gdf_grass60.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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GRASS 6.0
1.2
2004-2005 GDF Hannover bR
-
. , , . GRASS GIS GNU General Public License. GRASS [12].
, , . . . . .
LATEX . LATEX, HTML GDF Hannover bR [9].
, GNU General Public License . , GRASS - GRASS User-Association e.V. (GAV) [14], FreeGIS [16] Free Software Foundation Europe [10].
: July 2005
Copyright 2004-2005 GDF Hannover bR
:
Otto Dassau
Stephan Holl
Markus Neteler
Dr. Manfred Redslob
(): (1,2,3,16,17,20,21), (4), (13,14), (8), (5,9), (6), (7,15), (10,11,12), John Doe (18) http://gis-lab.info/docs/grass
: http://www.gdf-hannover.de
, GNU Free Documentation License, 1.1 Free Software Foundation; . 20.
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.................................................................................................................... ii ...............................................................................................................vi ................................................................................................vii ...........................................................................................................viii 1 ....................................................................................................................1 2 ...............................................................................................................2
2.1 ......................................................................................................... 2 2.2 ....................................................................................................... 4 2.3 GRASS............................................................................................................... 4
2.3.1 PERMANENT ........................................................................................................ 5 2.3.2 ........................................................................................................... 6
2.4 GRASS ...................................................................................................... 7 2.5 GRASS ................................................................................................. 8 2.6 GRASS............................................................................................................... 8
3 GRASS .....................................................................................................9 3.1 ....................................................................................... 9
3.1.1 GRASS 5.4 ........................................................................................................................ 9 3.1.2 GRASS 6.0 ...................................................................................................................... 10
3.2 ............................................................................................... 10 3.3 CVS ................................................................................................................. 11
4 GRASS................................................................................12 4.1 GRASS.......................................................................................................... 12 4.2 ............................................................................................................................... 15
4.2.1 .............................................................................................................................. 15 4.2.2 ...................................................................................................................... 15 4.2.3 .............................................................................................................................. 16 4.2.4 ................................................................................ 16 4.2.5 .................................................................................................... 17
4.3 ................................................................................ 17 4.3.1 ................................................................................................ 17
4.4 .............................................................................................................. 18 4.4.1 ................................................................................... 18 4.4.2 2- 3- ................................................................................ 19
4.5 GRASS .............................................................. 20 4.5.1 : ............................................................. 20 4.5.2 - ..................................................... 20 4.5.3 ...................................................... 22 4.5.4 UTM................................................................ 22 4.5.5 ..................................................... 23
4.6 .................................................................................................... 24 5 .......................................................................................................25
5.1 .............................................................................................. 25 5.2 ................................................................................................... 26 5.3 ..................................................................................................... 28
6 .....................................................................................30 6.1 .............................................................................. 30
6.1.1 .............................................. 30 6.1.2 ............................................................................ 31
6.2 .................................................................................. 31 6.2.1 ............................................................................................. 32 6.2.2 ........................................................................ 33
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7 ......................................................................................................35 7.1 .............................................................................................. 35 7.2 .................................................................................................. 36 7.3 .................................................................................................... 36
8 .......................................................................................37 8.1 ...................................................................................................................... 37
9 ...........................................................................40 9.1 .......................................................................................................... 41 9.2 .................................................................................. 41 9.3 ............................................................................................................ 43
9.3.1 ................................................................................................... 43 9.3.2 ............................................................................................... 44 9.3.3 ............................................................................................................. 44 9.3.4 .................................................................................................... 44
9.4 .................................................................... 45 9.5 ............................................................................................................................. 46 9.6 ............................................................................................. 47
9.6.1 ...................................................................................................... 47 9.6.2 ............................................................................................................. 48
