GCSE Maths Starter 161. Round 0.0536 to 2 significant figures

2. Factorise 6a + 103. The mean of five numbers is 8. Four of

the numbers are 7, 11, 12 and 4. What is the fifth number?

4. Copy this pattern into your book. Next shade one more square so the pattern has a rotational symmetry of order two.

Lesson 16 Frequency polygons (Cumulative frequency H)

Mathswatch clip (88[151/152]).

• To draw a frequency polygon (Grade D )• To draw a cumulative frequency curve (Grade B)• To draw a box plot (Grade B)

Foundation

Types of Data

• Discrete – can only take specific values, e.g. siblings, key stage 3 levels, numbers of objects

• Continuous Data – can take any value, e.g. height, weight, age, time, etc.

Midpoints

What is the midpoint between the following numbers?

Green1) 0 – 102) 40 – 503) 30 – 404) 0 – 1005) 0 – 50

Red1) 54 – 562) 5 – 93) 8 – 144) 38 – 52 5) 0 – 5

What is the midpoint between the following numbers?

Green1) 52) 453) 354) 505) 25

Red1) 552) 73) 114) 45 5) 2.5

Answers

A frequency polygon can be drawn directly from the frequency table by finding the mid-point of each class interval.

5

5-90

10

15

20

10-14 15-19 20-24 25-30

Freq

uen

cy

Marks

Test Scores

Marks 5 – 9 10 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 - 30

frequency 4 10 20 13 8

7

12

17

22

27.5

100

5

10

15

20

20 30 40 50

Freq

uen

cy

Time in minutes

Time Taken for Race

60

A frequency polygon can be drawn directly from the frequency table by using by finding the mid-point of each class interval.

Time 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 - 60

frequency 7 10 18 6 4

.

Foundation

Lesson 16 Frequency polygons (Cumulative frequency H)

Mathswatch clip (88[151/152]).

Exam questions

Lesson 16 Frequency polygons (Cumulative frequency H)

Mathswatch clip (88[151/152]).

Exam questions

Lesson 16 Frequency polygons (Cumulative frequency H)

Mathswatch clip (88[151/152]).

Higher

Cumulative Frequency Curves

Remember:

•When data is grouped we don’t know the actual value of either the mean, median, mode or range.

•We can get an estimate for the mean by using mid-points from the frequency table.

midpoint(x)

mp x f

250 - 60

440 - 50

530 - 40

720 - 30

1010 - 20

270 - 10

frequencyminutes late

We can also use the grouped data to obtain an estimate of the median and a measure of spread called the inter-quartile range. We do this by plotting a cumulative frequency curve (Ogive).

Remember:

•The measure of spread used with the mean is the range.

•The range is not a good measure of spread as it is subject to extreme values.

The measure of spread used with the median is the inter- quartile range. This is a better measure of spread as it only uses the middle half of the data that is grouped around the median. This means that unlike the range it is not subject to extreme values.

Cumulative Frequency Curves

Remember:

•When data is grouped we don’t know the actual value of either the mean, median, mode or range.

•We can get an estimate for the mean by using mid-points from the frequency table.

midpoint(x)

mp x f

250 - 60

440 - 50

530 - 40

720 - 30

1010 - 20

270 - 10

frequencyminutes late

2, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 15

Median = 8 hours and the inter-quartile range = 9 – 6 = 3 hours.

Battery Life: The life of 12 batteries recorded in hours is:

2, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 15

Mean = 93/12 = 7.75 hours and the range = 15 – 2 = 13 hours.

Discuss the calculations below

Cumulative frequency diagrams are used to obtain an estimate of the median, and quartiles. from a set of grouped data. Constructing a cumulative frequency table is first step.

Cumulative Frequency Curves

Cumulative frequency just means running total.

Cumulative frequency table

< 60550 - 60

< 50840 - 50

< 401230 - 40

< 302220 - 30

< 20810 - 20

< 1050 - 10

Cumulative Frequency

Upper Limit

FrequencyMinutesLate

Example 1. During a 4 hour period at a busy

airport the number of late-arriving aircraft was recorded. 5

13

35

47

55

60

Plot the end point of each interval against cumulative frequency, then join the points to make the curve.

Get an estimate for the median.

Find the lower quartile.

Find the Upper Quartile.

Find the Inter Quartile Range.(IQR = UQ - LQ)

Cumulative frequency table

60< 60550 - 60

55< 50840 - 50

47< 401230 - 40

35< 302220 - 30

13< 20810 - 20

5< 1050 - 10

CFUpper Limitf

MinsLate

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0

Cu

mu

lati

ve F

req

uen

cy

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Minutes Late

Plotting the curve

Med

ian =

27

LQ =

21 UQ

= 3

8

IQR = 38 – 21 = 17

mins

½

¼

¾

Example 2. A P.E teacher records the distance jumped by each of

70 pupils.

d 2605250 d 260

d 2508240 d 250

d 24018230 d 240

d 23015220 d 230

d 2207210 d 220

d 2109200 d 210

d 2006190 d 200

d 1902180 d 190

Cumulative Frequency

UpperLimit

No of pupils

Distance (cm)

Cumulative frequency table

70

2

8

17

24

39

57

65

Cumulative frequency diagrams are used to obtain an estimate of the median and quartiles from a set of grouped data. Constructing a cumulative frequency table is first step.

