork: 1990Survey report reference: URL 1995Map Windows 13–14

Fieldwork event: Boarley FarmEvent code: ARC BFM 97HS1 chainage: 58+400


59+5

00

60+0

00

West of Boxley Road

ARC 420 99

59+000

Boxley

Boarley Farm

Park Wood West

BoarleyLane

East of Boarley Farm

White Horse Stone

575500

576000

576500

577000

158500

159000

Map Window 14

M

NGR: TQ 7560 5990Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: April 1997End of fieldwork: May 1997Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006aEvaluation report reference: MoLA 1997lMap Windows 13–14

The evaluation comprised a total of 66 trenches, each measuring30m x 1.5m. Two areas of Late Iron Age–Early Roman occupa-tion were identified. The first was situated on high ground in thewestern part of the site and comprised two animal burials (a cowand a sheep), a posthole, pit and a ditch. The second area wassituated to the east of the site, on low ground, where a concen-tration of 34 postholes and four pits was recorded.A very large medieval/post-medieval quarry pit and a

boundary ditch were recorded on high ground to the south-west of Boarley Farm. To the east of Boarley Farm amedieval/post-medieval road appeared to be aligned NE-SWalong the edge of the site. This road may have connected BoxleyAbbey (to the south) with the Pilgrim’s Way (to the north) andmay predate Boarley Lane.

Fieldwork event: Boarley Lane, MaidstoneEvent code: ARC BOL 98HS1 chainage: 59+200NGR: TQ 7610 5930Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: December 1998End of fieldwork: December 1998Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006aEvaluation report reference: OA 1999dMap Window 14

A total of five trenches were excavated. A ditch, tree-throw holeand a possible erosion gully were revealed to the south-west ofthe site. All of these features contained Late Neolithic andBronze Age struck flints. The possible erosion gully alsocontained a single small, abraded sherd of prehistoric pottery,possibly Beaker. A very large feature at the south of the sitecould not be positively identified due to persistent flooding butit is likely to have been caused by erosion, close to the presentstream course. A small, undated pit and a large quarry pit,probably dating to the medieval period, were also recorded.

Fieldwork event: Boarley Lane, MaidstoneEvent code: ARC 420 99HS1 chainage: 59+000NGR: TQ 7600 5930Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Watching brief discoveryStart of fieldwork: November 1998End of fieldwork: September 2000Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006aWatching brief report reference: WB 2000aMap Window 14

An area 22m x 50m was excavated following the discovery ofa group of medieval features during construction earthworksnear Boarley Farm. The most significant aspect of these featureswas the large assemblage of mid to late 13th century potterythey contained. Although the precise function of the features isunclear it seems that they were associated with a now

demolished structure. No further traces of this structure werefound in the watching brief.

Fieldwork event: East of Boarley FarmEvent code: ARC BFE 99HS1 chainage: 59+200NGR: TQ 7625 5935Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Detailed excavationStart of fieldwork: January 1999End of fieldwork: January 1999Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006aMap Window 14

The trench was located within the trace of the rail link cutting,immediately to the south of an area of Late Iron Age/EarlyRoman activity, identified to the east of Boarley Farm duringthe evaluation, that was designated for preservation in situ. Asingle ditch, dated to the Late Iron Age/Early Roman period bya small pottery assemblage, and three undated postholes werethe only definite archaeological features identified. Otherfeatures and deposits which produced small quantities ofresidual Late Iron Age/Early pottery and worked flint, areinterpreted as resulting from colluvial erosion and deposition.

Fieldwork event: BoxleyEvent code: URL 90HS1 chainage: 59+200 - 60+050NGR: TQ 7629 5908Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Surface artefact collection surveyStart of fieldwork: 1990End of fieldwork: 1990Survey report reference: URL 1995Map Window: 14

Fieldwork event: Park Wood WestEvent code: URL 90HS1 chainage: 59+200 - 60+050NGR: TQ 7629 5908Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Surface artefact collection surveyStart of fieldwork: 1990End of fieldwork: 1990Survey report reference: URL 1995Map Window: 14

PRINCIPAL SITE: SITTINGBOURNE ROAD, BOXLEYProject Area 420Chainage limits: 60+000 - 62+200Parishes crossed: Boxley, DetlingPX assessment report reference (no ISR): URS 2000hMap Windows 14–15

Fieldwork event: West of Boxley Road, DetlingEvent code: ARC BXRW 95HS1 chainage: 60+400NGR: TQ 7710 5860Contractor: A Bartlett and AssociatesType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: 1995End of fieldwork: 1995Survey report reference: ABA 1996aMap Window 15



Fieldwork event: Boxley Road (West of), MaidstoneEvent code: ARC BXR 97HS1 chainage: 60+400NGR: TQ 7710 5860Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: May 1999End of fieldwork: May 1999Evaluation report reference: URS 2000h Map Window 15

The evaluation comprised a total of 22 trenches, and identifiedtwo ditches of Late Iron Age and Roman date, probablyrepresenting two phases of the same boundary, and a medievalboundary ditch.

Fieldwork event: Boxley Valley, DetlingEvent code: ARC BVX 95HS1 chainage: 60+900NGR: TQ 7740 5825Contractor: A Bartlett and AssociatesType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: 1995End of fieldwork: 1995Survey report reference: ABA 1996bMap Window 15

Fieldwork event: Boxley Road (East of), MaidstoneEvent code: ARC EBR 99HS1 chainage: 60+900NGR: TQ 7740 5825Contractor: Oxford Archaeology

Type of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: March 1999End of fieldwork: March 1999Evaluation report reference: OA 1999eMap Window 15

Twenty evaluation trenches were excavated in an area of c 13hectares. The only archaeological features discoveredcomprised a small number of shallow ditches mostly concen-trated toward the west end of the site and an irregular-linearfeature of uncertain function. The only finds recoveredconsisted of small fragments of post-medieval tile, burnt flintand four sherds of redeposited later prehistoric pottery. A largemajority, if not all, of the ditches appeared to be post-medievalin date, and their sterile fills suggested that they were mostprobably associated with drainage and field boundaries.

Fieldwork event: West of A249, DetlingEvent code: ARC DTGW 95HS1 chainage: 61+900NGR: TQ 7840 5790Contractor: A Bartlett and AssociatesType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: 1995End of fieldwork: 1995Survey report reference: ABA 1996aMap Window 15

Fieldwork event: West of Sittingbourne Road, MaidstoneEvent code: ARC WEA 99HS1 chainage: 61+900NGR: TQ 7840 5790

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ARC 420 99

Boxley Valley

West of A249

60+5

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East of Boxley Road

West of Boxley Road

West of Sittingbourne Road

Sittingbourne Road

577000

577500

578000

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Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: March 1999End of fieldwork: March 1999PX assessment report reference (no ISR): URS 2000h Map Window 15

The evaluation comprised a total of 19 trenches, and located asub-circular ditched enclosure dating from the 11th to early12th century. Other features on the site were post-medieval indate and included two ditches and a large quarry pit. A singleundated ditch was situated on the line of the boundary betweenthe parishes of Detling and Boxley.

Fieldwork event: West of Sittingbourne Road, MaidstoneEvent code: ARC WEA 99HS1 chainage: 61+900NGR: TQ 7840 5790Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Targeted watching briefStart of fieldwork: March 1999End of fieldwork: March 1999PX assessment report reference (no ISR): URS 2000h Map Window 15

A watching brief on earth-moving operations between Pilgrim’sWay and Lenham exposed a medieval sub-circular ditchedenclosure at West of Sittingbourne Road. Although the featureswere heavily truncated by archaeologically unsupervisedmachine stripping in the south-west quadrant of the enclosure,the investigation revealed the remnants of an entrance and threepits, two within the enclosure and one without. All contained11th–13th century pottery and small assemblages of animalbones and oyster shells. Subsoil stripping was rapidly haltedand the remainder of the enclosure fenced to prevent furtherdamage. The undamaged part of the site will be preservedoutside the permanent railway fenceline.

PRINCIPAL SITE: THURNHAM ROMAN VILLAProject Area 420Chainage limits: 62+200 - 66+350Parishes crossed: Detling, ThurnhamIntegrated Site Report reference: Lawrence 2006Map Window 16

Fieldwork event: East of Hockers Lane, DetlingEvent code: ARC EHL 99HS1 chainage: 62+800NGR: TQ 7920 5750Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: March 1999End of fieldwork: April 1999Integrated Site Report reference: Lawrence 2006Evaluation report reference: OA 1999hMap Window 16

The evaluation comprised a total of seven trenches. A cluster ofditches, gullies, pits and postholes was identified, some ofwhich were of Late Iron Age/Early Roman date and theremainder undated.

Fieldwork event: East of Hockers Lane, DetlingEvent code: ARC EHL 99

HS1 chainage: 62+800NGR: TQ 7920 5750Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Targeted watching briefStart of fieldwork: June 1999End of fieldwork: January 2000Integrated Site Report reference: Lawrence 2006Map Window 16

A series of curvilinear settlement enclosures probably datingfrom the 1st century BC to the mid-1st century AD was discov-ered by evaluation trenching and investigated during theconstruction programme as a targeted watching brief. Theresults are included in the Thurnham Roman Villa report (seebelow).

Fieldwork event: Honeyhills Wood, ThurnhamEvent code: ARC HHW 97HS1 chainage: 63+400NGR: TQ 7970 5720Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Earthwork surveyStart of fieldwork: March 1997End of fieldwork: March 1997Integrated Site Report reference: Lawrence 2006Map Window 16

A walkover survey identified a series of low ditch and bankearthworks in Honeyhills Wood. These were surveyed by OA in1997 and appeared to be part of a layout of rectilinearenclosures. The western ditch and bank alignment correspondsto the historical and existing parish boundary betweenThurnham and Detling. The other earthworks do not appear onany maps, possibly indicating that they were of some antiquityby the time the earliest maps of the area were drawn.

Fieldwork event: Honeyhills Wood, ThurnhamEvent code: ARC HHW 98HS1 chainage: 63+400NGR: TQ 7970 5720Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Detailed excavationStart of fieldwork: November 1998End of fieldwork: May 1999Integrated Site Report reference: Lawrence 2006Map Window 16

Trenches excavated in Honeyhills wood, immediately adjacentto the Thurnham villa complex, demonstrated that Romanoccupation did not extend into the wood, and strongly suggestthat the wood was in existence when the Iron Age settlementand later villa complex were established. The earthworks in thewood, which do not form a clear pattern, were very shallow andwere not associated with subsoil features. Insufficient artefactualmaterial was recovered to indicate their date of origin.

Fieldwork event: Thurnham Roman VillaEvent code: ARC THM 95HS1 chainage: 63+500NGR: TQ 7980 5720Contractor: StratascanType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: January 1995End of fieldwork: January 1995Integrated Site Report reference: Lawrence 2006


Survey report reference: Stratascan 1995Map Window 16

Resistivity and magnetometry surveys carried out at the site ofThurnham Roman villa revealed the main villa building andparts of the associated complex including a hitherto unknownaisled building, a number of small anomalies that may representsubsidiary structures or enclosures, and linear features that maybe the outer wall or palisade of the villa precinct.

Fieldwork event: Thurnham Roman villa and land south ofCorbier Hall, ThurnhamEvent code: ARC THM 96HS1 chainage: 63+500NGR: TQ 7980 5720Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: November 1996End of fieldwork: November 1996Integrated Site Report reference: Lawrence 2006Evaluation report reference: OA 1997jMap Window 16

The evaluation comprised a total of 23 trenches. The site of theScheduled Ancient Monument of Thurnham Roman Villa wasexamined together with a corridor to the south-east whichincluded land close to the Scheduled Ancient Monument ofmedieval Corbier Hall. The wall footings of the villa wererevealed, together with the footings of an aisled building 50mto the east and evidence of other structures in adjacent trenches.Archaeological deposits, including ditches, pits, cobbledspreads and building debris, were widespread in an area

extending for 200m NW-SE. Stratified deposits were foundunder the villa and aisled building, and in other areas on theslope of the knoll, but were generally absent elsewhere. Thepottery was nearly all dateable to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD,with a pre-conquest component almost certainly present. The‘moat’ of Corbier Hall was revealed.