9.7 ........................................................................................ 49 10 .....................................................50
10.1 GRASS 6.0 ........................................................................................ 50 10.2 ................................................................................... 51
10.2.1 OGR .......................................................................................... 51 10.2.2 .................................................................................. 52 10.2.3 XY / XYZ......................... 52
10.3 ......................................................................... 53 10.3.1 ............................................................................... 54 10.3.2 ................................................................................................ 54 10.3.3 .................................................. 55
11 .........................................................................56 11.1 ................................................................................................................... 56
11.1.1 ............................................................................................. 56 11.1.2 ................................................................................... 57 11.1.3 .............................................................. 57 11.1.4 ................................................................................................. 57 11.1.5 .................................................................................................... 57
11.2 , , ........................................................... 58 11.2.1 .................................................................................................. 58 11.2.2 ................................................................................................... 59 11.2.3 ....................................................................................................... 59 11.2.4 ...................................................................................................... 59
11.3 ........................................................................................... 59 11.4 ............................................................................................................................... 59 11.5 ...................................................................................................... 59 11.6 GRASS...................................................................................................... 60
12 : ....................................................................................................68
12.1 .................................................................................................... 68 12.2 ..................................................................... 69 12.3 ............................................................... 70 12.4 ....................................................................... 71
13 ............................................................................................73 13.1 ...................................................................................... 73 13.2 ................................................................... 75
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14 .........................................................................................76 14.1 ..................................................................... 76
14.1.1 ................................................................................................................... 76 14.1.2 .............................................................................. 76
14.2 ................................................. 77 15 r.mapcalc ....................................................................78
15.1 r.mapcalc ....................................................................................................... 78 15.2 r.mapcalc ............................................................................................................ 79 15.3 r.mapcalc................................................................................. 81 15.4 ..................................................................................................................... 81
16 3D .............................................................................83 16.1 3D NVIZ ......................................................................... 83 16.2 (VOXEL) ....................................................... 84 16.3 ............................................................................................................ 86
17 ...........................................88 17.1 .................................................................................................. 88 17.2 PNG-........................................................................... 90 17.3 ............................................................................................. 90 17.4 Xfig......................................................................................... 91 17.5 Skencil ................................................................................... 95
18 QGIS ........................................................................................................................96 18.1 ................................................................. 96 18.2 ........................................................................................ 98 18.3 .................................................................................................................. 99
18.3.1 GRASS ......................................................................................... 99 18.3.2 Shape- ................................................................................................................ 100
18.4 GRASS .................................................................................................. 101 18.5 GPS .................................................................................................... 101 18.6 ............................................................................................ 102 18.7 ..................................................................................................... 102
19 ............................... 104 20 GNU ................................................ 106
0. ............................................................................................................................. 106 1. , .................................................................... 106 2. ................................................................................ 108 3. ..................................................................................................................... 108 4. ............................................................................................................ 109 5. .................................................................................................... 111 6. ........................................................................................................... 111 7. ................................................... 111 8. ................................................................................................................................. 112 9. ......................................................................................................... 112 10. ............................................................................................ 112 : 112
21 .................................................................................................... 114 ................................................................................................................ 134 - ..................................................................................................... 134
v
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GDF Hannover bR (9) . , , .
GDF Hannover bR :
GRASS 6.0
GRASS. , . , GNU Free Document License GDF Hannover bR [9].
. , GRASS - GRASS GDF Hannover bR.
GRASS 6.0 . , .
