gce geology ms f794 june10 - ocr · environmental geology mark scheme for june 2010 . ocr (oxford...
TRANSCRIPT
Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations
GCE
Geology Advanced GCE F794
Environmental Geology
Mark Scheme for June 2010
OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA) is a leading UK awarding body, providing a wide range of qualifications to meet the needs of pupils of all ages and abilities. OCR qualifications include AS/A Levels, Diplomas, GCSEs, OCR Nationals, Functional Skills, Key Skills, Entry Level qualifications, NVQs and vocational qualifications in areas such as IT, business, languages, teaching/training, administration and secretarial skills. It is also responsible for developing new specifications to meet national requirements and the needs of students and teachers. OCR is a not-for-profit organisation; any surplus made is invested back into the establishment to help towards the development of qualifications and support which keep pace with the changing needs of today’s society. This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which marks were awarded by Examiners. It does not indicate the details of the discussions which took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking commenced. All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the published question papers and the Report on the Examination. OCR will not enter into any discussion or correspondence in connection with this mark scheme. © OCR 2010 Any enquiries about publications should be addressed to: OCR Publications PO Box 5050 Annesley NOTTINGHAM NG15 0DL Telephone: 0870 770 6622 Facsimile: 01223 552610 E-mail: [email protected]
F79
4 M
ark
Sch
em
e Ju
ne
2010
1
Qu
esti
on
E
xpec
ted
An
swer
s M
arks
Ad
dit
ion
al G
uid
ance
1
a
poro
sity
is th
e pe
rcen
tage
/ vo
lum
e / a
mou
nt o
f por
e sp
ace
in a
roc
k (1
) pe
rmea
bilit
y is
the
rate
at w
hich
a fl
uid
flow
s th
roug
h a
rock
/ is
the
abili
ty
of a
roc
k to
tran
smit
fluid
s (1
)
1 1
Mus
t us
e co
rrec
t te
chni
cal t
erm
s
b
conf
ined
aqu
ifer
diag
ram
–im
perm
eab
le r
ocks
abo
ve a
nd b
elow
/ ov
erla
in b
y im
perm
eabl
e ro
cks
(1)
un
conf
ined
aqu
ifer
diag
ram
–op
en to
the
atm
osph
ere
/ not
ove
rlain
by
impe
rmea
ble
rock
(1)
co
rrec
t lab
els
of a
quife
r an
d im
perm
eabl
e ro
cks
/ aqu
iclu
de (
1)
1 1 1
sync
linal
str
uctu
re f
or a
quife
rs
or a
quife
rs in
dip
ping
bed
s or
hor
izon
tal
bed
labe
ls m
ust b
e on
bot
h di
agra
ms
acce
pt c
orre
ctly
nam
ed r
ocks
of
sand
ston
e fo
r aq
uife
r an
d cl
ay a
s im
perm
eabl
e
c i
QW
C m
ark
for
corr
ect u
se a
nd s
pelli
ng o
f ar
tesi
an a
s th
e te
chni
cal t
erm
1
ii w
ater
will
ris
e up
the
wel
l / w
ater
will
flow
out
ont
o su
rfac
e / w
ater
flow
s up
na
tura
lly /
wat
er r
ises
with
no
need
for
pum
ping
(in
itial
ly)
(1)
wat
er is
und
er (
high
hyd
rost
atic
) pr
essu
re /
wat
er is
con
fined
und
er
impe
rmea
ble
rock
s /
wat
er t
able
is h
ighe
r th
an t
he w
ell /
pre
ssur
e is
rel
ease
d (1
)
1 1
One
mar
k fo
r de
scrip
tion
and
one
for
expl
anat
ion.