Fieldwork event: Thurnham Roman villaEvent code: ARC THM 98HS1 chainage: 63+500NGR: TQ 7980 5720Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Detailed excavation and strip, map andsample excavationStart of fieldwork: November 1998End of fieldwork: June 1999Integrated Site Report reference: Lawrence 2006Map Window 16

The earliest evidence of human activity was represented byindividual flint artefacts distributed across the site. No signifi-cant in situ scatters were present although a single microlithpoints to an early presence on the site. The first substantiveremains were represented by an isolated large rampedwaterhole. This appears to be of Middle Bronze Age date (c1600–1100 BC) and contained a pin and a dagger of thatperiod, possibly deposited as part of a closing ritual when thefeature was back-filled. Evidence for permanent settlement first appears in the Late

Iron Age, first at Hockers Lane, followed by the establishmentof a large enclosed settlement at Thurnham. Activity at HockersLane consisted of a sequence of curving gully enclosures. Little


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ARC 420 99

Honeyhills Wood

East of Corbier Hall

East of Hockers Lane

Thurnham Roman Villa and Land South of Corbier Hall

Thurnham Roman Villa

South of Corbier Hall

Thurnham

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physical remains of structures survived within the enclosedarea, although a fairly large material culture assemblage pointsto probable domestic occupation from the second half of the2nd century BC at the earliest, extending up to the conquestperiod but probably not much beyond. Occupation at Hockers Lane may have been succeeded by, or

slightly overlapped with, the earliest settlement at Thurnham.This consisted of a large rectilinear enclosure of two phases,containing traces of two roundhouses and two four-poststructures, occupying an area of raised ground. The rectilinearenclosure was modified and extended c AD 60. At the sametime a Romanised proto-villa building, with a tiled roof andpainted plaster walls, was constructed as the settlement focus,complemented by a similar-sized possible temple building to thesouth. The pottery and other finds from this period hint atcontinuity of site ownership or tenure on either side of AD 43.Outside the enclosure, another possible religious or ritual focuswas present, in the form of a massive free-standing post, raisedon the approach to the entrance. The structural changes at thistime were accompanied by a large increase in the quantities ofcharred cereal remains deposited in features, indicating anintensification of agricultural production at the site.A larger stone-built villa replaced the proto-villa structure in

the early 2nd century, and the enclosure was extended andmodified at the same time. The stone villa was built over the topof the Iron Age enclosure ditch, which was deliberately in-filled.The replacement enclosure boundary was defined by substan-tial fences that enclosed the rear and side of the villa building.Slightly after the completion of the villa, an aisled building ofsimilar dimensions was constructed to the north-east. Theenclosure was also extended to the north, beyond the limit ofexcavation, and an evaluation trench in this area suggests thata further building may exist here. The possible temple was demolished in the later 2nd century,

and a large gated entrance was added, roughly central to theaxis of the villa. Possibly as part of these changes, or shortlyafter, a small bath house was added to the southern end of thevilla and a large square extension, with a forward projectingapse, was added to the northern end. Relatively good datingevidence places this work in the last quarter of the secondcentury. Further development included the construction of a14-post timber agricultural building outside the core enclosure. No further structural additions were made after the early 3rd

century, and later activity at the site is characterised by a distinctchange in the character of occupation. None of the boundarieswere maintained and the bath house was either demolished orallowed to collapse by the late 3rd century. At this point thecentral room of the villa was converted into a small smithy thatwas probably engaged in the recycling of collected scrap iron.The aisled building was no longer standing by the turn of the 3rdcentury and appears to have been deliberately demolished.However, the estate apparently continued to act as a focus ofagricultural production, as a corn-drier was built on the site ofthe 14-post building in the later Roman period. This featureappears to have been the main focus of activity on the site,particularly in the later part of the 4th century and producedlarge assemblages of associated charred cereals. Combined withthe general paucity of clear domestic occupation and associatedfinds assemblages, these developments suggest that the villaceased to function as a high status occupation site, possiblybeing subsumed into a larger estate by this time. A large ovenwithin the main villa building is the only clear evidence for lateRoman domestic occupation. The area of the corn-drier seems tohave provided the focus for continued ritual activity, as wildanimals were deliberately buried in the shaft of a well.

There is no evidence for occupation or land-use after thestart of the 5th century, until the establishment of Corbier Hallmoated manor (SAM KE 309) on the low lying ground to theeast of the former villa. Evidence from this area includes periph-eral features of the manor, containing artefacts of 12th to 13thcentury date. The moat ditch was maintained into the post-medieval period and incorporated into a system of post-medieval land drainage ditches. Post-medieval land use wascharacterised by pasture and woodland, until the intensificationof arable farming after the Second World War, when allupstanding features of Corbier Hall and the surroundingwoodland were removed and levelled.

Fieldwork event: South of Corbier HallEvent code: ARC CHS 95HS1 chainage: 63+800NGR: TQ 8015 5700Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of BradfordType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: 1995End of fieldwork: 1995Survey report reference: GSB 1995bMap Window 16

Detailed gradiometer and resistance surveys were undertaken.The resistance survey successfully located anomalies indicatingthe remains of the medieval moated manor site of Corbier Hall,a Scheduled Ancient Monument. Although a low resistanceanomaly suggestive of a moat have been recorded, interpreta-tion is confused by the known presence of an open drain visibleon OS maps. The gradiometry data was affected by modernferrous disturbance and identified no archaeological features.

Fieldwork event: East of Corbier Hall, ThurnhamEvent code: ARC CHE 95HS1 chainage: 64+200NGR: TQ 8030 5680Contractor: A Bartlett and AssociatesType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: 1995End of fieldwork: 1995Integrated Site Report reference: Lawrence 2006Survey report reference: ABA 1996aMap Window 16

PRINCIPAL SITE: SNARKHURST WOODProject Area 420Chainage limits: 66+300 - 68+100Parishes crossed: HollingbourneIntegrated Site Report reference: Diez 2006cMap Window 17

Fieldwork event: Crismill Lane, Maidstone Event code: ARC CSM 98HS 1 chainage: 64+500NGR: TQ 8175 5580Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: January 1999End of fieldwork: January 1999Integrated Site Report reference: Diez 2006cEvaluation report reference: OA 1999gMap Window 17



The evaluation comprised a total of nine trenches. A singleundated possible pit or ditch was uncovered.

Fieldwork event: Woodcut FarmEvent code: URL 90HS1 chainage: 64+400 - 65+700NGR: TQ 8200 5540Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Surface artefact collection surveyStart of fieldwork: 1990End of fieldwork: 1990Survey report reference: URL 1995Map Window 17

Fieldwork event: Land south of Snarkhurst Wood,HollingbourneEvent code: ARC SNK 95HS 1 chainage: 65+100NGR: TQ 823 552Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: November 1995End of fieldwork: November 1995Integrated Site Report reference: Diez 2006cEvaluation report reference: OA 1996Map Window 17

The evaluation comprised a total of 19 trenches. A single pitcontaining Mesolithic or early Neolithic worked flint wasidentified, and Iron Age and early Roman features of possiblydomestic character.

Fieldwork event: Land south of Snarkhurst Wood,HollingbourneEvent code: ARC SNK 99HS 1 chainage: 65+100NGR: TQ 8230 5520Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavationStart of fieldwork: January 1999End of fieldwork: February 1999Integrated Site Report reference: Diez 2006cMap Window 17

The excavation produced evidence for a settlement of Late IronAge and Early Roman date. Features included rectangular andsub-rectangular enclosure ditches and several postholestructures, including one small, circular building with a centralpost and five four-post structures. Other evidence for occupa-tion included a small kiln or furnace associated with metal -working slag, and several storage or rubbish pits. Burialevidence was restricted to a single cremation. The features wereoverlain by elements of the post-medieval field system and apossible trackway.

PRINCIPAL SITE: EYHORNE STREETProject Area 420Chainage limits: 68+100 - 68+500Parishes crossed: HollingbourneIntegrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006bMap Window 18

64+0

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00

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00

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ARC 420 99

West of Eyhorne Street

Woodcut Farm

Crismill Lane

South of Snarkhurst Wood

Snarkhurst Wood

581500

582000

582500

155000

155500

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Fieldwork event: West of Eyhorne Street Event code: ARC ESTW 95HS1 chainage: 68+000NGR: TQ 8350 5430Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of BradfordType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: 1995End of fieldwork: 1995Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006bSurvey report reference: GSB 1995cMap Window 18

Although some areas of enhanced response were noted, theywere most likely to be due to modern disturbance or localisedcontamination.

Fieldwork event: East of Eyhorne StreetEvent code: ARC ESTE 95HS1 chainage: 68+400NGR: TQ 8350 5430Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of BradfordType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: 1995End of fieldwork: 1995Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006bSurvey report reference: GSB 1995cMap Window 18

Survey of the western half of the site was hindered by modernferrous debris on the surface and in the topsoil. Given the levelsof magnetic noise, it is unlikely that scanning would havelocated weaker responses of possible archaeological interest, if

present. The eastern half was much quieter magnetically andscanning located several responses of possible interest.

Fieldwork event: South-East of Eyhorne StreetEvent code: ARC SEE 99HS1 chainage: 68+000NGR: TQ 8350 5430Contractor: Wessex ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: May 1999 End of fieldwork: May 1999 Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006bEvaluation report reference: WA 1999bMap Window 18

The evaluation revealed a total of fourteen features anddeposits of archaeological interest, including six ditches, three pits, one posthole, one tree-throw and an extant lynchet earthwork. Of the datable features, one ditch appearsto be post-medieval in date, whilst the remainder have beenidentified as Late Bronze Age, with the exception of a tree-throw producing a small quantity of Late Iron Age/Romanpottery.

Fieldwork event: SE of Eyhorne StreetEvent code: ARC 420 99HS1 chainage: 68+200NGR: TQ 8350 5430Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Watching brief discovery Start of fieldwork: November 1998End of fieldwork: September 2000


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ARC 420 99

West of Eyhorne Street

East of Eyhorne Street

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00

South-East of Eyhorne Street

Eyhorne Street

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Integrated Site Report Reference: Hayden 2006bMap Window 18

This watching brief revealed artefacts and features dating fromat least five phases of activity, the most significant of which datefrom the Neolithic and the Iron Age. The earliest activities onthe site are represented by two residual Mesolithic microlithsand by a small number of residual Early–Middle Neolithicsherds. Probable Neolithic worked flint was found in a groupof pits and a tree-throw hole. A quite dense scatter of tree-throw holes was excavated along the western side of the site.This worked flint provides the only dating evidence for thesefeatures. They need not, however, all be of the same date. Adistinct group of smaller, circular tree holes, perhaps derivingfrom deliberate clearance of small trees or shrubs, may post-date this phase. Two pits provide evidence for Late Neolithicactivity (c 2900–2500 cal BC) associated with Grooved Ware.One of these pits was distinguished by an unusual depositcontaining decorated Grooved Ware, a decorated clay object,and a charred crab apple. A pair of small pits containing verysmall quantities of possibly residual cremated human remains,charred hazelnuts, and Beaker sherds, and another, moredistant pit provide evidence for activity between c 2300 and1900 cal BC. Following this, activity on the site resumed onlyin the Early and Middle Iron Age (c 600–200 cal BC). Theevidence from this phase consists of some very shallow ditches,a sequence of hollows, and eight pits which may have lain at theedge of a more extensive settlement. As well as rich deposits ofcharred grain and pottery, and a little animal bone, the pits alsocontained more exceptional material: a bent iron dagger, asmall ceramic cup either imported from or imitating potteryfrom the Champagne region, and a bowl which was neatly cutin half. Later activity is represented by a post-medieval ditch.

PRINCIPAL SITE: HOLM HILL, HARRIETSHAMProject Area 420Chainage limits: 68+500 - 73+000Parishes crossed: Hollingbourne/ HarrietshamIntegrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006bMap Windows 19–20

Fieldwork event: A20 Diversion Holm Hill Event code: ARC HOL 98HS1 chainage: 70+000NGR: TQ 8480 5330Contractor: Wessex ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: January 1999End of fieldwork: January 1999Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006bEvaluation report reference: WA 2004aMap Window 19

The evaluation comprised a total of 39 trenches measuring 30mx 1.8m and two measuring 15m x 1.8m. The evaluationrevealed evidence of Late Bronze Age and Roman activity at thesite, generally focussed on the main sand ridge crossing the siteand the lower ground to the south-east respectively. Insufficientevidence was recorded to characterise the nature of the possiblesettlement remains.The absence of significant quantities of finds may suggest

that occupation during the Late Bronze Age or Roman periodswas not particularly intensive in the immediate area. However,the small concentration of Late Bronze Age pottery and worked

flint associated with the features in the general area of trench3603TT may be considered as more representative of settlementevidence for this period, whilst Roman settlement evidence maybe centred on trench 3528TT. The features in the latter trenchmay be associated with a cropmark complex previously notedin this area.Other features and finds of note include a possible ditch or

palaeochannel that has produced a small assemblage of earlyprehistoric (ie Mesolithic/earlier Neolithic) worked flint; a largespread of burnt colluvium that may be associated with a formerbrick industry in the area (suggested by place-name evidence);and stray finds such as a Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Agebullhead flint knife recovered from a topsoil context.

Fieldwork event: A20 Diversion Holm HillEvent code: ARC HOL 99HS1 chainage: 70+000NGR: TQ 8480 5330Contractor: Wessex ArchaeologyType of investigation: Detailed excavation Start of fieldwork: March 1999End of fieldwork: April 1999PX assessment report reference (no ISR): URS 2001eMap Window 19

Although relatively few datable artefacts were recovered,sufficient evidence does exist to indicate Early Bronze Age, LateBronze Age/Early Iron Age, Iron Age, Roman, medieval andpost-medieval activity at the site. However, the paucity ofdatable remains from excavated features restricts opportunitiesto confidently characterise the nature of such activity

Fieldwork event: Harrietsham Event code: ARC HRT 95HS1 chainage: 71+500NGR: TQ 8635 5250Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of Bradford Type of investigation: Geophysical survey Start of fieldwork: 1994End of fieldwork: 1994Survey report reference (no ISR): GSB 1995dMap Window 20

Although the magnetic susceptibility varied across this transect, itappeared to be attributable primarily to recent land use andtopsoil contamination. One cluster of enhanced readingscorresponded to an anomaly located during scanning that may bearchaeologically significant but the lack of associated responsesmakes an archaeological interpretation tentative.