GDF Hannover - Solutions for spatial data analysis and remote sensing
, 2005
vi
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1: GRASS 2001 ( 1/2005)....................... 1 2: ................................................ 3 3: ............. 4 4: ......................................................................................... 4 5: GRASS 6.0 ................................................................. 5 6: GRASS 5.4 6.0 .................................................................................. 9 7: GRASS (Tcl/Tk) .......................................................................... 12 8: GRASS....................................................... 13 9: EPSG ................................................................................. 14 10: [7]...................... 15 11: (, , )... 16 12: .............. 21 13: GRASS .................................................................... 30 14: i.points. ......................................................................................................................................... 32 15: d.m GRASS 6.0 FRIDA ................................................ 37 16: d.profile ........................................................................................................................... 43 17: r.buffer............................ 45 18: GRASS 6.0 ....................................................................................... 51 19: VMAP0 ............................................................................... 58 20: v.digit ....................................... 60 21: Spearfish ..................................................................................................................................................... 63 22: ............................. 64 23: .......................................... 65 24: .. 66 25: : .......................... 69 26: .......................................... 72 27: ........................................ 73 28: .......................................................................... 74 29: (5) ............................... 75 30: NVIZ.......................................................................................... 83 31: Volume-panel .................................................... 85 32: ........................................................ 86 33: NVIZ.................................................................... 87 34: . ( Spearfish)........................................................................................................................ 90 35: d.his .................................... 91 36: Xfig ............................................................................. 92 37: Xfig ............................. 93 38: Spearfish Xfig. ................................................................................................ 94 39: Skencil Geo-Object FRIDA ..................................................................................................................................... 95 40: QGIS FRIDA ............................................. 96 41: - . ................................ 97 42: ................................................................................................... 97 43: .............................................................................. 98 44: .................................................................................... 98 45: GRASS QGIS .............................................. 99 46: ...................................................................................... 100 47: QGIS ............................................................................................. 101 48: QGIS-GPS............................................................................................... 102 49: .................................................................. 102 50: "" - QGIS, ................................. 103
vii
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1: GRASS ..................................................................... 7 2: ( ), [7] ............................ 15 3: .................................................... 16 4: ......................................... 17 5: .............................................. 18 6: ...................................... 18 7: GRASS ................................................. 25 8: GRASS ................................................. 27 9: ....................................................................... 33 10: ............................................................ 35 11: ............................................................ 36 12: r.mapcalc ......................................................................................... 78 13: r.mapcalc .......................................................................................... 79 14: r.mapcalc .................................................................. 81 15: GRASS ( [8])............................................. 99
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1
, . , . .
() GRASS, ([5],[6]) GRASS 6.0.
, GRASS ( 1). GRASS 2001 .
1: GRASS 2001 ( 1/2005)
1
-
2
GRASS - , . GRASS . , GRASS . , .
2.1
([1]):
: , :
. , . () (/, , ) (. 2).
. , - ( ). . /. -, . - ( ) . . , .
2
-
2:
( ). () . , (). GRASS dBase. , , PostgreSQL, MySQL, Oracle . , . , , .
. GRASS 6.0, 5.4 .
. , , DBMI ( ).
, (, ..).
:
->
->
, , , , .
GRASS . . ,
3
-
(. 3).
3:
2.2
, (2D) , ( ), (2.5D). ( ) (3D) (. 4).
4:
2.3 GRASS
GRASS , GRASS. Home ( grassdata/):
cd # Linux mkdir grassdata # GRASS
(location) GRASS. . , (mapsets). GRASS ( 2.3.1 2.3.2).
4
-
5: GRASS 6.0
, (, ) , GRASS, (, , ) GRASS (g.copy, g.remove, g.rename)
2.3.1 PERMANENT
, , PERMANENT GRASS. , - ( ) , . , .
GRASS PERMANENT , , PERMANENT .
PERMANENT
GRASS . PERMANENT , :
DEFAULT_WIND , PERMANENT
5
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MYNAME -> : hanover
PROJ_INFO -> tmerc ( ), bessel (), potsdam ()
PROJ_UNITS : :
WIND (REGION) (MAPSET)
VAR
2.3.2
GRASS . .
, . . GRASS.
Cats/ ( ) ()
cell/
cellhd/
cell_misc/
colr/
dbf/ DBASE
6
-
fcell/
hist/ ''
vector/ ( , , ..)
WIND
GRASS 6.0 GRASS.
2.4 GRASS
GRASS . (). GRASS. . , , r.digit, v.to.rast. 1 GRASS.
GRASS
GRASS, Unix/Linux, . , GRASS. , , GRASS . Unix .
1: GRASS
d.*
r.*
i.*
v.*
g.*
p.*
ps.* postscript
db.*
r3.* 3D 3D
7
-
2.5 GRASS
400 GRASS . -help.
d.rast -help
, GRASS, g.manual .
g.manual d.rast
. , 21.
2.6 GRASS
GRASS . g.gisenv. , GRASS :
g.gisenv GISDBASE=/home/holl/grassdata GRASS_DB_ENCODING=utf-8 MAPSET=PERMANENT LOCATION_NAME=spearfish GRASS_GUI=tcltk
'MAPSET': g.gisenv MAPSET
, : g.gisenv set='OVERWRITE=1'
OVERWRITE , .