Des
crip
tion
mus
t mat
ch th
e ex
plan
atio
n.
d
posi
tion
of lo
wer
ed w
ater
tabl
e in
vic
inity
of w
ell d
raw
n an
d la
belle
d (1
) la
bel o
f :
co
ne o
f dep
ress
ion
/ dra
w d
own
/ hei
ght d
iffer
ence
bet
wee
n le
vel o
f wat
er
tabl
e an
d w
ater
in w
ell /
hyd
raul
ic g
radi
ent /
wat
er fl
owin
g in
tow
ards
wel
l /
redu
ctio
n in
hyd
rost
atic
pre
ssur
e in
vic
inity
of w
ell (
1)
1 1
e
i (r
ain)
wat
er e
nter
s th
e aq
uife
r at
rec
harg
e zo
nes
/ w
ater
infil
trat
es (
dow
nwar
ds)
thro
ugh
the
soil
/ w
ater
per
cola
tes
(dow
nwar
ds)
thro
ugh
the
pore
spa
ce /
roc
ks
wat
er p
ump
ed b
ack
into
the
aqui
fer
/ art
ifici
al r
echa
rge
sche
mes
an
y 2
One
mar
k fo
r ge
nera
l sta
tem
ent o
f ide
a of
rai
nwat
er m
ovin
g th
roug
h th
e ro
cks
to
the
aqui
fer
F79
4 M
ark
Sch
em
e Ju
ne
2010
2
ii
nitr
ates
/ p
estic
ides
fro
m a
gric
ultu
ral r
un o
ff
sew
age
/ effl
uent
from
sew
age
farm
or
flood
ing
hydr
ocar
bons
/ s
olve
nts
/ ben
zene
s / d
ioxi
ns /
che
mic
al s
pill
from
pet
rol
stat
ions
or
fact
orie
s
toxi
c flu
ids
/ lea
chat
e fr
om la
ndfil
l / w
aste
dis
posa
l ac
id m
ine
drai
nage
wat
er fr
om c
oal /
met
al m
ines
sa
lts /
sea
wat
er fr
om s
ea
an
y 1
Sou
rce
mus
t be
iden
tifie
d
iii
unco
nfin
ed a
quife
rs a
re o
pen
to th
e at
mos
pher
e /
pollu
tant
s ca
n on
ly e
nter
con
fined
aqu
ifers
at r
echa
rge
zone
s /
the
area
of a
con
fined
aqu
ifer
open
to t
he a
tmos
pher
e is
res
tric
ted
no im
perm
eab
le r
ock
abov
e so
leak
age
of to
xins
is e
asie
r
an
y 1
allo
w c
orre
ct o
ppos
ite a
rgum
ent
T
ota
l 14
F79
4 M
ark
Sch
em
e Ju
ne
2010
3
Qu
esti
on
E
xpec
ted
An
swer
s M
arks
Ad
dit
ion
al G
uid
ance
2
a i
gran
ite is
com
pete
nt /
has
hig
h lo
ad b
earin
g st
reng
th /
str
ong
(1)
gran
ite is
impe
rmea
ble
/ mad
e of
inte
rlock
ing
crys
tals
/ cr
ysta
lline
/ re
sist
ant t
o (p
hysi
cal o
r ch
emic
al)
wea
ther
ing
/ che
mic
ally
unr
eact
ive
(1)
gran
ite is
attr
activ
e or
can
be
polis
hed
/ te
nds
to b
e of
uni
form
com
posi
tion
(1)
an
y 2
acce
pt R
A th
at g
rani
te is
uns
uita
ble
as
high
con
cent
ratio
n of
rad
ioac
tive
min
er
hard
to
cut
(1)
ii ov
erbu
rden
is r
emov
ed fi
rst (
1)
blas
ting
/ exp
losi
ve te