Fieldwork event: Harrietsham MesolithicEvent code: ARC HRT 97HS1 chainage: 71+000 and 71+600NGR: TQ 8590 5270 and TQ 8640 5250Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Type of investigation: Evaluation Start of fieldwork: September 1997End of fieldwork: September 1997Evaluation report reference (no ISR): OA 1997gMap Window 20

Sixteen one-metre square test-pits were hand excavated to deter -mine the location, extent and composition of any Meso lithiclithic concentrations. The test-pits did not produce the quantityof Mesolithic flints consistent with the earlier recorded flint



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00

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A20 Diversion Holm Hill

A20 Diversion Holm Hill

Holm Hill

584500

585000

585500

153000

153500

71+5

00

72+0

00

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00

ARC 420 99

Harrietsham

71+0

00

Harrietsham East Street

Harrietsham Mesolithic

Holm Hill

586000

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Map Window 19

scatters in Harrietsham, the bulk of the 194 pieces of workedflint recovered appearing to be Neolithic in date and much ofthis probably later Neolithic. Colluvial deposits containingmedieval pottery were identified on the slopes down to the river.

Fieldwork event: Harrietsham East StreetEvent code: ARC HES 98HS1 chainage: 72+200 NGR: TQ 8690 5220Contractor: Wessex Archaeology Type of investigation: Evaluation Start of fieldwork: January 1999End of fieldwork: January 1999Evaluation report reference (no ISR): WA 1999dMap Window 20

The evaluation comprised a total of seven trenches. Eightarchaeological features were recorded, predominantly concen-trated within the trenches in the south-east half of the site. Theseinclude four ditches and a gully, all undated, a post-medievalpalaeochannel and a further two undated palaeochannels.

PRINCIPAL SITE: SANDWAY ROAD, LENHAMProject Area 420Chainage limits: 73+000 - 74+700Parishes crossed: LenhamIntegrated Site Report reference: Trevarthen 2006Map Window 21

Fieldwork event: SandwayEvent code: ARC SND 95

HS1 chainage: 74+000 NGR: TQ 8830 5100Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of BradfordType of investigation: Geophysical survey Start of fieldwork: 1994End of fieldwork: 1994Integrated Site Report reference: Trevarthen 2006Survey report reference (no ISR): GSB 1995iMap Window 21

Although scanning identified a few anomalies of possiblearchaeological interest, their association with obviously ferrousresponses casts some doubt on such an interpretation. Theresults of the magnetic susceptibility survey showed a great dealof variation. While some of this may be attributable to archae-ological factors, recent land use seems to be a more probablecause.

Fieldwork event: West of SandwayEvent code: ARC SNDW 95HS1 chainage: 73+600 NGR: TQ 8800 5120Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of BradfordType of investigation: Geophysical survey Start of fieldwork: 1994End of fieldwork: 1994Integrated Site Report reference: Trevarthen 2006Survey report reference (no ISR): GSB 1995iMap Window 21

No indication of archaeologically significant responses wasidentified.


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00

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00ARC 420 99

West of Sandway

Sandway

Sandway

Sandway Road

Sandway Road

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151000

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Map Window 21


Fieldwork event: Sandway Road, nr SandwayEvent code: ARC SWR 98HS1 chainage: 73+500NGR: TQ 8800 5150Contractor: Wessex ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: January 1999 End of fieldwork: January 1999Integrated Site Report reference: Trevarthen 2006Evaluation report reference: WA 1999hMap Window 21

The evaluation comprised a total of nine trenches. Four archaeo-logical features were recorded, comprising a probable tree-throwthat may be dated to the Middle Neolithic, a ditch and pit of prob -able Middle/Late Bronze Age date and an undated possible hearth.Pieces of worked flint and very occasional sherds of Bronze andIron Age pottery were recovered from colluvial deposits.

Fieldwork event: Sandway Road, nr SandwayEvent code: ARC SWR 99HS1 chainage: 73+500NGR: TQ 8800 5150Contractor: Wessex ArchaeologyType of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavationStart of fieldwork: April 1999End of fieldwork: May 1999Integrated Site Report reference: Trevarthen 2006Map Window 21

Mesolithic remains were recorded, comprising two scatters of

worked flint as well as a number of possible features within aconcentrated area located on a slight terrace in the west-facingslope of the area. The remains have produced over 7500 pieces ofworked flint, the majority of which would not be out of place in aLate Mesolithic assemblage. Earlier Neolithic evidence includeddated features and pottery in considerable quantities as residualfinds from a number of later features. Elements of the Mesolithicassemblage appear to be diagnostically Earlier Neolithic in origin,and the possibility exists that there may be a transition between thetwo periods at the site. Neolithic occupation appears to havecontinued into the Later Neolithic, and continuing into the EarlyBronze Age, at which point activity at the site appears to diminish,with the exception of at least one large Late Iron Age/Roman ditch.

Fieldwork event: SandwayEvent code: URL 90HS1 chainage: 73+500 - 74+650NGR: TQ 8830 5100Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Surface artefact collection surveyStart of fieldwork: 1990End of fieldwork: 1990Survey report reference: URL 1995Map Window: 21

PRINCIPAL SITE: CHAPEL MILL, LENHAMProject Area 420Chainage limits: 74+700 - 78+000Parishes crossed: LenhamPX assessment report reference (no ISR): URS, 2000dMap Windows 22–23

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ARC 420 99

Sandway74+5

Sandway

Chilston Park

West of Chapel Mill

Chapel Mill

Chapel Mill

589000

589500

590000

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Map Window 22

M

Fieldwork event: Chilston Park, Lenham Event code: ARC CHPK 95HS1 chainage: 74+700NGR: TQ 8910 5100Contractor: A Bartlett and AssociatesType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: 1995End of fieldwork: 1995Survey report reference: ABA 1996aMap Window 16

Fieldwork event: Chilston Park, LenhamEvent code: ARC CHPK 97HS1 chainage: 74+700NGR: TQ 8910 5100Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: October 1999 End of fieldwork: October 1999Evaluation report reference: OA 1997dMap Window 22

The evaluation comprised a total of 12 trenches. Two ditcheswere identified, one post-medieval and the other undated.

Fieldwork event: West of Chapel Mill, Lenham HeathEvent code: ARC WCM 97HS1 chainage: 76+000NGR: TQ 8990 5040Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: January 1999

End of fieldwork: January 1999Evaluation report reference: OA 1999fMap Window 22

The evaluation comprised a total of 12 trenches. An area ofmodern disturbance overlying a post-medieval ditch and twoundated pits were identified to the north-east of the LenhamHeath Road. Five undated, shallow linear features and anundated curving ditch were identified to the south-west ofLenham Heath Road.

Fieldwork event: Chapel Mill Event code: ARC CML 95HS1 chainage: 76+500NGR: TQ 9040 5000Contractor: A Bartlett and AssociatesType of investigation: Geophysical survey Start of fieldwork: 1995 End of fieldwork: 1995Survey report reference: ABA 1996bMap Window 23

Magnetic susceptibility and magnetometer surveys were carriedout, but in both surveys responses were relatively weak and areprobably the result of geological variations.

Fieldwork event: Chapel Mill, LenhamEvent code: ARC CML 97HS1 chainage: 76+500NGR: TQ 9040 5000Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Evaluation


!

77+0

00

77+5

00

ARC 420 99

Old and WaterStreet Cottages

76+0

00

76+5

00

Lenham Heath

Chapel Mill

West of Chapel Mill

Old and Water StreetCottages

Chapel Mill

590500

591000

591500

149500

150000

Map Window 23


Start of fieldwork: October 1997End of fieldwork: November 1997Evaluation report reference: OA 1997cMap Window 23

The evaluation comprised a total of 13 trenches. A single LateBronze Age pit containing a substantial amount of pottery andtwo Mid–Late Iron Age ditches were identified.

Fieldwork event: Chapel Mill, LenhamEvent code: ARC CML 99HS1 chainage: 76+500NGR: TQ 9040 5000Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavationStart of fieldwork: March 1999End of fieldwork: March 1999PX Assessment report reference (no ISR): OA 1999pMap Window 23

Two cremation burials, dated on the basis of a small amount ofpottery to the Iron Age, were discovered, as well as two linearboundary ditches.

Fieldwork event: Old and Water Street Cottages, LenhamEvent code: ARC WSC 99HS1 chainage: 74+700NGR: TQ 9060 4980Contractor: Canterbury Archaeological Trust Type of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: April 1999 End of fieldwork: May 1999Evaluation report reference: CAT 1997dMap Window 23

The evaluation comprised a total of five trenches. Four trencheswere devoid of any archaeological features and one trenchcontained the remnants of a collapsed stone wall and afragment of chalk floor, on the location of a ‘non domesticbuilding’ depicted on the Ordnance Survey map of 1867.

Fieldwork event: Old and Water Street Cottages, LenhamEvent code: ARC WSC 99HS1 chainage: 74+700NGR: TQ 9060 4980Contractor: Canterbury Archaeological Trust Type of investigation: Building surveyStart of fieldwork: 2001End of fieldwork: 2001Building survey report reference: Austin 2001Map Window 23

Fieldwork event: Lenham HeathEvent code: ARC LHT 95HS1 chainage: 77+700NGR: TQ 9150 4830Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of Bradford Type of investigation: Geophysical survey Start of fieldwork: 1995 End of fieldwork: 1995Survey report reference: GSB 1995eMap Window 23

Magnetometry and magnetic susceptibility surveys wereundertaken. No archaeological features were identified.

Fieldwork event: Lenham HeathEvent code: ARC LHT 97HS1 chainage: 77+700NGR: TQ 9150 4830Contractor: Wessex ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: December 1997 End of fieldwork: December 1997Evaluation report reference: WA 1998Map Window 23

The evaluation comprised a total of 12 trenches, and revealed asmall number of features, all of post-medieval or modern date.

PROJECT AREA 430The Project Area 430 watching brief included all permanentand temporary land-take associated with construction of theHS1 from East of Lenham Heath to Ashford (NGR TQ 91904920 to TR 0345 4050). This includes the railway trace (atgrade, within cuttings and on embankments), bridges andassociated works (mitigation earthworks, construction sites,transformer stations etc.). Areas previously subject to detailedor strip, map and sample excavation were excluded from themonitoring. Areas that were known not to contain significantdeposits (for example tunnels, and areas of known large-scalemodern disturbance) were also excluded. All watching brieffieldwork in this route section was undertaken by OxfordArchaeology. Significant individual discoveries are listed asfieldwork events below and in an interim report on the ADSwebsite (URS 2000h). Significant individual discoveries are thesubject of Integrated Site Reports (cf Leda Cottages, Tutt Hill,Beechbrook Wood) and/or post-excavation assessments (cfLodge Wood). Unlike the areas of chalk geology (Project Area330), it was generally not possible to obtain a coherent featuremap under watching brief conditions except in ‘targetedwatching brief’ areas where soil stripping methods weremodified to an archaeological specification (in which excava-tors were fitted with toothless ditching buckets, and dumptrucks were prohibited from running on stripped areas).

PRINCIPAL SITE: BROCKTON FARMProject Area 430Chainage limits: 78+150 - 78+600Parishes crossed: CharingBuilding investigation report reference (no ISR): OA 2001aMap Window 24

Fieldwork event: Brockton Farm, Charing Event code: ARC BRO 98HS1 chainage: 78+400NGR: TQ 9205 4890Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: August 1997End of fieldwork: August 1997Building survey report reference: OA 1998bMap Window 24

The evaluation comprised a total of 19 trenches. Two gulliesthat were sealed by colluvium may have been prehistoric,although neither produced dating evidence. The remainingfeatures, predominantly pits, ditches and gullies, were probablyassociated with post-medieval agricultural activities.

Fieldwork event: Brockton Farm and Barn, Charing Event code: ARC BRO 00HS1 chainage: 78+400NGR: TQ 9205 4890Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Type of investigation: Building investigation (including archae-ology)Start of fieldwork: 2000End of fieldwork: 2000Building survey report reference: OA 2001aMap Window 24

Archaeological recording in advance of, and during the disman-tling of the Grade II Listed farmhouse at Brockton Farm(Charing Heath) revealed evidence for a fairly detailedreconstruction of a substantial 17th-century timber framedhouse built around a surviving brick stack. Within the easternsection of the 17th-century roof structure, elements of a pre-17th-century gabled wing were identified. The structuralevidence for a building of relatively high status has beensupported by documentary sources which would appear toindicate that Brockton Farm may in fact represent the originalmedieval manor house. In the late 18th century the plan of thehouse was enlarged to produce an approximately square planwith an attached pent-roofed extension to the south. The laterstructural development of the farmhouse has been tracedthrough an analysis of the fabric and a total of seven distinctphases of work have been identified. Of particular interest wasa ‘spiritual midden’ deposit retrieved from behind a studworkpartition wall at first floor level; the deposit comprised aselection of leather shoes, garments, personal objects and three‘mummified’ cats. Archaeological excavation proved disapp -

ointing in adding to our understanding of the building, any traceof early arrangements having been effectively destroyed byprevious phases of extension and alteration of the house. A majority of the 17th-century elements of the building were

salvaged during the demolition process and have been depositedwith the Weald and Downland Museum, Singleton.