GRASS
g.manual: g.manual variables
: 'OVERWRITE' -o --overwrite ( ). , .
8
-
3 GRASS
GRASS. GRASS 6.0, 5.4. , . GRASS:
GRASS 5.4: GRASS 5.x . . GRASS 5.4 , GRASS 6.0.0, . , GRASS 5.4 .
GRASS 6.0: GRASS 2005 . 5.7 5.4 . GRASS GRASS 6.0, .
6: GRASS 5.4 6.0
GRASS GNU/Linux. , . .
3.1
GRASS 5.4 6.0 [12] . , GDF Hannover, RPM- GNU/Linux.
3.1.1 GRASS 5.4
, GRASS 5.4 5 2004 . 5.0 . GRASS 6.0.
() GRASS 5.4 . , GRASS . .
9
-
GRASS 5.4, GNU/Linux. GNU/Linux . .
GRASS (root),
su ***** sh grass5.4.0_i686-pc-linux-gnu_install.sh \ grass5.4.0_i686-pc-linux-gnu_bin.tar.gz
, GRASS, , GRASS 5.4 . , ( ).
GRASS 5. GRASS [12].
3.1.2 GRASS 6.0
5.4.
, , :
su ***** sh grass6.0.0_i686-pc-linux-gnu_install.sh \ grass6.0.0_i686-pc-linux-gnu_bin.tar.gz
GRASS , GRASS 6.0 . , ( ).
GRASS 6.0 grass60.
3.2
GRASS 5.4 6.0 . , .
rule of proportion, Unix .
./configure [...] make make install
, ./configure, . , GDAL PostgreSQL:
./configure --with-gdal=/usr/local/bin/gdal-config \ --with-postgres-includes='/usr/include/pgsql /usr/include/pgsql/server/' \ --with-postgres-libs=/usr/lib
10
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make make install
'./configure -help'.
GDF Hannover [9] http://www.gdf-hannover.de/download GRASS [12].
3.3 CVS
GRASS 5.4, 6.0 CVS GRASS [12] CVS. , CVSROOT. CVS, , , 3.2.
bash:
export CVSROOT=:pserver:[email protected]:\ /home/grass/grassrepository cvs login PW is "grass"
, :
cvs -z3 co grass # CVS GRASS 5.4 cvs -z3 co grass51 # CVS GRASS 6.0 ( 5.1 # )
(. 3.2).
./configure [...] make make install
grass grass51 , , :
make distclean # cvs up -dP # CVS
11
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4 GRASS
GRASS ( ) . (, -, UTM ..) , . : , , GRASS .
: , , , . , . , , , .
: . , , . , . . , .
, , GRASS. grassdata (. 2.3).
4.1 GRASS
, GRASS 6.0 $PATH, GRASS (X-Terminal) grass60. 3.
. , -gui -text GRASS (. . 8 7).
grass60 -text # grass60 -gui #
7: GRASS (Tcl/Tk)
12
-
(location) (mapset) .
[] , , 'Create New mapset' ( ) 'Create ...' (. . 7).
.
(A) . , , , .
(B) EPSG (. http://www.epsg.org). , . (. . 9) .
(C) , r.in.gdal v.in.ogr.
(A): , 'Create New Location'. GRASS , -text (. . 8). , 4.5.1.
8: GRASS
(B): EPSG , . 'Create Location from EPSG' (. . 9). 'EPSG Codes' .
13
-
9: EPSG
(C): . GRASS, , . , SHAPE- GeoTIFF, (.prj) ( , ).