chni
ques
may
be
used
(1)
jo
ints
form
rea
dy m
ade
bloc
ks a
idin
g th
e qu
arry
ing
proc
ess
(1)
side
s of
ope
n cu
t m
ust
be a
t st
able
ang
le /
ste
pped
/ b
ench
es /
gro
und
impr
ove
men
t str
ateg
ies
such
as
rock
bol
ts m
ay b
e us
ed in
pla
ces
(1)
an
y 2
iii
nois
e or
dus
t gen
erat
ed b
y m
achi
nery
or
blas
ting
/ vi
sual
pol
lutio
n / l
ands
cape
deg
rada
tion
from
hol
es le
ft in
gro
und
/ de
fore
stat
ion
/ rem
oval
of v
eget
atio
n / l
oss
of h
abita
t for
pla
nts
and
anim
als
/ su
rfac
e w
ater
pol
lutio
n
an
y 1
iv
crus
hed
rock
chi
ppin
gs /
crus
hed
rock
use
d in
con
stru
ctio
n / c
rush
ed r
ock
of s
and
size
and
abo
ve /
unc
onso
lidat
ed s
and
and
grav
el /
unc
onso
lidat
ed c
onst
ruct
ion
mat
eria
ls o
f san
d si
ze a
nd a
bove
1 do
not
allo
w m
ixtu
re o
f ro
cks
or ju
st
crus
hed
rock
b
mai
n in
gred
ient
is c
lay
(+/-
mud
ston
e / s
hale
) (1
) m
ost
Brit
ish
bric
ks a
re m
ade
from
Oxf
ord
Cla
y (1
) a
high
car
bon
cont
ent (
7%)
acts
as
an in
tern
al fu
el d
urin
g fir
ing
/ red
uces
ene
rgy
cost
s / s
elf-
firin
g (1
) lim
e is
add
ed (
1)
a lo
t of
ene
rgy
/ fu
el /
coa
l / o
il /
natu
ral g
as is
nee
ded
to f
ire th
e br
icks
(1)
sa
nd is
use
d fo
r fa
cing
bric
ks (
1)
thic
k be
ds /
con
stan
t co
mpo
sitio
n is
req
uire
d to
giv
e co
nsis
tent
pro
duct
(1)
any
2
F79
4 M
ark
Sch
em
e Ju
ne
2010
4
Qu
esti
on
E
xpec
ted
An
swer
s M
arks
Ad
dit
ion
al G
uid
ance
2
c
site
B is
sui
tabl
e as
und
erla
in b
y im
perm
eabl
e si
lt an
d cl
ay (
1)
site
B is
sui
tabl
e as
the
bed
s ar
e ho
rizon
tal (
1)
site
A is
uns
uita
ble
as u
nder
lain
by
perm
eabl
e gl
acia
l san
d an
d gr
avel
(1)
si
te A
is u
nsui
tabl
e as
the
bed
s ar
e di
ppin
g al
low
ing
dow
n di
p m
igra
tion
of
leac
hate
(1)
si
te B
is s
uita
ble
as w
ater
tab
le b
elow
B is
inac
cess
ible
to p
ollu
tant
s O
RA
/
site
B m
ay b
e un
suita
ble
as s
ides
cou
ld s
uffe
r la
ndsl
ips
(1)
an
y 3
no m
ark
for
stat
ing
whi
ch s
ite is
bes
t –
mus
t giv
e re
ason
s fo
r fu
ll m
arks
, bot
h si
tes
mus
t be
eval
uate
d i.e
. max
. 2 fo
r on
ly o
ne
site
eva
luat
ed
d
i
leac
hate
is th
e flu
id g
ener
ated
by
wat
er d
isso
lvin
g / m
ixin
g / r
eact
ing
with
land
fill
was
te.