PRINCIPAL SITE: HURST WOOD, CHARINGProject Area 430Chainage limits: 78+600 - 82+200Parishes crossed: CharingPX assessment report reference (no ISR): URS 2000fMap Windows 24–25

Fieldwork event: Charing HeathEvent code: ARC CHT 95HS1 chainage: 79+000NGR: TQ 9260 4860Contractor: A Bartlett and Associates Type of investigation: Geophysical survey Start of fieldwork: 1995 End of fieldwork: 1995Survey report reference: ABA 1996aMap Window 24

Fieldwork event: Hurst Wood, Charing HeathEvent code: ARC HWD 97HS1 chainage: 79+400NGR: TQ 9300 4850Contractor: Wessex Archaeology Type of investigation: Evaluation


79+0

00

79+5

00

ARC 430 99

Charing Heath

Brockton Farm

78+0

00

78+5

00

Brockton Farm

Hurst Wood

Brockton Farm

Hurst Wood

592000

592500

593000

148500

149000

Map Window 24

M

Start of fieldwork: October 1997 End of fieldwork: October 1997Evaluation report reference: WA 1997aMap Window 24

The evaluation comprised a total of 14 trenches, and revealedtwo shallow pits, a small gully, a shallow stake-hole and anirregular feature that may represent the truncated remains of athird pit. A concentration of worked flint, including a LateNeolithic/Early Bronze Age plano-convex flint knife, wasrecovered from topsoil contexts within the same area.

Fieldwork event: Hurst Wood, Charing HeathEvent code: ARC HWD 98HS1 chainage: 79+400NGR: TQ 9300 4850Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Type of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavationStart of fieldwork: September 1998 End of fieldwork: October 1998PX assessment report reference (no ISR): OA 1999rMap Window 24

Postholes and furrows were recorded that may have beenassociated with post-medieval hop cultivation. A number of pitsof uncertain date were excavated, many of which containedevidence of burning and may have been associated withcharcoal production, woodland clearance or some other formof woodland management.

Fieldwork event: Hurst WoodEvent code: URL 90HS1 chainage: 79+200 - 79+500NGR: TQ 9300 4840Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Surface artefact collection surveyStart of fieldwork: 1990End of fieldwork: 1990Survey report reference: URL 1995Map Window: 24

Fieldwork event: Hurst Wood WBGEvent code: ARC 430 99HS1 chainage: 79+500 to 79+950NGR: TQ 9330 4820Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Watching brief discovery Start of fieldwork: July 2001End of fieldwork: September 2001Watching brief interim report reference (no ISR): WB 2000bMap Window 24 (not illustrated)

Thirty-six 2nd World War concrete tank traps were discoveredbeneath a farm track. They were not in situ, and may have beenmoved from their original position during the construction ofthe M20.

Fieldwork event: Newlands Event code: URL 93HS1 chainage: 80+100 - 81+800NGR: TQ 9400 4880Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Surface artefact collection surveyStart of fieldwork: 1993End of fieldwork: 1993

Survey report reference: URL 1995Map Window: 25

Fieldwork event: East of Newlands, Charing HeathEvent code: ARC NEW 97HS1 chainage: 80+700NGR: TQ 9400 4780 Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Evaluation Start of fieldwork: April 1997End of fieldwork: May 1997Evaluation report reference (no ISR): MoLA 1997eMap Window 25

The evaluation comprised a total of 22 trenches. A possibletrackway and two field boundary ditches dating from theRoman period were recorded, as was medieval occupationcomprising features filled with domestic pottery and anoven/firepit. Post-medieval activity was represented by a rubblespread over the western field, presumably from refurbishmentsto the 17th century buildings which now form the existingNewlands Stud.

Fieldwork event: East of Newlands, Charing HeathEvent code: ARC NEW 98HS1 chainage: 80+700NGR: TQ 9370 4820Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Detailed excavation Start of fieldwork: September 1998End of fieldwork: September 1998Evaluation report reference (no ISR): OA 1999tMap Window 25

A possible Roman trackway, first identified by evaluationtrenching, was re-exposed and sectioned. Limited artefactualdating evidence was recovered, confirming the results of theevaluation.

Fieldwork event: East of NewlandsEvent code: ARC 430 99HS1 chainage: 80+100NGR: TQ 9360 4810Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Watching brief discovery Start of fieldwork: July 2001End of fieldwork: September 2001Watching brief interim report reference (no ISR): WB 2000bMap Window 25

A holloway that was first discovered during evaluation, andwhich may form part of the Roman road from Rochester toDover, was further investigated, and an abraded fragment ofsamian ware dating to the mid 2nd century was recovered fromthe stripped surface (80+100). Two badly disturbed Middle Iron Age cremation burials

with the remains of cremation urns were uncovered (79+950), and a shallow Middle Iron Age pit was discovered thatcontained a charcoal rich fill and pottery and may have been athird cremation pit that had been truncated by ploughing(79+950).

Fieldwork event: Newlands Stud to East of Pluckley RoadEvent code: ARC 430 99HS1 chainage: 81+200


NGR: TQ 9460 4760Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Watching brief discovery Start of fieldwork: July 2001End of fieldwork: September 2001Watching brief interim report reference (no ISR): WB 2000bMap Window 25 (not illustrated)

Two Late Iron Age pits were investigated that contained slag,charcoal and possible kiln debris. These features were severelyplough truncated and consequently poorly defined.

Fieldwork event: East of Pluckley Road Event code: ARC PRD 97HS1 chainage: 81+500NGR: TQ 9490 4750Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Evaluation Start of fieldwork: 9th May 1997End of fieldwork: 21 May 1997Evaluation report reference (no ISR): MoLA 1997kMap Windows 25–26

The evaluation comprised a total of 37 trenches. It revealeddispersed prehistoric quarrying, a Roman ditch, possibly associ-ated with a road, and three phases of medieval to post-medievalfield boundary ditches.

Fieldwork event: Leacon Lane Event code: ARC 430 99HS1 chainage: 81+870NGR: TQ 9525 4750

Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Watching brief discovery Start of fieldwork: July 2001End of fieldwork: September 2001Watching brief interim report reference (no ISR): WB 2000bMap Window 26

A concentration of 160 Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Ageworked flint was recovered in the area of Leacon Lane. An area30m x 20m was stripped under archaeological control to revealseven undated pits and a ditch that contained Early Romanpottery. Situated on higher ground to the north-east was a smallcluster of ten Late Iron Age or Early Roman pits.

Fieldwork event: Leacon LaneEvent code: ARC LLA 98HS1 chainage: 82+200NGR: TQ 9550 4750Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Evaluation Start of fieldwork: July 1998End of fieldwork: August 1998Evaluation report reference (no ISR): MoLA 1999dMap Window 26

The evaluation comprised a total of 17 trenches. A singleundated pit was identified.

Fieldwork event: Westwell LeaconEvent code: ARC WWL 98HS1 chainage: 82+600NGR: TQ 9620 4750


80+5

00

81+

000

81+

500

ARC 430 99

East of Newlands

80+0

00

Newlands

East of Pluckley Road

East of Newlands

Hurst Wood

593500

594000

594500

595000

147500

148000

Map Window 25

A

Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Evaluation Start of fieldwork: August 1998End of fieldwork: August 1998Evaluation report reference (no ISR): MoLA 1998jMap Window 26

The evaluation comprised a total of 23 trenches. Three undatedditches were recorded.

Fieldwork event: Westwell LeaconEvent code: URL 90HS1 chainage: 83+000 - 83+900NGR: TQ 9670 4740Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Surface artefact collection surveyStart of fieldwork: 1993End of fieldwork: 1993Survey report reference: URL 1995Map Window: 26

PRINCIPAL SITE: LEDA COTTAGESProject Area 430Chainage limits: 82+200 - 83+800Parishes crossed: WestwellIntegrated Site Report Reference: Diez 2006aMap Windows 26–27

Fieldwork event: Westwell Leacon Event code: ARC 430 99HS1 chainage: 83+300

NGR: TQ 9650 4740Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Watching brief discovery Start of fieldwork: July 2001End of fieldwork: September 2001Integrated Site Report Reference: Diez 2006aWatching brief interim report reference: WB 2000bMap Window 27 (within same watching brief strip as LedaCottages)

Four Late Iron Age pits were excavated, concentrated within anarea of 10m x 10m (83+300).

Fieldwork event: Leda Cottages, Charing Heath Event code: ARC 430 99HS1 chainage: 83+200NGR: TQ 9650 4740Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Watching brief discovery Start of fieldwork: July 2001End of fieldwork: September 2001Integrated Site Report Reference: Diez 2006aMap Window 27 (within same watching brief strip as WestwellLeacon)

The features recorded were principally of Roman date.However, a small assemblage of redeposited worked flint,ranging in date from the Mesolithic to the Bronze Age, was alsorecovered, suggesting some prehistoric activity in the area. Latepre-Roman Iron Age occupation was identified in the form of arectilinear enclosure, with two apparent entrances. Two four-post structures, yielding evidence of crop processing, and a few


82+

000

82+

500

83+

000

Leacon Lane

Westwell Leacon &Leda Cottages81

+5

00

Leacon Lane

Westwell LeaconLeda Cottages

East of Pluckley Road

Newlands

Leda Cottages

595000

595500

596000

596500

147000

147500

148000

Map Window 26

M

ARC 430 99

pits were identified within the enclosure. Evidence for ironsmelting activity was also tentatively attributed to this period,based on very limited evidence. One furnace was located withinthe main enclosure but the main cluster of features associatedwith this activity was situated 100m to the north, in closeproximity to the present-day stream. It was composed of fourfurnaces and three pits. Dating evidence associated with iron-working was very tenuous but quantities of slag found in fills offeatures of all phases indicate that this activity carried onthroughout the three phases of occupation. A second rectangularenclosure was dug, possibly in the second half of the 1st centuryAD, respecting the alignment of the earlier one, which wastherefore probably still in use. There were also a few pits andpostholes, a waterhole and a flint lined structure. A series of re-cuts, dated to the 2nd century AD, obliterated most of theoriginal ditches of this second enclosure. The last phase ofoccupation, from the second half of the 2nd century to AD 270,produced the largest assemblages of pottery. It was mostlyrepresented by a series of discrete features including a rectan-gular clay structure, several possible rubbish pits and postholesand two waterholes. The site appears to have been abandonedaround AD 250–270.

Fieldwork event: Leda Cottages, Charing HeathEvent code: ARC LED 98HS1 chainage: 83+600NGR: TQ 9670 4720Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Evaluation Start of fieldwork: August 1998End of fieldwork: August 1998Integrated Site Report Reference: Diez 2006a

Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1999eMap Window 26–27The evaluation comprised a total of 18 trenches. The onlyarchaeological feature identified was a pit of post-medieval date

PRINCIPAL SITE: TUTT HILLProject Area 430Chainage limits: 83+800 - 84+900Parishes crossed: WestwellIntegrated Site Report Reference: Brady 2006aMap Window 27

Fieldwork event: Tutt Hill, WestwellEvent code: ARC THL 95HS1 chainage: 84+000NGR: TQ 9720 4695Contractor: A Bartlett and Associates Type of investigation: Geophysical survey Start of fieldwork: 1995 End of fieldwork: 1995Survey report reference: ABA 1996aMap Window 27

Fieldwork event: Tutt Hill pill boxes, WestwellEvent code: ARC TUT 98HS1 chainage: 84+100NGR: TQ 9760 4670Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Type of investigation: Building investigation Start of fieldwork: 2000


!

83+5

00

84+0

00

84+500

Leda Cottages

ARC 430 99

ARC 430 99

Tutt Hill

83+

000

Tutt Hill

Westwell Leacon &Leda Cottages

Leda Cottages

Tut Hill pill boxes, Westwell

Leda Cottages

Tutt Hill

596500

597000

597500

146500

147000

147500

Map Window 27


End of fieldwork: 2000Building survey report reference: OA 2000bMap Window 27

Fieldwork event: Tutt Hill, WestwellEvent code: ARC TUT 98HS1 chainage: 84+100NGR: TQ 9720 4680Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: August 1998End of fieldwork: August 1998Integrated Site Report reference: Brady 2006aEvaluation report reference: MoLA 1998hMap Window 27

The evaluation comprised a total of nine trenches. An undatedstone wall foundation and ditch were recorded.

Fieldwork event: Tutt Hill, WestwellEvent code: ARC 430 99HS1 chainage: 84+500NGR: TQ 9760 4660Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Watching brief discoveryStart of fieldwork: March 1999End of fieldwork: August 1999Integrated Site Report reference: Brady 2006aMap Window 27

In the course of the watching brief, a concentration of archaeo-logical features was exposed at Tutt Hill. The small number offeatures recorded ranged in date from Middle Neolithicthrough to the Saxo-Norman period. These demonstrate asequence of activity of great length, with a possible hiatus ofactivity in the Early Iron Age and for most of the Late Romanand Saxon period. The earliest activity identified was in the form of pits that

belong to ephemeral and temporary occupation in the Early andMiddle Neolithic, followed by a probable period of woodlandclearance resulting in the deposition of a layer of colluvium.Four ring-ditches, that almost certainly belonged to roundbarrows, were constructed in the Late Neolithic to Early BronzeAge (Beaker) period. During the Middle and Late Bronze Agethe barrows became a focus for secondary burial (crematedremains) and other ritual offerings – some of which can beinterpreted as ‘closing’ deposits, and part of the landscape wasdivided and reorganised with the laying out of a field system.After a hiatus in occupation of about 200 years, the site was afocus for industrial activity during the Middle to Late Iron Age.A furnace and pits containing metalworking debris and cruciblefragments were clustered in the far north-west of the site and asingle pit deposit indicates either small-scale occupation orhints at associated settlement nearby. In the Late Iron Age to Early Roman period a single

cremation burial, again in the vicinity of the ring-ditches,suggests a reuse of the site for funerary activity and is anindicator that the barrow mounds were still extant. The lastactivity on a substantial scale took place during the Late IronAge, probably between 50 BC and AD 1, but the site wasrevisited at least once for the deposition of a cremation burialduring the Early Roman period.A pit dated to the early medieval period, represents ancillary

activity almost certainly related to the early phases of themanorial complex at Parsonage Farm, to the south-east.