: (.prj) SHAPE-
PROJCS["Transverse Mercator",GEOGCS["bessel", DATUM["Deutsches_Hauptdreiecksnetz", SPHEROID["bessel",6377397.155,299.1528128], TOWGS84[590.5,69.5,411.6,-0.796,-0.052,-3.601,8.30]], PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]], PROJECTION["Transverse_Mercator"],PARAMETER["latitude_of_origin",0], PARAMETER["central_meridian",9],PARAMETER["scale_factor",1], PARAMETER["false_easting",3500000],PARAMETER["false_northing",0], UNIT["meter",1]]
: (GeoTiff)
Driver: GTiff/GeoTIFF Size is 3570, 3753 Coordinate System is: PROJCS["Transverse Mercator", GEOGCS["Deutsches_Hauptdreiecksnetz", DATUM["Deutsches_Hauptdreiecksnetz", SPHEROID["bessel",6377397.155,299.1528128000033], TOWGS84[590.5,69.5,411.6,-0.796,-0.052,-3.601,8.3]], PRIMEM["Greenwich",0], UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]], PROJECTION["Transverse_Mercator"], PARAMETER["latitude_of_origin",0], PARAMETER["central_meridian",9], PARAMETER["scale_factor",1], PARAMETER["false_easting",3500000], PARAMETER["false_northing",0], UNIT["meters",1]] Origin = (3368561.280000,5928333.120000) Pixel Size = (0.32000000,-0.32000000) Corner Coordinates: Upper Left ( 3368561.280, 5928333.120) ( 7d 1'12.86"E, 53d28'18.24"N) Lower Left ( 3368561.280, 5927132.160) ( 7d 1'14.67"E, 53d27'39.41"N) Upper Right ( 3369703.680, 5928333.120) ( 7d 2'14.77"E, 53d28'19.26"N) Lower Right ( 3369703.680, 5927132.160) ( 7d 2'16.56"E, 53d27'40.43"N) Center ( 3369132.480, 5927732.640) ( 7d 1'44.71"E, 53d27'59.33"N)
. . , DATUM SPHEROID, .
14
-
4.2
(Location) , . , .
10 .
10: [7]
4.2.1
, , . . - , . , . , . 10 . , .
4.2.2
1:2 000 000. . , (. . 10). , . , , .
2: ( ), [7]
,
()
()
Bessel 1841 6377397 6356079 , , , .
Clarke 1880 6378249 6356515 ,
15
-
Hayford 1909 6378388 6356912 , , , ...
WGS 1984 6378137 6356752 ,
4.2.3
, , . 3 . GRASS 5.4, 6.0 (. . 6).
3:
WGS 84 WGS 84
NAD 1983 GRS 80
European 1950 , International ()
4.2.4
, 3- 2- ().
11: (, , )
16
-
, (. . 11), .
: . , , , . , . . .
: , . , , . , . 1-2 . .
: . , .
, , . (0 ), (45) (90).
4.2.5
, . (, , , , ), .
: . 90. , . , . , , .
: . , . , . , .
: . .
4.3
4, 5 6. [2] [3].
4.3.1
4:
17
-
,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
4.3.2
5:
-
, ; .
4.3.3
6:
, 90
,
( G-K UTM)
4.4
, , , 2- 3- . , 2- / 3- .
4.4.1
(Longitude-Latitude, lon/lat): , , (: ). . ,
18
-
180 () 180 () . , . (::, , ) (+/- ) .
4.4.2 2- 3-
() , , . ( ) GRASS, , . , (, ). , , , . , . GRASS (r.proj and v.proj). - UTM, .
-
1927 . , (Potsdam). , ( ) 6, 9, 12 15. 12 / , . 100 . - 23 . . +500000 . , , 500000 . 3 . , .
Lneburg 9 . 3593000/5902000 (x/y) 4392753/5902298 (x/y) - 12 ..
UTM
UTM ( ) WGS84. 84 80 . 6 . , . , ( 0,9996). - . , 10000 . , 500 , -, . E () and N (). 3, 9, 15 .. / . 8 , . . UTM , / .
19
-
4.5 GRASS
, , (Location) GRASS (. 4.1).
, :
( xy , )
( )
(, )
4.5.1 :
GRASS (. 4.1) Create New Location, . (. . 8). GRASS grass60 -text. , . , grass60 -gui -text.
, .
LOCATION: (, Hanover). MAPSET: , (, Kronsberg).
DATABASE: GRASS, mkdir grassdata, (, /home/user/grassdata).