1 co
ncep
t of r
ainw
ater
rea
ctin
g w
ith
was
te is
ess
entia
l al
low
leac
hate
pro
duce
d fr
om m
ines
/ m
inin
g w
aste
ii ei
ther
gr
outin
g to
mak
e th
e qu
arry
floo
r im
perm
eabl
e / i
mpe
rvio
us (
1)
(hol
es a
re d
rille
d an
d) li
quid
cem
ent p
umpe
d in
to g
roun
d (1
) o
r cl
ay /
geot
extil
e / g
eom
embr
ane
/ pla
stic
lini
ng (
1)
is im
perm
eabl
e / i
mpe
rvio
us a
nd w
ill p
reve
nt le
akag
e of
toxi
c flu
ids
/ lea
chat
e (1
) o
r dr
aina
ge a
nd c
olle
ctio
n of
tox
ic f
luid
(1)
to
xic
fluid
can
then
be
trea
ted
/ pro
cess
ed /
sto
red
safe
ly (
1)
1 +
1
desc
riptio
n m
ust
mat
ch n
amed
m
etho
d m
ater
ial u
sed
mus
t be
stat
ed
T
ota
l 14
F79
4 M
ark
Sch
em
e Ju
ne
2010
5
Qu
esti
on
E
xpec
ted
An
swer
s M
arks
Ad
dit
ion
al G
uid
ance
3
a
QW
C m
ark
for
corr
ect u
se a
nd s
pelli
ng o
f h
ydro
ther
mal
as
the
tech
nica
l ter
m (
1)
hot
fluid
s /
wat
er c
onta
in s
olub
le m
iner
als
/ vo
latil
es a
nd in
com
patib
le e
lem
ents
/
met
als
that
do
not f
it in
sili
cate
min
eral
s co
llect
to fo
rm la
te s
tage
hyd
roth
erm
al /
wat
ery
/ res
idua
l flu
ids
(1)
flu
id m
oves
out
from
intr
usio
n / c
ools
and
pre
cipi
tate
s m
iner
als
alon
g fa
ults
/ jo
ints
/ be
ddin
g pl
anes
/ th
roug
h pe
rmea
ble
/ rea
ctiv
e / s
uita
ble
nam
ed c
ount
ry
rock
(1)
hi
gh te
mpe
ratu
re /
leas
t sol
uble
min
eral
s pr
ecip
itate
firs
t clo
sest
to in
trus
ion
/ low
te
mpe
ratu
re /
mos
t sol
uble
min
eral
s pr
ecip
itate
last
furt
hest
from
intr
usio
n (1
)
1 an
y 2
do n
ot a
llow
mag
ma
inst
ead
of fl
uid
b
i
1 =
cal
cite
2
= c
assi
terit
e 3
= q
uart
z 4
= s
phal
erite
1
ii th
e flu
id c
ools
aga
inst
the
cold
cou
ntry
roc
k / c
ryst
als
grow
from
out
side
inw
ards
(1
) th
e fir
st m
iner
als
will
pre
cipi
tate
at t
he e
dge
of th
e ve
in o
r cl
ose
to c
ount
ry r
ock
/ th
e la
st m
iner
als
will
pre
cipi
tate
in th
e ce
ntre
or
furt
hest
from
cou
ntry
roc
k (1
) a
sym
met
rical
pat
tern
res
ults
(1)
re
peat
ed p
ulse
s of
hyd
roth
erm
al fl
uids
will
hav
e m
oved
alo
ng
the
vein
(1)
hi
gh te
mpe
ratu
re /
leas
t sol
uble
min
eral
s pr
ecip
itate
firs
t clo
sest
to e
dge
/ low
te
mpe
ratu
re /
mos
t sol
uble
min
eral
s pr
ecip
itate
last
in c
entr
e of
vei
n (1
)
an
y 2
only
allo
w s
olub
ility
if n
ot c
redi
ted
in 3
a
iii
gang
ue m
iner
als
are
low
val
ue /
wo
rthl
ess
/ was
te m
iner
als
/ une
cono
mic
to
extr
act
1
F79
4 M
ark
Sch
em
e Ju
ne
2010
6
c
i do
wn
stre
am o
f co
nflu
ence
(1)
on
insi
de o
f eith
er m
eand
er b
end
(1)
2 al
low
on
bank
s of
riv
er
if 3
area
s m
arke
d an
d 1
inco
rrec
t th
en
max
1
ii m
iner
al v
eins
at s
urfa
ce u
nder
go w
eath
erin
g / e
rosi
on (
1)
ore
min
eral
s ar
e se
para
ted
from
gan
gue
min
eral
s in
to in
divi
dual
gra
ins
(1)
ore
min
eral
s ar
e tr
ansp
orte
d do
wn
slop
e / d
owns
trea
m (
1)
the
curr
ent
velo
city
/ f
low
sla
cken
s at
the
site
s of
dep
ositi
on (
1)
an
y 2
3 d
i
cass
iterit
e 7.