PRINCIPAL SITE: PARSONAGE FARMProject Area 430Chainage limits: 84+900 - 85+250Parishes crossed: WestwellIntegrated Site Report Reference: Hill 2006Map Window 28

Fieldwork event: Parsonage Farm Event code: URL 90HS1 chainage: 85+000 - 85+200NGR: TQ 9800 4610Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Surface artefact collection surveyStart of fieldwork: 1990End of fieldwork: 1990Survey report reference: URL 1995Map Window: 28

Fieldwork event: West of Station Road, Parsonage Farm,WestwellEvent code: ARC PFM 97HS1 chainage: 85+000NGR: TQ 9800 4610Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: September 1997End of fieldwork: September 1997Integrated Site Report reference: Hill 2006Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1997gMap Window 28

The evaluation comprised a total of 19 trenches. It revealed thestone foundations of a rectangular building of medieval date,associated with a substantial artificial channel, possibly a moat.A number of pits of similar date were also recorded.

Fieldwork event: Parsonage Farm, WestwellEvent code: ARC PFM 98HS1 chainage: 85+150NGR: TQ 9805 4605Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Detailed excavationStart of fieldwork: September 1998End of fieldwork: March 1999Integrated Site Report reference: Hill 2006Map Window 28

Possibly the first human activity on the site was evidenced byworked timbers and brushwood forming a possible platform inthe bed of the stream, with pottery dated to the Late IronAge–Early Roman period. A possible mill leet or mill race datedby pottery to the period AD 1050–1150 was found, parallel toand possibly associated with the revetted edge of a natural stream.The main object of the excavation was the site of a moated

farmstead or manor-house, containing a hall and outbuildingsoccupied between c 1150–1350.

Fieldwork event: Station Road, WestwellEvent code: ARC SRD 95HS1 chainage: 85+300NGR: TQ 9790 4600 Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of BradfordType of investigation: Geophysical SurveyStart of fieldwork: 1995

End of fieldwork: 1995Survey report reference (no ISR): GSB 1995lMap Window: 28

Magnetometry and magnetic susceptibility surveys were carriedout. No archaeological features were identified.

PRINCIPAL SITE: BEECHBROOK WOODProject Area 430Chainage limits: 85+250 - 86+200Parishes crossed: WestwellIntegrated Site Report Reference: Brady 2006bMap Windows 28–29

Fieldwork event: Beechbrook Wood, WestwellEvent code: ARC BBW 98HS1 chainage: 86+000NGR: TQ 9850 4560Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: August 1998End of fieldwork: August 1998Integrated Site Report reference: Brady 2006bEvaluation report reference: MoLA 1997aMap Windows 28–29

The evaluation comprised a total of 39 trenches, eachmeasuring 30m x 1.5m. Fourteen trenches revealed archaeolog-ical features. The majority of features were linear field drainsand ditches dating predominantly to the Late Iron Age to EarlyRoman period. Several tree-throw holes and two possible

firepits were also identified. Several late prehistoric sherds andmedieval building material was found residually.

Fieldwork event: Beechbrook Wood, WestwellEvent code: ARC BBW 00HS1 chainage: 86+000NGR: TQ 9850 4560Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Type of investigation: Targeted watching brief and strip, mapand sampleStart of fieldwork: October 2000End of fieldwork: August 2001Integrated Site Report reference: Brady 2006bMap Window 28–29

The features recorded range in date from the Late Mesolithicthrough to the Middle Roman. A brief period of occupationduring the Late Mesolithic period is demonstrated by a utilisedtree-throw hole, which contained a large lithic assemblage andyielded a single radiocarbon date.Early Neolithic activity includes an isolated flint rich pit

deposit, which also contained a complete quern and the remainsof at least two plain bowls. Other Early Neolithic material wasrecovered as redeposited material from the ring-ditches of tworound barrows.The ring-ditches of four barrows were excavated, although

no direct evidence for human burial or extant earthworkssurvived. A complete Beaker was found in a pit within one ofthese ring-ditches and is interpreted as a possible votiveoffering. A radiocarbon date on a deposit of charred hazelnutsindicates that at least one of the remaining ring-ditches is ofsimilar Beaker period date.


85+500

86+000

ARC 430 99

Station Road

85+000

Beechbrook Wood

South of Beechbrook Wood

Parsonage Farm

Beechbrook Wood

Parsonage Farm

597500

598000

598500

599000

145500

146000

Map Window 28

M

During the Middle Bronze Age, two spatially separateactivity areas developed. One was a group of cremation burialsand pits and a possible building, possibly enclosed on two sidesby ditches. Activity in this area included metalworking. Thesecond comprised a group of pits contained large amounts offired clay, mainly from ovens or hearths, indicating cooking orcereal drying.The Late Bronze Age saw the development of an E-W and N-

S aligned field system. Several pits were also sited along theseboundaries. A cremation burial dating to this phase was cutinto the fill of the Mesolithic pit.Middle Iron Age activity was concentrated in the far south

east of the site. A double-ditched concentric settlementenclosure was constructed, the fills of which contained a veryimportant Middle Iron Age pottery assemblage. A group of pitswas situated c 100m to the east of the entrance. This type ofsettlement evidence is very rare for Kent at this date. Activity inthe west of the site is demonstrated by a fragmentary rectilinearenclosure, the function of which is not clear, but which mayhave been an animal corral.Two contemporaneous industrial enclosures containing

features such as furnaces and pits related to metalworkingactivity are assigned to the Late Iron Age to Early Romanphase. This activity may possibly be associated with a naturalspring. A small cremation burial cemetery was establishedjust outside the entrance of the Middle Iron Age enclosure,marking a change in function or the end of its use.Subsequently, the expansion and extended use of the area tothe south-west of the Middle Iron Age enclosure during thisphase included possible droveways and was probably nowfunctioning as a pastoral enclosure. Activity continued to thesouth-west of the Middle Iron Age enclosure and included the

construction of a new enclosure in the Roman period. Smallscale land division, cremation burial and pit digging was also undertaken. Use of the site probably ceased at aroundAD 250.

Sherds of medieval pottery, recovered from the subsoil,suggest peripheral activity related to the nearby ParsonageFarm and Yonsea Farm manorial complexes.

Fieldwork event: South of Beechbrook Wood, WestwellEvent code: ARC BWD 95HS1 chainage: 86+000NGR: TQ 9835 4540Contractor: A Bartlett and AssociatesType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: 1995End of fieldwork: 1995Integrated Site Report reference: Brady 2006bSurvey report reference: ABA 1996aMap Window 29

Fieldwork event: South of Beechbrook Wood, WestwellEvent code: ARC BWD 97HS1 chainage: 86+000NGR: TQ 9835 4540Contractor: Museum of London ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: September 1997End of fieldwork: September 1997Integrated Site Report reference: Brady 2006bEvaluation report reference: MoLA 1997aMap Window 29


!

86+500

ARC 430 99

Yonsea Farm

85+500

86+000

Beechbrook Wood

South of Beechbrook Wood

Yonsea Farm

Yonsea Farm, Hothfield

Beechbrook Wood

598000

598500

599000

145000

145500

Map Window 29

The evaluation comprised a total of eight trenches, excavatedacross the crop mark of a square enclosure or building identi-fied from aerial photographs. Archaeological features werefound within six of the eight trenches evaluated. These were allinterpreted as ditches and were dated to between the early 1stand mid 3rd centuries AD. Roman deposits were also found intwo rather ephemeral pits. No evidence of a structural naturewas recorded and building material finds were limited to onesmall piece of faced ragstone.

Fieldwork event: South of Beechbrook Wood, WestwellEvent code: ARC BWD 98HS1 chainage: 86+000NGR: TQ 9835 4540 Contractor: Museum of London ArchaeologyType of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavationStart of fieldwork: September 1998End of fieldwork: September 1998Integrated Site Report reference: Brady 2006bMap Window 29

Most of the site was covered by a series of enclosure ditches,postholes, firepits, storage and other pits, which appear tobelong to the Late Iron Age/Early Roman period. A single vesselpossibly containing cremated remains was recorded set into acut. It is possible that this vessel may be a Middle Bronze AgeDeverel-Rimbury urn.

PRINCIPAL SITE: YONSEA FARMProject Area 430Chainage limits: 86+200 - 86+500

Parishes crossed: HothfieldIntegrated Site Report Reference: Brady 2006bMap Window 29

Fieldwork event: Yonsea Farm, Hothfield Event code: ARC YFM97HS1 chainage: 78+400NGR: TQ 9850 4500Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: 1997End of fieldwork1997Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1997jMap Window 29

The evaluation comprised a total of six trenches. The southernarm of a possible moat was located, but on the western sideonly a shallow drainage ditch containing 19th century materialwas found. No buildings associated with the moat were identi-fied.

Fieldwork event: Yonsea Farm, Hothfield Event code: ASYON00HS1 chainage: 78+400NGR: TQ 9850 4500Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Type of investigation: Building investigation (including archae-ology)Start of fieldwork: 2000End of fieldwork: 2000Building survey report reference: OA 2000aMap Window 29


88+0

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Godinton Park

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87+500Lodge Wood

Lodge Wood

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Fieldwork event: Yonsea FarmEvent code: URL 91HS1 chainage: 86+300 - 86+600NGR: TQ 9870 4480Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Surface artefact collection surveyStart of fieldwork: 1991End of fieldwork: 1991Survey report reference: URL 1995Map Window: 29

PRINCIPAL SITE: LODGE WOOD, ASHFORDProject Area 430Chainage limits: 86+500 - 87+800Parishes crossed: AshfordPX Assessment reference (no ISR): URS 2000iMap Window 30

Fieldwork event: Godinton Park, Ashford Event code: ARC GPK95HS1 chainage: 87+500NGR: TQ 9900 4400Contractor: A Bartlett and AssociatesType of investigation: Geophysical SurveyStart of fieldwork: 1995End of fieldwork: 1995Evaluation report reference: ABA 1996aMap Window 30

Fieldwork event: Lodge Wood, AshfordEvent code: ARC LWD 98HS1 chainage: 87+500NGR: TQ 9900 4400Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: September 1998End of fieldwork: October 1998Evaluation report reference: OA 1999iMap Window 30

The evaluation comprised a total of five trenches. A pit and aditch were recorded that produced a small assemblage of IronAge and Roman pottery.

Fieldwork event: Lodge Wood, AshfordEvent code: ARC 430 99HS1 chainage: 87+500NGR: TQ 9900 4400Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Watching brief discoveryStart of fieldwork: July 1999End of fieldwork: September 2000PX assessment report reference: URS 2000iMap Window 30

A small group of archaeological features was recorded in thearea of Lodge Wood. The features comprised a ditch and twopits of Late Iron Age date, a medieval gully, two undatedditches and a posthole (the undated features are most likely tobe Iron Age). Although the number of features identified issmall, the presence of significant finds concentrations fromsome features suggests the presence of a Late Iron Age settle-ment focus in the near vicinity. Poor visibility during thewatching brief prevented recovery of a coherent site plan.

PROJECT AREA 440Project Area 440 comprised all permanent and temporary land-take associated with construction of HS1, extending for adistance of 15.5km, from North of Sevington Railhead toFrogholt (NGR TR 0350 4045 to TR 1810 3715). This includesthe trace (at grade, within cuttings and on embankments), bridgesand associated works (mitigation earthworks, construction sites,trans former stations etc.). Areas previously subject to detailed orstrip, map and sample excavation were excluded from the works.Areas that were known not to contain significant deposits (forexample tunnels, and areas of known large-scale modern distur-bance) were also excluded. All watching brief fieldwork in thisroute section was undertaken by Oxford Archaeology. Significantindividual discoveries are listed as fieldwork events below and inan interim report on the ADS website (URS 2003). Significantindividual discoveries are the subject of Integrated Site Reports (cfBower Road, North of Westenhanger Castle). Unlike the areas ofchalk geology on the HS1 route (Project Area 330), it wasgenerally not possible to obtain a coherent feature map underwatching brief conditions in this zone, except in ‘targetedwatching brief’ areas where soil stripping methods were modifiedto an archaeological specification (in which excavators werefitted with toothless ditching buckets, and dump trucks wereprohibited from running on stripped areas).