Cumulative Frequency Curves

Cumulative frequency just means running total.

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260

Cu

mu

lati

ve F

req

uen

cy

Distance jumped (cm)

705250 d 260

658240 d 250

5718230 d 240

3915220 d 230

247210 d 220

179200 d 210

86190 d 200

22180 d 190

Cumulative Frequency

Number of pupils

Distance jumped

(cm)

Plotting The Curve

Cumulative Frequency Table

Plot the end point of each interval against cumulative frequency, then join the points to make the curve.

Get an estimate for the median.

Med

ian =

227

Find the Lower Quartile.

Find the Upper Quartile.

LQ=

212

UQ

= 2

37

Find the Inter Quartile Range.(IQR = UQ - LQ)

IQR = 237 – 212 = 25

cm

½

¼

¾

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0

Cu

mu

lati

ve F

req

uen

cy

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Minutes Late

Interpreting Cumulative Frequency Curves

Med

ian =

27

LQ =

21 UQ

=38

½

¼

¾

IQR = 38 – 21 = 17

mins

The cumulative frequency curve gives information on aircraft arriving late at an airport. Use the curve to find estimates to

(a) The median

(b) The inter-quartile range

(c) The number of aircraft arriving less than 45 minutes late.

(d) The number of aircraft arriving more than 25 minutes late.

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0

Cu

mu

lati

ve F

req

uen

cy

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Minutes Late

Interpreting Cumulative Frequency Curves

The cumulative frequency curve gives information on aircraft arriving late at an airport. Use the curve to find estimates to:

(a) The median

(b) The inter-quartile range

(c) The number of aircraft arriving less than 45 minutes late.

(d) The number of aircraft arriving more than 25 minutes late.

52

60 – 24 =36

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0

Cu

mu

lati

ve F

req

uen

cy

10 20 30 40 50 60Marks

Interpreting Cumulative Frequency Curves

The graph shows the cumulative frequency curve of the marks for students in an examination. Use the graph to find:

(a) The median mark.

(b) The number of students who got less than 55 marks.

(c) The pass mark if ¾ of the students passed the test.

Med

ian =

27

58

¾ of the students passing the test implies that ¼ failed. (15 students)

21

Interpreting Cumulative Frequency Curves

The lifetime of 120 projector bulbs was measured in a laboratory. The graph shows the cumulative frequency curve for the results. Use the graph to find:

(a) The median lifetime of a bulb.

(b) The number of bulbs that had a lifetime of between 200 and 400 hours?

(c) After how many hours were 80% of the bulbs dead?.

(d) What was the shortest lifetime of a bulb?

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0

Cu

mu

lati

ve F

req

uen

cy

100 200 300 400 500 600

Lifetime of bulbs in hours

(a) 330 hours (b) 86 - 12 = 74

(c) 440 hours

(d) 100 hours

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0

Cu

mu

lati

ve F

req

uen

cy

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Minutes Late

Med

ian =

27

LQ =

21 UQ

= 3

8

IQR = 38 – 21 = 17

mins

½

¼

¾

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Box Plot from Cumulative Frequency Curve

Lesson 16 Frequency polygons (Cumulative frequency H)

Mathswatch clip (88[151/152]).

< 60550 - 60

< 50840 - 50

< 401230 - 40

< 302220 - 30

< 20810 - 20

< 1050 - 10

CFUpper Limitf

MinsLate

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0

Cu

mu

lati

ve F

req

uen

cy

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Minutes Late

Exam questions

Lesson 16 Frequency polygons (Cumulative frequency H)

Mathswatch clip (88[151/152]).

Exam questions

Lesson 16 Frequency polygons (Cumulative frequency H)

Mathswatch clip (88[151/152]).

Exam questions

Lesson 16 Frequency polygons (Cumulative frequency H)

Mathswatch clip (88[151/152]).

< 60550 - 60

< 50840 - 50

< 401230 - 40

< 302220 - 30

< 20810 - 20

< 1050 - 10

CFUpper Limitf

MinsLate

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0

Cu

mu

lati

ve F

req

uen

cy

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Minutes Late

Num

ber

of f

ilm

s

080

Len

gth

of f

ilm

, (

min

utes

)l

Num

ber

of f

ilm

s

080

Len

gth

of f

ilm

, (

min

utes

)l