: GRASS PERMANENT, (. 2.3) , mapset.
, , GRASS, . - 4.5.2. .
: g.region -d. GRASS g.region -p .
4.5.2 -
- . , 90 - . ( 12 / 2). , - , .
, . , - , 'other'. :
-: - coordinate system for location: other (D)
: - one line description for location: , Hanover
20
-
:
- specify projection name: tmerc ( ) - specify ellipsoid name: bessel ( ) - Do you want to specify a map datum for this location? potsdam - Enter Central Parallel [lat_0] (23N): 0N - Enter Central Meridian [lon] (96W): 9E - Enter Scale Factor at the Central Meridian: 1 - Enter False Easting: 3500000 (3, 9E ) - Enter plural form of units: meters
, GRASS list.
, : North = 5801000, South = 5787000, West = 3427000, East = 3445000. - ( ) 3 . (. . 12).
( ) - - . ( ) . . , .
12:
, . , "yes", . . . , GRASS . g.region -p .
21
-
-:
projection: 99 (Transverse Mercator)
zone: 0
datum: potsdam
ellipsoid: bessel
north: 5801000
south: 5787000
west: 3427000
east: 3445000
nsres: 2.5
ewres: 2.5
rows: 5600
cols: 7200
4.5.3
xy-, , , , . 'A'
- coordinate system for location: x,y (A)
( , ). . , , xv (Windows -> Image Info). . 1.
(. . 6).
(g.region -p):
projection: 0 (x,y)
zone: 0
north: 8000
south: 0
west: 0
east: 8000
nsres: 1
ewres: 1
rows: 8000
cols: 8000
4.5.4 UTM
22
-
UTM ( ) - ( ). , WGS 84. , -:
- coordinate system for location: UTM (C) - specify ellipsoid name: wgs84 (world geodetic system 1984) - do you want to specify a map datum for this location? wgs84 - Enter Zone: 32 ( UTM ) - Is this South Hemisphere? n
, . , 7- 6- .
UTM (g.region -p):
projection: 1 (UTM)
zone: 32
datum: potsdam
ellipsoid: wgs84
north: 6100000
south: 5880000
west: 500000
east: 630000
nsres: 12.5
ewres: 12.5
rows: 17600
cols: 10400
4.5.5
(0-90 , 0-180 ), (::, , ) (+/- ). .
- coordinate system for location: latitude - longitude (B)
(g.region -p):
projection: 3 (Latitude-Longitude)
zone: 0
datum: unknown (default: WGS84)
ellipsoid: unknown (default: WGS84)
north: 90N
south: 90S
west: 180W
east: 180E
23
-
nsres: 0:04:48
ewres: 0:04:48
rows: 2250
cols: 4500
4.6
GRASS, g.remove ! GRASS . g.mremove, .
: (mapset) (location). GRASS exit. rm -r (, konqueror) (mapset) / (location) GRASS.
: (location, mapset...) (, ...) !
: rm -rf ~/grassdata/Hanover Hanover .
24
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5
, , GRASS GIS, , . 2.3.
, , , . GRASS , . -help g.manual.
v.in.ogr -help g.manual v.in.ogr & r.in.gdal -help
5.1
GRASS . , :
(image): , , PPM, PNG, JPEG GIF.
ASCII: ASCII , , c . ASCII-GRID Arcinfo .
(binary): . (Geo)TIFF ERDAS/IMG.
GRASS, : , ( 7.1).
:
, , , (GRID RESOLUTION).
, ( ) .
7 , , .. , , .
7: GRASS
GRASS
r.in.ascii GRASS ASCII r.in.bin BIL, GMT binary files, LANDSAT TM5
25
-
r.in.gdal ARC/INFO ASCII/Binary GRID, BIL, ERDAS (LAN, IMG),
USGS DOQ, JPEG, SAR CEOS, EOSAT, GeoTIFF, PPM/PNM, SDTS DEM,
GIF, PNG
( http://www.gdal.org/formats_list.html)
GeoTiff
r.in.gdal. 7, (r.out.gdal). , ERDAS IMG. ASTER 30 (Osnabrueck), GDF Hannover (http://www.gdf-hannover.de/download).
r.in.gdal in=asterdem30m.img out=asterdem30m Projection of input dataset and current location appear to match. Proceeding with import... 100% CREATING SUPPORT FILES FOR asterdem30m COPYING COLOR TABLE FOR asterdem30m
-e .