PRINCIPAL SITE: BOYS HALL BALANCING PONDProject Area 440Chainage limits: 92+000 - 93+250Parishes crossed: Ashford and SevingtonPX Assessment reference (no ISR): URS 2000aMap Window 31

Fieldwork event: 2 Boys Hall Road Event code: ARC BOY299HS1 chainage: 92+000NGR: TR 0258/4112Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Type of investigation: Building investigation (including archae-ology)Start of fieldwork: January 1999End of fieldwork: January 1999Building survey report reference (no ISR): OA 1999bMap Window 31

Structurally, No. 2 Boys Hall Road was not fully investigatedprior to its dismantling, since much of the historic fabric wasvisible within the building, and its interest was clearly apparent.The building is thought to have been constructed around 1600and reused some medieval timbers. The plan is of two bays, ofinterest as an unusual small version of the new post-medievalplan type of lobby-entrance house. It has rubble-stone wallingin the ground floor and gable ends with clay tile hanging overtimber framing in the first floor. There is a modern renderedbrick outshot on the north side which conceals an earlier timberframed jetty with original wattle and daub panels. The roof ispitched, clad in clay peg tiles with two hipped dormers. The excavations of the building footprint revealed five

development phases of 2 Boys Road. Evidence of early activity(Phase I) is very slight, and the length of time between thedemolition or abandonment of the medieval structures and theconstruction of the cottage (Phase II) is uncertain. The cottageis thought to have been built consecutively in the early to mid-16th century, and at a later phase possibly in the mid-late 16thcentury (Phase III), encountered further modfications. To therear of the house an extension or ancillary structure was added


in the early modern period (Phase IV), and a fireplace insertedin the late-18th or beginning of the 19th century. In the modernperiod (Phase V) the house was extended to the north-east andthe area around the cottage landscaped.

Fieldwork event: 4 Boys Hall Road Event code: ARC BOY499HS1 chainage: 92+000NGR: TR 0258/4112Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Type of investigation: Building investigationStart of fieldwork: May 1999End of fieldwork: May 1999Building survey report reference (no ISR): OA 1999cMap Window 31

The building would appear to originate, in the early 19thcentury, as a three-cell, in-line single-storey brick-builtstructure. The nature of the primary building remains uncertainthough the identification of a primary fireplace within thecentral room would appear to indicate a domestic function.This is perhaps supported by the evidence of a property surveyundertaken in advance of the construction of the railway whichdescribes the building as a ‘lodge’, related to No. 2 Boys HallRoad. In c 1890, the building was extended by the addition ofa first floor of timber stud construction clad externally withdecorative banded tiles and providing three additional rooms.Additional heating was provided in the central, first floor roomand by the construction of a second stack to the southern partof the building with fireplaces at ground and first floor levels.During the 20th century, a single-storey, pent-roofed bathroomextension was appended to the north elevation.

Fieldwork event: Boys Hall Road, Sevington RailheadEvent code: ARC BHR 97HS1 chainage: 92+200NGR: TR 0290 4100Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology ServiceType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: August 1997End of fieldwork: August 1997Evaluation report reference (no ISR): MoLA 1997bMap Window 31

The evaluation comprised a total of 16 trenches. The evaluationrevealed concentrations of Late Iron Age ditches, medievalditches and a small pit. A large ditch or pond was probablyassociated with the post-medieval Boys Hall Moat site.

Fieldwork event: Boys Hall Balancing PondEvent code: ARC BHB 99HS1 chainage: 92+700NGR: TR 0310 4070Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavationStart of fieldwork: April 1999End of fieldwork: May 1999PX assessment report reference (no ISR): URS 2000aMap Window 31

An excavation immediately to the west of Boys Hall Moatrevealed a group of four Late Iron Age/Roman cremations andfour linear features of similar date. Previous investigations haveprovided ample evidence for settlement of this date in the vicinity.Two large ditches, and a contemporary cobbled surface, are


!

92+0

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ARC 440 99

92+5

00

93+0

00

93+5

00

94+0

00

Sevington

Boys Hall Road, Sevington Railhead

North of Sevington Railhead

West of Blind Lane

Boys Hall Balancing Pond

2 and 4 Boys Hall Road

Boys Hall Balancing Pond

West of Blind Lane

603000

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almost certainly associated with the adjacent former medievalmanor house or the attached post-medieval garden (Boys HallMoat Scheduled Ancient Monument, Kent SAM 146).

Fieldwork event: Sevington RailheadEvent code: ARC SRH 95NGR: TR 0400 4050Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of BradfordType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: 1995End of fieldwork: 1995Survey report reference (no ISR): GSB 1995oMap Window 31

Fieldwork event: North of Sevington RailheadEvent code: ARC SRH 97HS1 chainage: 93+200NGR: TR 0370 4040Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology ServiceType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: November 1997End of fieldwork: November 1997Evaluation report reference (no ISR): MoLA 1998gMap Window 31

The evaluation comprised a total of 11 trenches. Two centres ofmedieval activity were identified, including possible buildings,and a post-medieval ragstone and mortar trackway.

Fieldwork event: SevingtonEvent code: URL 90HS1 chainage: 93+200 - 94+000NGR: TR 0400 4050Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Surface artefact collection surveyStart of fieldwork: 1990End of fieldwork: 1990Survey report reference: URL 1995Map Window 31

Fieldwork event: SevingtonEvent code: ARC 440 99HS1 chainage: 93+250 to 94+500NGR: TR 0350 4040Category: Watching brief discoveryStart of fieldwork: July 1999End of fieldwork: September 2000Interim report reference (no ISR): WB 2003Map Window 31 (not illustrated)

Two boundary ditches and a possible pathway, all dated late12th to 14th century, were excavated, and further ditches andundetermined features observed, as well as a post-medievalditch (93+300), a shallow ditch of probable Late Roman dateand a small pit dating from the late 12 to 13th century, and apottery spread of the same date. A number of worked flints ofMesolithic type were also recovered (94+100).

PRINCIPAL SITE: WEST OF BLIND LANEProject Area 440Chainage limits: 93+250 - 94+500Parishes crossed: SevingtonPX Assessment reference (no ISR): URS 2000bMap Windows 31–32

Fieldwork event: West of Blind Lane Event code: ARC BLN 95HS1 chainage: 93+800NGR: TR 0405 4010Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of BradfordType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: 1995End of fieldwork: 1995Survey report reference (no ISR): GSB 1995pMap Window 31

Fieldwork event: West of Blind LaneEvent code: ARC BLN 97HS1 chainage: 93+800NGR: TR 0405 4010Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology ServiceType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: October 1997End of fieldwork: October 1997Evaluation report reference (no ISR): MoLA 1998bMap Window 31

The evaluation comprised a total of 13 trenches, eight of whichexposed archaeological features. Curvilinear ditches and slotswere concentrated towards the eastern end of the evaluationarea and may represent two prehistoric enclosures. Linearditches were spread more evenly across the site and mayindicate the survival of one or more field systems. Occupationappears to cover the Middle and Late Bronze Age.

Fieldwork event: West of Blind LaneEvent code: ARC BLN 98HS1 chainage: 93+800NGR: TR 0405 4010Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavationStart of fieldwork: January 1999End of fieldwork: March 1999PX assessment report reference (no ISR): URS 2000bMap Windows 31–32

The excavation area exposed at least 16 ditches, five gullies,three postholes and two undated charcoal-filled pits. A Deverel-Rimbury bucket urn recovered during the evaluation from oneof a pair of parallel ditches, indicates that this possibletrackway is Middle–Late Bronze Age in date. Pottery from theremaining ditches was sparse. A Late Iron Age or Early Romandate (c 100 BC–AD 200) is indicated for eight of the ditches andtwo smashed vessels were found in adjacent cuts forming partof a single Roman boundary. Some intercutting and recutting ofthe ditches suggests there are three phases to the Late IronAge/Early Roman activity, but it probably represents arelatively short-lived period of activity.

PRINCIPAL SITE: MERSHAMProject Area 440Chainage limits: 94+500 - 95+900Parishes crossed: MershamIntegrated Site Report reference: Helm 2006Map Window 32

Fieldwork event: West of MershamEvent code: ARC MSW 97HS1 chainage: 94+600

NGR: TR 0465 3965Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology ServiceType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: November 1997End of fieldwork: November 1997Integrated Site Report reference: Helm 2006Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1998bMap Window 32

The evaluation comprised a total of five trenches, located toexamine a group of geophysical anomalies. Elements of a seriesof field boundary ditches, probably of post-medieval date, wererecorded, as well as a ditch of Late Iron Age date. The Iron Ageditch contained several large unabraded pot sherds whichsuggested that there was an unlocated contemporary settlementnearby.

Fieldwork event: MershamEvent code: ARC MSH 95HS1 chainage: 95+000NGR: TR 0500 3940Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of BradfordType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: 1995End of fieldwork: 1995Survey report reference: GSB 1995hMap Window 32

A magnetometry survey recorded a concentration of ditch andpit type responses, but the high level of ferrous disturbance andthe limited survey area cast some doubt on their interpretationas archaeological features.

Fieldwork event: Bridge House, MershamEvent code: ARC BRH 00NGR: TR 0506 3932HS1 chainage: 95+100NGR: TR 0510 3935Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Type of investigation: Building investigation (including archae-ology)Start of fieldwork: January 1999End of fieldwork: January 1999Building survey report reference (no ISR): OA 1999bMap Window 32

Fieldwork event: MershamEvent code: ARC MSH 97HS1 chainage: 95+200NGR: TR 0520 3930Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Service Type of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: October 1997End of fieldwork: November 1997Integrated Site Report reference: Helm 2006Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1998fMap Window 32

The evaluation comprised a total of nine trenches. Industrialactivity dating from the medieval period was concentrated inthe central southern area of the site with iron slag found inmost excavated features, including two large pits almostcompletely filled with lumps of iron slag, ironstone and cinder.Postholes and beamslots may also suggest the presence ofassociated timber buildings. Two parallel ditches were aligned


!

96+0

00ARC 440 99

Bridge House

94+0

00

94+5

00

95+0

00

95+5

00

East of Mersham

Mersham

West of Mersham

West of Blind Lane

Mersham

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M

with the southern perimeter of the field. The ditches may haveformed part of a land boundary, perhaps associated with CourtLodge Farm.

Fieldwork event: MershamEvent code: ARC MSH 98HS1 chainage: 95+200NGR: TR 0520 3930Contractor: Canterbury Archaeological TrustType of investigation: Detailed excavationStart of fieldwork: December 1998End of fieldwork: January 1999Integrated Site Report reference: Helm 2006Map Window 32

The principal discovery made during the excavation was anearly medieval metalworking site comprising pits backfilledwith iron slag, ditches cut to bring water to the site, and anenclosure ditch. A significant proportion of the featurescontained Late Anglo-Saxon artefacts. This suggests that theorigin of the industry may have lain in the period AD850–1050. Small quantities of Mid Anglo-Saxon and earliermaterial were also found, but these are thought to be entirelyresidual. Following the abandonment of the site the southernboundary ditch was retained, while a smaller, parallel, ditchwas added in the north. A low-level renewal of activity appearsto have taken place during the period 1475–1500, but thisended by c AD 1775.

Fieldwork event: East of MershamEvent code: ARC MSHE 95HS1 chainage: 95+500NGR: TR 0540 3910Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of BradfordType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: 1995End of fieldwork: 1995Survey report reference: GSB 1995gMap Window 32

Magnetometry and magnetic susceptibility surveys were carriedout. The transect was generally quiet magnetically, althoughdisturbance was encountered in areas close to the fence, southof the centreline. Two pit type responses were identified, but themagnetic susceptibility data did not indicate any significantareas of enhancement.

Fieldwork event: East of MershamEvent code: ARC EMM 98HS1 chainage: 95+250NGR: TR 0535 3915Contractor: Canterbury Archaeological TrustType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: January 1998End of fieldwork: January 1998Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1999cMap Window 32

The evaluation comprised a total of 10 trenches. Archaeologicalfeatures being identified in two trenches and consisted of aseries of pits and a large ditch. The ditch is believed to be thecontinuation of a ditch observed in the detailed excavation(ARC MSH 98), and thought to represent the southernboundary to the site.

PRINCIPAL SITE: BOWER ROADProject Area 440Chainage limits: 95+900 - 96+400Parishes crossed: SmeethIntegrated Site Report reference: Diez 2006bMap Window 33

Fieldwork event: Bower Road, Smeeth Event code: ARC 440 99HS1 chainage: 96+200NGR: TR 0594 3881Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Watching brief discoveryStart of fieldwork: July 1999End of fieldwork: September 1999Integrated Site Report Reference: Diez 2006bMap Window 33

The features recorded were principally of Roman date.However, a small assemblage of redeposited worked flint,ranging in date from the Mesolithic to Early Bronze Age, wasalso recovered. Late pre-Roman Iron Age activity was indicatedby a small quantity of pottery recovered from a pond and aseries of drainage ditches. Evidence for Early Roman activitywas limited, comprising part of a field system. By the first halfof the 2nd century AD, a rural agricultural settlement seems tohave been established, represented by the severely truncatedremains of a timber structure, with large postholes and associ-ated slight, ragstone wall footings. There were also ditchedenclosures, fence lines, a waterhole and several pits. It is possiblethat the establishment of this settlement represents a shift fromthe nearby later prehistoric settlement at Little Stock Farm,which lies only 400m away, to the south-east, and appears tohave been continuously occupied from the later Bronze Age untilthe late Iron Age. Ample evidence of crop processing activity andanimal husbandry was found in the 2nd-century features. Theditched enclosure boundaries seem to have fallen into disuse inthe late 2nd century AD, to be replaced by a large rectangularenclosure and a substantial 20-post timber building. Acremation burial was identified just outside the enclosure. Thisagricultural complex seems to have been in use until the late 3rdcentury, and may have continued into the 4th century, althoughat a much reduced level. Evidence of occupation continuing intothe 4th century AD comprised three pits, including one pit withevidence of ritual deposition, and a small amount of pottery andcoins deposited in the upper fills of earlier features.There was limited evidence of post-Roman agricultural

activity, including two field boundary ditches running acrossthe main site, a group of slight, ragstone wall footings inter -preted as animal pens and a field boundary of medieval or post-medieval date. The latter were discovered during stripping tothe south-east of the main excavation area.