0, 6
.5
gale
na 7
.5, 2
.5
gold
19.
3, 3
.0
spha
lerit
e 4.
1, 3
.5
2 3
or 2
poi
nts
plot
ted
corr
ectly
= 1
mar
k al
l 4 p
oint
s pl
otte
d co
rrec
tly =
2 m
arks
m
ax 1
for
line
grap
h
ii ca
ssite
rite
wo
uld
be
fou
nd
as
it is
den
se a
nd h
ard
/ has
no
clea
vage
(1)
go
ld w
ou
ld b
e fo
un
d a
s it
is v
ery
or e
xcep
tiona
lly d
ense
/ de
nse
and
has
no
clea
vage
(1)
ga
lena
wou
ld n
ot
be
fou
nd
as
it is
too
soft
and
has
thre
e cl
eava
ges
(1)
spha
lerit
e w
ould
no
t b
e fo
un
d a
s it
is t
oo s
oft,
has
6 c
leav
ages
/ is
not
den
se
enou
gh (
1)
3 4
corr
ect
= 3
mar
ks
3 co
rrec
t =
2 m
arks
1
or 2
cor
rect
= 1
mar
k m
ax 1
if c
orre
ct p
airs
of m
iner
als
but
insu
ffic
ient
rea
sons
m
ust g
ive
stat
emen
t or
whe
ther
it is
fo
und
in t
he p
lace
r de
posi
t
T
ota
l 16
F79
4 M
ark
Sch
em
e Ju
ne
2010
7
Qu
esti
on
E
xpec
ted
An
swer
s M
arks
Ad
dit
ion
al G
uid
ance
4
a i
loca
tion
1 –
faul
t ha
s di
spla
ced
coal
sea
m /
allo
ws
wat
er t
o flo
od in
(1)
lo
catio
n 2
– se
am s
plitt
ing
whe
re a
thi
ck s
eam
has
spl
it in
to t
hin
/ un
econ
omic
/
unw
orka
ble
seam
s (
1)
loca
tion
3 –
dip
of s
eam
has
bec
ome
too
stee
p fo
r (m
echa
nise
d) m
inin
g / d
ip
angl
e ex
ceed
s fiv
e de
gree
s /
seam
has
bec
ome
too
deep
to
wor
k (1
)
3
max
1 fo
r lis
t with
no
desc
riptio
n
ii su
itabl
e di
agra
m s
how
ing
river
cha
nnel
/ w
asho
ut c
uttin
g in
to la
belle
d co
al s
eam
(1
) su
itabl
e la
bels
/ te
xt: c
oal s
eam
and
riv
er c
hann
el /
was
h ou
t lab
elle
d / r
iver
se
dim
ents
/ c
hann
el la
g /
sand
ston
e /
cong
lom
erat
e /
sand
s / g
rave
ls s
how
n in
w
asho
ut /
coal
sea
m is
rep
lace
d by
riv
er s
edim
ents
(1)
1 1
mar
k la
bels
as
text
b
(tw
o) h
oriz
onta
l roa
dway
s / t
unne
ls a
re d
riven
out
from
the
shaf
t / th
roug
h th
e co
al s
eam
(1)
a
coal
face
is e
stab
lishe
d up
to 4
00m
long
/ th
e co
al is
cut
with
a m
echa
nica
l cu
tter
/she
arer
and
fal
ls o
nto
a co
nvey
or b
elt
(1)
the
roof
is s
uppo
rted
by
stee
l / h
ydra
ulic
ram
s / c
hock
s / s
uppo
rts
and
the
min
ed-
out a
rea
is a
llow
ed to
col
laps
e (1
) m
inin
g ta
kes
plac
es b
ackw
ards
/ re
trea
ting
tow
ards
sha
ft (
so th
at g
eolo
gica
l co
nditi
ons
can
be a
sses
sed
in a
dvan
ce)
(1)
an
y 2
F79
4 M
ark
Sch
em
e Ju
ne
2010
8
c
dang
er o
f tun
nel c
olla
pse
/ cav
e-in
s / s
ubsi
denc
e of
ove
rlyin
g ro
cks
dang
er o
f ex
plos
ions
from
bui
ld u
p of
met
hane
gas
/ c
oal d
ust
po
ssib
ility
of p
ocke
ts o
f fou
l air
/ car
bon
mon
oxid
e or
met
hane
bui
ld u
p / p
oor
vent
ilatio
n / l
ack
of o
xyge
n da
nger
of
flood
ing
re
scue