# : g.region rast=asterdem30m -p
, Display Manager d.m d.rast. , d.mon x0 GRASS.
# Display Manager d.m& # : d.mon x0 d.rast asterdem30m
5.2
GRASS 6.0 . , GRASS 5.4 . GRASS 6.0. 10.
, . , , . 8 , GRASS, , ESRI SHAPE.
GRASS. , GRASS. . v.info. , 10.
26
-
8: GRASS
GRASS
v.in.ogr SHAPE, UK.NTF, SDTS, TIGER, S57, MapInfo DGN, VRT, AVCBin, REC, Memory, GML, ODBC
( : http://www.gdal.org/ogr/ogr_formats.html)
v.in.ascii GRASS ASCII v.in.e00 ArcInfo-E00
v.in.db x|y|z
SHAPE
SHAPE GRASS v.in.ogr. , SHAPE ; - . , () . , , GRASS .
FRIDA (17), (Osnabrueck), Intevation GmbH (13).
v.in.ogr -o dsn=./frida-1.1-shp-joined/streets-joined.shp out=streets 12323 primitives registered 0 areas built 0 isles built Number of nodes : 8937 Number of primitives: 12323 Number of points : 0 Number of lines : 12323 Number of boundaries: 0 Number of centroids : 0 Number of areas : 0 Number of isles : 0
, GRASS ($GISDBASE/$LOCATION/$MAPSET) vector. (topo), (head), (coor), (hist), (sidx) (cidx), (dbln).
GRASS dbf DBASE. , (streets.dbf) . GNU/Linux OpenOffice, Gnumeric Koffice.
, PostgreSQL PostGIS 10.
, GRASS , .
27
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, SHAPE , .prj. :
v.in.ogr dsn=./frida-1.1-shp-joined/streets-joined.shp \ out=streets location=osnabrueck
5.3
GRASS 6.0 site_lists, . , , , SHAPE , v.in.ogr, :
v.in.ogr -o dsn=./frida-1.1-shp-joined/poi-joined.shp out=poi 268 primitives registered 0 areas built 0 isles built Number of nodes : 268 Number of primitives: 268 Number of points : 268 Number of lines : 0 Number of boundaries: 0 Number of centroids : 0 Number of areas : 0 Number of isles : 0
(X|Y)
ASCII , , ( ), GRASS v.in.ascii. ASCII , , . . , (coord.txt), :
1664619|5103481 1664473|5095782 1664273|5101919 cat coords.txt | v.in.ascii out=points
(IDs) , v.category. .. , :
v.category in=punkte out=points2 op=add v.category points2 op=report
GRASS vector GRASS.
(X|Y|Z).
, v.in.ascii -z:
1664619|5103481|101.2 1664473|5095782|102.2 1664273|5101919|101.7
28
-
cat coords3d.txt | v.in.ascii -z out=elevation v.category in=elevation out=elevation2 op=add v.category elevation2 op=report
, , 10.
29
-
6
, .
, . XY ( ), .
13: GRASS
6.1
. , , GRASS. . , , ( ). , , ( ).
6.1.1
, GRASS , . , , ( ) ( ) . , , ( ).
a) , 300dpi:
300dpi = 300 /2.54 = 118.11 /
b) 1:25000:
/- = 25000 /118.11 = 2.12 /
30
-
, . , (5).
6.1.2
XY, . , , -(, ) Y-(, ) ( Linux xv). , , . GRASS , , , , . , , GRASS. (, ) , , XY, , . , , ( ).
, . , , . , . 4.5.1.
.
, XY, . , GRASS , . , . , .
6.2
XY , , :
1. , .
i.group
, "map".
"x".
2. ( -), :
i.target
, , GRASS . ( ), : g.region -dp
31
-
3. GRASS: d.mon start=x0 4. -
, , (. : 6.2.1).
i.points ( ) i.vpoints ( )
, ( map).