PRINCIPAL SITE: LITTLE STOCK FARMProject Area 440Chainage limits: 95+500 - 97+100Parishes crossed: SmeethIntegrated Site Report reference: Ritchie 2006Map Window 33

Fieldwork event: Littlestock FarmEvent code: URL 90HS1 chainage: 96+600 - 97+000NGR: TR 0650 3870Contractor: Oxford Archaeology


Type of investigation: Surface artefact collection surveyStart of fieldwork: 1990End of fieldwork: 1990Survey report reference: URL 1995Map Window 33

Fieldwork event: Littlestock FarmEvent code: ARC LFM 95HS1 chainage: 96+700NGR: TR 0650 3865Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of BradfordType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: 1995End of fieldwork: 1995Survey report reference: GSB 1995fMap Window 33

Two bands of increased noise were identified, and while these maybe significant, a natural or modern origin seems more plausible.

Fieldwork event: Little Stock FarmEvent code: ARC LSF 98HS1 chainage: 96+700NGR: TR 0640 3862Contractor: Wessex ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: January 1999End of fieldwork: January 1999Integrated Site Report reference: Ritchie 2006Evaluation report reference: WA 1999fMap Window 33

The evaluation comprised a total of 17 trenches, revealing 27archaeological features, including ditches, pits, post- and stake-holes and other structural remains representing both LateBronze Age and Late Iron Age settlement activity on the south-east brow of a slight promontory overlooking the East StourRiver Valley. Medieval and/or post-medieval activity, possiblyincluding substantial structural remains, appeared to beconcentrated to the west of this prehistoric activity.

Fieldwork event: Little Stock FarmEvent code: ARC LSF 99HS1 chainage: 96+700NGR: TR 0653 3853Contractor: Wessex ArchaeologyType of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavationStart of fieldwork: April 1999End of fieldwork: May 1999Integrated Site Report reference: Ritchie 2006Evaluation report reference: WA 1999fMap Window 33

The earliest activity was represented by isolated pits of MiddleNeolithic date and two pits of Late Bronze Age–Early Iron Agedate were also found, one containing several pots in a placeddeposit. Most of the evidence was of Iron Age date; enclosures,droveways and a small enclosure containing a possible roundhousewere found, as well as two burials. With the exception of a laterIron Age four-post structure, other post-built buildings weredifficult to identify from the array of postholes. The enclosureswere re-worked several times and it seems likely that ditches foundin the evaluation of Park Wood Cottage immediately to the eastrepresent further enclosures. Activity seems to have continued at


Bower RoadEast of Mersham

Station Road toChruch Lane

Bower Road

96+0

00

96+5

00

97+

000

97+

500

Sellindge Converter

Little Stock Farm

Park WoodCottage

ARC 440 99

Little Stock Farm

606000

606500

607000

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Park Wood Cottage into the early Roman period but an apparentlyisolated cremation burial of Roman date may be associated withthe settlement at Bower Road 400m to the west. A single probablesunken-featured building of Anglo-Saxon date was found, as wasa medieval quarry and ditches.

Fieldwork event: Park Wood Cottage, MershamEvent code: ARC PWC 99HS1 chainage: 97+100NGR: TR 0682 3847Contractor: Wessex ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: April 1999 End of fieldwork: April 1999Integrated Site Report reference: Ritchie 2006Evaluation report reference: WA 1999gMap Window 33

The evaluation comprised a total of eight trenches. The evalua-tion revealed a total of 17 archaeological features, comprisingditches and pits dating from the Late Iron Age/Early Romanperiod and medieval period, which were considered to beindicative of field systems as opposed to settlement remains.

Fieldwork event: Sellindge ConverterEvent code: URL 90HS1 chainage: 97+200 - 98+500NGR: TR 0400 4050Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Surface artefact collection surveyStart of fieldwork: 1990End of fieldwork: 1990

Survey report reference: URL 1995Map Windows 33–4

PRINCIPAL SITE: EAST OF STATION ROAD/ CHURCHLANEProject Area 440Chainage limits: 97+150 - 99+000Parishes crossed: Sellindge and SmeethPX Assessment reference (no ISR): URS 2000cMap Windows 33–34

Fieldwork event: Station Road to Church LaneEvent code: ARC SRCL 95HS1 chainage: 97+800NGR: TR 0750 3840Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of BradfordType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: 1995End of fieldwork: 1995Survey report reference: GSB 1995kMap Window 34

Magnetometry and magnetic susceptibility surveys were carriedout. Linear and pit type responses have been noted togetherwith a large diffuse pit type response towards the southernlimit. Whilst these responses could be archaeologically signifi-cant, their close proximity to the river could suggest a naturalorigin such as pockets of magnetic gravels.

Fieldwork event: Station Road to Church Lane, SellindgeEvent code: ARC SCL 97HS1 chainage: 97+800

Station Road toChurch Lane

ARC 440 99

98+

00

0

98+

50

0

99+

00

0

Sellindge Converter

Station Road toChurch Lane

East of Station Road, Smeeth

Church Lane, Smeeth

HarringeCourt

East of Station Road/Church Lane

607500

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138500

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M


NGR: TR 0750 3840Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: October 1997End of fieldwork: October 1997Evaluation report reference (no ISR): OA 1998gMap Window 34

The evaluation comprised a total of 58 trenches. Worked flintof probable Mesolithic date was recovered from alluvialdeposits adjacent to a small tributary of the East Stour river. Aburied soil horizon, of later prehistoric date, was recordedwithin colluvial deposits in the eastern part of the area. Anumber of archaeological features of similar date were alsorecorded, both within the colluvium and on a bedrock knolloverlooking the East Stour river. Archaeological features ofLate Iron Age date were identified on a low ridge overlookingthe alluvial floodplain. A number of undated, though probablypost-Roman, drainage ditches were found.

Fieldwork event: East of Station Road, SmeethEvent code: ARC STR 99HS1 chainage: 98+000NGR: TR 0780 3850Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Detailed excavationStart of fieldwork: April 1999End of fieldwork: June 1999PX assessment report reference (no ISR): URS 2000cMap Window 34

A number of ditches and gullies were revealed. Finds weresparse and the pottery was mainly Late Iron Age/Early Roman.A small concentration of pottery from the central part of thesite, in association with some minor gullies and possiblepostholes, suggests limited occupation, although no structurescould be identified. Limited palaeoenvironmental assessmentwas undertaken in a minor stream valley.

Fieldwork event: Church Lane, SmeethEvent code: ARC CHL 98HS1 chainage: 98+200NGR: TR 0800 3840Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Detailed excavationStart of fieldwork: November 1998End of fieldwork: January 1999PX assessment report reference (no ISR): URS 2000cMap Window 34

Two concentrations of mixed Mesolithic and later prehistoricworked flint were recorded. Two ditches were identifies thatproduced pottery of Middle or Late Bronze Age date. A thinscatter of unstratified Roman, medieval and post-medievalpottery, all showing signs of considerable abrasion, wasrecovered during the excavation.

Fieldwork event: Sellindge and BarrowhillEvent code: ARC 440 99HS1 chainage: 98+600 to 102+000NGR: TR 0900 3800Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Watching brief discoveryStart of fieldwork: July 1999End of fieldwork: September 2000

Watching brief interim report reference (no ISR): URS 2003Map Window 34 (not illustrated)

Two concentrations of worked flint, comprising 40 and 33pieces, were recovered during stripping (at 99+300 and99+500). The majority of the flint is Neolithic, but occasionalMesolithic blades were also noted. A shallow pit, of possiblemedieval date, was discovered, containing a charcoal and firedclay rich fill (99+290). A short segment of medieval ditch wasinvestigated (99+780).

PRINCIPAL SITE: TALBOT HOUSEProject Area 440Chainage limits: 99+000 - 102+000Parishes crossed: SellindgePX Assessment reference (no ISR): OA 2002Map Windows 35–36

Fieldwork event: Harringe Court Event code: URL 90HS1 chainage: 99+400 - 100+100NGR: TR 0950 3790Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Surface artefact collection surveyStart of fieldwork: 1990End of fieldwork: 1990Survey report reference: URL 1995Map Window 35

Fieldwork event: Harringe CourtEvent code: ARC HNG 95HS1 chainage: 99+700NGR: TR 0950 3790Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Surface artefact collection surveyStart of fieldwork: 1995End of fieldwork: 1995Survey report reference: ABA 1996aMap Window 35

Fieldwork event: Harringe LaneEvent code: ARC HNG 97HS1 chainage: 99+400 - 100+100NGR: TR 0950 3790Contractor: Wessex ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: June 1998End of fieldwork: July 1998Evaluation report reference: WA 1999dMap Window 35

The evaluation comprised a total of 20 trenches. A possiblesettlement of Late Iron Age/Early Roman date was identified,comprising six shallow ditches and two possible hearths.

Fieldwork event: Talbot House, Sellindge Event code: ARC TBH 00NGR: TR 0506 3932HS1 chainage: 101+100NGR: TR 1070 3770Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Type of investigation: Building investigation (including archae-ology)Start of fieldwork: January 1999


ARC 440 99

Talbot House

99+

000

99+

500

100+

000

100+

500

Harringe Court

Harringe Lane

609000

609500

610000

137500

138000

!

ARC 440 99

Talbot House

Talbot House

101

+0

00

101

+5

00

102

+0

00

East Stour DiversionN W

North of Westenhanger Castle

610500

611000

611500

137000

137500

138000

Map Window 36

Map Window 35

End of fieldwork: January 1999Building survey report reference (no ISR): OA 1999bMap Window 36

Talbot House originated in the middle years of the 15thcentury as a traditional, timber-framed ‘Wealden’ house,combining a centrally located 2-bay open hall with storeyed,jettied end bays beneath a single, unitary roof. The buildingas recorded retains a high proportion of primary structuralfabric, including such details as primary wattle and daub infillpanels, allowing for a fairly detailed reconstruction of itsoriginal appearance. Unfortunately the central ‘open’ trusswith moulded tie beam and crown-post were removed duringmodifications undertaken in the mid-16th century. The housedisplays a standard range of structural and decorativefeatures, though it also includes a number of less commonstructural details. A series of five ‘combed’ daub panelsrevealed below the dais beam of the hall during the disman-tling of the house represents a discovery of particular, intrinsicinterest and the inclusion of a representational human figurewould appear to be a unique and unparalleled discovery.These panels were removed prior to conservation and havebeen deposited with the Weald and Downland Open AirMuseum, Singleton, West Sussex.In the mid-16th century, an upper floor was inserted into the

open hall and the former open fire was enclosed within a timberframed, single-flue stack. Such improvements represent astandard development in the evolution from traditional,medieval open hall to post-medieval storeyed house and reflecta contemporary shift in attitudes towards comfort and privacy.The inserted floor at Talbot House includes a number offeatures of interest and is remarkable for its almost completesurvival. A programme of dendrochronological sampling andanalysis has allowed for the insertion of the floor to be firmlydated to between 1546–66AD. The replacement of the simple, single-flue timber stack by

the double-flue brick stack in the late 17th century representsthe conclusion of the process of conversion begun c 150 yearsearlier, again increasing the comfort of the house to reflectcontemporary tastes. The later phases of modification effectively masked the

medieval arrangements of the building externally. Followingthe construction of the London to Ashford mainline railway inthe early 1840s, the property was divided into three ‘cottages’and converted for use as labourer’s accommodation, in whichform it remained up until a programme of conversionundertaken in 1985 restored the house to a single dwelling.

Fieldwork event: East Stour Diversion, Barrowhill, SellindgeEvent code: ARC ESD 98HS1 chainage: 101+400 - 101+800NGR: TR 1120 3770Contractor: Canterbury Archaeological TrustType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: February 1999End of fieldwork: February 1999Evaluation report reference (no ISR): CAT 1999bMap Window 36

The evaluation comprised a total of six trenches. No archaeo-logical features were present, but a former channel of the RiverWest Stour was identified.

PRINCIPAL SITE: NORTH OF WESTENHANGER CASTLEProject Area 440Chainage limits: 102+000 - 105+500Parishes crossed: StanfordIntegrated Site Report reference: Gollop 2006Map Windows 37–38

Fieldwork event: Westenhanger, Stanford Event code: URL 90HS1 chainage: 102+300 - 103+100NGR: TR 1200 1375Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Surface artefact collection surveyStart of fieldwork: 1990End of fieldwork: 1990Survey report reference: URL 1995Map Window 37

Fieldwork event: North of Westenhanger Castle, StanfordEvent code: ARC WGC 95HS1 chainage: 102+500NGR: TR 1210 3750Contractor: A.Bartlett and AssociatesType of investigation: Geophysical surveyStart of fieldwork: 1995End of fieldwork: 1995Survey report reference: ABA 1996aMap Window 37

Fieldwork event: North of Westenhanger Castle, StanfordEvent code: ARC WGC 97HS1 chainage: 102+500NGR: TR 1210 3750Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology ServiceType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: October 1997 End of fieldwork: October 1997Integrated Site Report reference: Gollop 2006Map Window 37

The evaluation comprised a total of 17 trenches. Archaeologicalfeatures were found in six of the 17 trenches, consisting of apossible medieval corn-drying oven and a series of probablefield ditches of medieval date.