of
trap
ped
min
e w
orke
rs is
diff
icul
t an
d da
nger
ous
an
y 1
mus
t de
scrib
e
T
ota
l 8
F79
4 M
ark
Sch
em
e Ju
ne
2010
9
Qu
esti
on
E
xpec
ted
An
swer
s M
arks
Ad
dit
ion
al G
uid
ance
5
For
mat
ion
sour
ce r
ock
or o
rgan
ic-r
ich
clay
or
shal
e ric
h in
pla
nkto
n / f
ree-
float
ing
mar
ine
mic
ro-o
rgan
ism
s;
requ
ires
anox
ic /
ana
erob
ic /
red
ucin
g co
nditi
ons
on s
eabe
d / p
lank
ton
does
not
de
cay
/ is
not s
cave
nged
; re
quire
s lo
w e
nerg
y en
viro
nmen
t /
mus
t be
bur
ied
in fi
ne s
edim
ent /
sub
ject
ed to
co
mpa
ctio
n;
mat
urat
ion
requ
ires
tem
pera
ture
s of
50
to 2
00 °
C (
oil w
indo
w);
pl
ankt
on is
con
vert
ed to
sap
rope
l / k
erog
en /
hydr
ocar
bons
; oi
l and
gas
mig
rate
dow
n pr
essu
re g
radi
ent /
mig
rate
from
hig
h pr
essu
re to
low
pr
essu
re /
oil a
nd g
as a
re le
ss d
ense
than
wat
er in
por
e sp
ace
so p
erco
late
up
war
ds
mig
ratio
n th
roug
h pe
rmea
ble
rock
/ fa
ult /
bet
wee
n th
e so
urce
roc
k an
d th
e re
serv
oir
rock
A
ccum
ulat
ion
oi
l and
gas
is s
tore
d in
a p
orou
s re
serv
oir
rock
/ re
serv
oir
rock
mus
t hav
e hi
gh
perm
eabi
lity
so o
il an
d ga
s ca
n en
ter
it an
d be
ext
ract
ed fr
om it
; re
serv
oir
rock
mus
t be
over
lain
by
a ca
p ro
ck /
cap
rock
mus
t be
impe
rmea
ble
to
prev
ent
the
oil a
nd g
as e
scap
ing
upw
ards
; th
ere
mus
t be
a t
rap
that
con
cent
rate
s th
e oi
l and
gas
in o
ne p
lace
; la
belle
d di
agra
m a
nd/o
r de
scrip
tion
of n
amed
trap
(s)
to a
max
imu
m o
f 3 –
an
ticlin
e fa
ult
sa
lt do
me
un
conf
orm
ity
litho
logi
cal -
ree
f /
wed
ge-e
dge
/ ch
anne
l fill
/ p
inch
out
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
max
5 fo
r de
scrip
tion
/ dia
gram
s of
fo
rmat
ion
max
5 fo
r de
scrip
tions
/ di
agra
ms
of
accu
mul
atio
n m
ark
diag
ram
s as
text
T
ota
l 8
Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations is a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered in England Registered Office; 1 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB1 2EU Registered Company Number: 3484466 OCR is an exempt Charity OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations) Head office Telephone: 01223 552552 Facsimile: 01223 552553 © OCR 2010
OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations) 1 Hills Road Cambridge CB1 2EU OCR Customer Contact Centre 14 – 19 Qualifications (General) Telephone: 01223 553998 Facsimile: 01223 552627 Email: [email protected] www.ocr.org.uk For staff training purposes and as part of our quality assurance programme your call may be recorded or monitored