Fieldwork event: North of Westenhanger Castle, StanfordEvent code: ARC WGC 98HS1 chainage: 102+500NGR: TR 1210 3750Contractor: Canterbury Archaeological TrustType of investigation: Detailed excavationStart of fieldwork: March 1999 End of fieldwork: April 1999Integrated Site Report reference: Gollop 2006Map Window: 37

See ARC WSG 99 below.

Fieldwork event: North of Westenhanger Castle, StanfordEvent code: ARC WSG 99HS1 chainage: 102+500NGR: TR 1210 3750Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Targeted watching briefStart of fieldwork: May 1999


End of fieldwork: July 2000Integrated Site Report reference: Gollop 2006Map Window: 37

Evidence for Bronze Age activity was limited to four features.In the Iron Age, a farming landscape started to emergeincluding a trackway, a penannular gully and a well definedenclosure. This activity may have extended into the EarlyRoman period. The early medieval period represented the main phase of

development of the site (c AD 1050–1175) with the establish-ment of a possible small farmstead with associated enclosuresystem. Although the nature, morphology, and chronologicaldevelopment of the farmstead is difficult to define, as no clearbuilding plans survived, four potential structures have beenidentified along with associated refuse pits, possible latrines andpossible livestock enclosures. This occupation appears to havebeen short-lived and was abandoned by the late 12th century.No direct evidence for settlement activity was apparent fromthat date onwards and the site seemed to have beensubsequently occupied by successive field systems, showing aneastward shift in activity across the site in the 13th century. Latemedieval and post-medieval evidence are represented by alimited number of features, generally in the eastern part of thesite, and related to agricultural activities.

Fieldwork event: East and West of Stone Street, WestenhangerEvent code: ARC SST 98HS1 chainage: 102+900 - 103+500NGR: TR 1275 3745 and TR 1290 3705Contractor: Canterbury Archaeological TrustType of investigation: Evaluation

Start of fieldwork: February 1999End of fieldwork: March 1999Evaluation report reference: CAT 1999eMap Window 37

The evaluation comprised a total of 12 trenches. A buried soillayer of Late Bronze Age or Roman date was identified, sealedbeneath alluvial deposits, and a number of post-medievalfeatures were recorded.

Fieldwork event: West of Stone StreetEvent code: ARC SST 98HS1 chainage: 103+040NGR: TR 1275 3735Contractor: Wessex ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: February 1999End of fieldwork: February 1999Evaluation report reference: WA 1999aMap Window 37

A sequence of alluvial deposits was recorded, including a buriedsoil layer that is likely to be of Late Bronze Age or Roman date.

Fieldwork event: Stone Street (West of), WestenhangerEvent code: ARC SST 99 HS1 chainage: 103+040NGR: TR 1275 3735Contractor: Wessex ArchaeologyType of investigation: Detailed excavationStart of fieldwork: February 2001End of fieldwork: February 2001


!

North ofWestenhanger Castle

Stone Street(West of)

Fairmead Farm

ARC 440 99North of Westenhanger Castle

102+

500

103+

000

103+

500

East & West ofStone Street

Westenhanger

612000

612500

613000

137000

137500

Map Window 37


ARC 440 99

North of Westenhanger Castle

104

+0

00

104

+5

00

105

+0

00

Sandling Construction Site

613500

614000

614500

136500

137000

137500

Map Window 38

M

Interim report reference (no ISR): WA 2002Map Window 37

The investigation revealed a 1.3m thick sequence of depositsthat was identified in terms of formation process andtherefore potential chronological sequence, although noarchaeological features or artefacts were recorded during theexcavation. Gravel and sand, identified at the base of the sequence, may

be indicative of high-energy water action, and thereforepossibly correlate either with seasonal discharge during theDevensian glaciation, or be associated with glacial retreatimmediately following this glaciation (c 110000–11000 BP).However, the following Late Boreal/Early Atlantic period (c11000–9000 BP) is also associated with a series of high-energycut and fill phases within alluvial zones. The presence ofwaterlogged plant macrofossils within later fluvial gravelprobably precludes the possibility that this deposit is pre-Holocene, and is more likely to be Neolithic or Bronze Age indate (c 4000–700 BC). Parallels with similar sequencesrecorded elsewhere in Kent suggest the distinct marker-event,probably indicative of a statis/stabilisation horizon, which mayeither be Late Bronze Age (c 1100–700 BC) or Roman (AD43–410) in date.

Fieldwork event: Sandling Construction Site Event code: ARC SCS 98HS1 chainage: 104+300NGR: TR 1410 3730Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology ServiceType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: September 1998

End of fieldwork: September 1998Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1999fMap Window 38

The evaluation comprised a total of 15 trenches. No archaeo-logical remains were encountered.

Fieldwork event: Stanford and SandlingEvent code: ARC 440 99HS1 chainage: 102+800 to 105+500NGR: TR 1400 3700Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyCategory: Watching brief discoveryStart of fieldwork: July 1999End of fieldwork: September 2000Interim report reference (no ISR): WB 2003Map Window 38 (not illustrated)

A robbed and backfilled stone well was discovered. It did notproduce any dating evidence (104+400). A further 100m to theeast, a quarry cut of uncertain date, mainly filled with stonedebris, was found. A pit of possible Roman date was found inclose proximity (104+500).An area 38m x 13.5m was stripped under archaeological

control, revealing four pits and several ditches. Most of theditches produced Late Iron Age–Early Roman pottery, althoughone was medieval (103+500).

PRINCIPAL SITE: SALTWOOD TUNNEL Project Area 440Chainage limits: 104+500 - 108+750

Parishes crossed: SaltwoodIntegrated Site Report reference: Riddler and Trevarthen 2006Map Window 39

While most of the sites in this gazetteer are summarised at thefieldwork event level, Saltwood Tunnel is summarised at thePrincipal Site level, as the complex sequence of field investiga-tions would otherwise obscure the archaeological results.Oxford Archaeology undertook initial phases of fieldwalkingand evaluation trenching (ARC SLT 97). The first phase ofdetailed excavation was carried out by the CanterburyArchaeological Trust (CAT) under the event code ARC SLT98.A second phase of evaluation trenching revealed early Anglo-Saxon inhumation burials immediately west of the Stone Farmbridleway, and an area around these was also fully excavated(ARC SLT98C). In 1999 Wessex Archaeology (WA) wascommissioned to maintain a rolling ‘strip-map-sample’ excava-tion programme on land east of the bridleway (ARC SFB99),whilst CAT concurrently excavated the remaining groundbetween their previous sites, and beneath the western portion ofthe Saltwood tunnel bund (ARC SLT99). In the final phase offieldwork WA recorded remains preserved in three separateareas: under the eastern tunnel-bund, within the footprint of atemporary soil storage area, and beneath the former Stone Farmbridleway (ARC SFB01). This group of sites was combinedwithin the Saltwood Tunnel Principal Site for post-excavationanalysis purposes (Riddler and Trevarthen 2006). A complex multi-period site was revealed, with evidence for

ceremonial and funerary land use as well as for settlement andagriculture. Activity earlier than the Bronze Age was mainlyrestricted to unstratified or residual flint and pottery, but agroup of eight Mesolithic Horsham-type retouched points from

a small pit-like feature may date to the 7th millennium BC, andthree Early Neolithic pits attest to activity, perhaps domestic, inthe mid–late 4th millennium BC. In the Early Bronze Age abarrow cemetery developed. Five barrows and a flat gravedated to the late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC.Limited Middle Bronze Age evidence, comprising a

cremation burial, a small pit and other occasional finds ofDeverel-Rimbury pottery, suggest the cemetery was respecteduntil the late 2nd millennium BC but, in the Late Bronze Age, asettlement and field-system were established. Early to MiddleIron Age agriculture is also attested by ditches and at least onetrack or droveway. No contemporary settlement remains werediscovered, but an Early–Middle Iron Age inhumation cemeteryand a square enclosure, perhaps a mortuary enclosure, wereestablished at some time between the 8th and 4th centuries BC.A Middle Iron Age inhumation grave of 2nd to 4th century BCdate also lay near the western end of the site.Early Roman domestic finds abounded at the western end of

the excavation, mainly near a sunken trackway and in pits andfield-enclosures to either side of it. The quantity and range offinds, and the presence of two small cremation cemeteries,strongly suggest a small rural settlement lay close-by. That thissettlement waned after the mid–late 3rd century is inferred froma greatly reduced suite of remains, and from progressiveinfilling of the sunken trackway. Limited occupation, or at leastoccasional use of the site, is likely to have continued into thelater 4th century.Early Anglo–Saxon evidence from Saltwood Tunnel is

dominated by three separate inhumation cemeteries, eachlocated in the vicinity of a Bronze Age barrow. Seventeen graveswere excavated within the eastern cemetery, 59 in the westerncemetery and 141 in the central cemetery. Both the eastern and


ARC 440 99

106

+0

00

106

+5

00

107

+0

00

106

+0

00

106

+5

00

107

+0

00

Saltwood Tunnel

North of Saltwood Tunnel Stone Farm

Bridleway

Saltwood Tunnel

615000

615500

616000

616500

136500

137000

137500

Map Window 39

western cemeteries appear to have begun in the early 6thcentury. The eastern cemetery lasted only for one or twogenerations, whilst the western cemetery continued well intothe 7th century. The central cemetery was established duringthe late 6th century and continued throughout the 7th century.From the early 6th century onwards there were always twocemeteries in use at the same time. The central cemetery mayhave begun as a replacement for the eastern cemetery, but itsplan subsequently changed with the deposition of fourauspicious graves, each set in a north-south line at roughly 40mspacings. Three graves were large weapon burials and thefourth was an inhumation of female gender buried with goldand silver jewellery. The earliest of these graves, at the north ofthe cemetery, was probably deposited in the early years of the7th century whilst the latest, at the south, may have been placedthere around AD 625. Each burial attracted a range of satellitegraves, arranged around it but not encroaching into its burialmound. Later graves spread to the south and the east, with anumber of graves placed on the opposite side of the trackway226. The latest graves within the central and western cemeterieswere arranged in neat rows. Three Early Anglo–Saxon sunken-featured buildings were also identified, all of which lay in thevicinity of the cemeteries and a little to the north of them.Several early medieval ditches and pits towards the eastern

end of the excavation mark the location of a small rural site,probably 10th or 11th century in date. Other medieval andpost-medieval pottery was recovered from features and topsoilin the north-western corner of the excavation, where elementsof the ancient Roman landscape may have been exploited asrectilinear fields, or possibly stock-pens. Remains associatedwith construction of the Saltwood railway tunnel in the early1840s and relating to the presence of a military barracks in theearlier 20th century were recorded.

Fieldwork event: Saltwood TunnelEvent code: URL 90HS1 chainage: 105+600 - 106+200NGR: TR 1550 3695Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: Surface artefact collection surveyStart of fieldwork: 1990End of fieldwork: 1990Survey report reference: URL 1995Map Window 39

Fieldwork event: North of Saltwood TunnelEvent code: ARC SLT 97HS1 chainage: 105+700NGR: TR 1410 3730Contractor: Oxford ArchaeologyType of investigation: EvaluationStart of fieldwork: October 1997End of fieldwork: October 1997Integrated Site Report reference: Riddler and Trevarthen 2006Evaluation report reference: OA 1997iMap Window 39

The evaluation comprised a total of 16 trenches. A concentra-tion of Roman features was located within a well defined areatowards the centre of the evaluation area. The featurescomprised mainly ditches with several pits and a linear hollow.A cremation burial was located at the eastern limits of the site.

Fieldwork event: North of Saltwood TunnelEvent code: ARC SLT 98HS1 chainage: 105+900NGR: TR 1545 3695Contractor: Canterbury Archaeological TrustType of investigation: Detailed excavationStart of fieldwork: January 1999End of fieldwork: March 1999Integrated Site Report reference: Riddler and Trevarthen 2006Map Window 39

See summary above.

Fieldwork event: North of Saltwood TunnelEvent code: ARC SLT 98CHS1 chainage: 106+100NGR: TR 1575 3695Contractor: Canterbury Archaeological TrustType of investigation: Detailed excavationStart of fieldwork: May 1999End of fieldwork: August 1999Integrated Site Report reference: Riddler and Trevarthen 2006Map Window 39

See summary above.

Fieldwork event: North of Saltwood TunnelEvent code: ARC SLT 99HS1 chainage: 106+100NGR: TR 1575 3690Contractor: Canterbury Archaeological TrustType of investigation: Detailed excavationStart of fieldwork: August 1999End of fieldwork: April 2000Integrated Site Report reference: Riddler and Trevarthen 2006Map Window 39

See summary above.

Fieldwork event: Stone Farm Bridleway, SaltwoodEvent code: ARC SFB 99HS1 chainage: 106+400NGR: TR 1595 3695Contractor: Wessex ArchaeologyType of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavationStart of fieldwork: August 1999End of fieldwork: April 2000Integrated Site Report reference: Riddler and Trevarthen 2006Map Window 39

See summary above.


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