6.2.1
/ . : () , () .
14: i.points.
() , , , . X ( ).
(B) , , , ,
32
-
, PLOT RASTER. , . ZOOM (. 14.
. RMS, , ANALYSE. RMS . , , ANALYSE. RMS .
RMS , RMS.
i.points . . i.points. .
i.rectify, . . , :
1. ( );
2. (GRASS ).
1 , , (, ) . , , i.rectify GRASS, , XY i.rectify.
6.2.2
(). (, ), . , (. . 9). , .
, (, ) , , . , (, ) , , .
9:
-
33
-
1 3
2 6 i.rectify
3 10
4 15
, GRASS . , . 9.
34
-
7
5. C , , Xfig Skencil. GRASS , (sites). '-help'.
7.1
10 . , .
10:
GRASS r.out.arc ARC/INFO ASCII GRID1r.out.ascii ASCII r.out.mpeg MPEG
r.out.png PNG (. d.mon/PNG DRIVER c True Color) r.out.pov POV r.out.ppm PPM/PNM r.out.tiff TIFF/TFW r.out.bin Binary Array r.out.gridatb GRIDATB.FOR (TOPMODEL) r.out.gdal 20
: ASCII GRID Arc Toolbox ArcGIS: Import to Raster -> ASCII to Grid. , Spatial Analyst .
5.1, GRASS , . , , , g.region p, .
GDAL
r.out.gdal GRASS . r.out.gdal -l.
GDAL GRASS . , .
35
-
7.2
11 GRASS, GRASS .
11:
GRASS v.out.ascii GRASS ASCII
v.out.ogr SHAPE, TIGER, S57, MapInfo, DGN, Memory, CSV, GML, ODBC and PostgreSQL
v.out.pov Povray
7.3
GRASS 6.0 . GRASS 5.4 s.out.ascii. v.in.sites , .
xyz . , X, Y Z ASCII .
g.region rast=elevation.dem -p r.stats -1 -g input=elevation.dem > spearfish_elevation.txt
36
-
8
, , . , GRASS GIS, .
8.1
GRASS . - , , GRASS. , GRASS . , (. . 15). , TclTkGRASS 4.0.
15: d.m GRASS 6.0 FRIDA
d.m&. , , TclTkGRASS 4.0. , , , . .
( )
200 400 GRASS GIS . . :
File / : , .
37
-
GIS / : , .
Display / : , .
Raster / : .
Vector / : .
Image / : .
Grid3D / : (3D ).
Databases / : .
Help / : .
( )
, . :
Display selected layers (current region) / ( ): ( ) .
Display selected layers (default region) / ( ): ( g. region d).
Display from saved region settings / , : ( g. region help).
Erase to white / : ( d.erase -help).
Zoom / : / . .
Return to previous zoom / : .
Pan and recenter: / : . , .
Query map / : . , . .
Add group / : . , . .
Add raster / : .
Add vector / : .
38
-
Add paint label / : , ( v.label)
Create new command / : , .
Digitize vector map / : d.m. v.digit. .
Cut selection / : . . g.remove.
Create new workspace file / : , , , ..
Open an existing workspace file / : .
Save workspace file / : , , , ..
Print map / : . , Postscript, PDF PNG. .
39
-
9
GRASS .
( 100), . , , . , .
8, , Tcl/Tk GRASS (GIS Manager). , , , . GRASS , .
( ) z, , , , . , :
, - ( )
( )
GRASS, , , , r.mapcalc ( 15).
, , . , r.support (GRASS 5.0 5.3) . , r.support r , .
GRASS
400 GRASS (help-). . help- help :
d.rast -help
help- , help- GRASS g.manual , help-:
40
-
g.manual d.rast &
9.1
- d.rast. GRASS (x0,x1,x2,..,x6):
d.mon x0 d.rast
, d.zoom
d.zoom
, g.region. , 10 :
g.region -d res=10.0 -pa d.erase d.rast rastermap
, , , g.region , d.erase. :
g.region rast=rastermap -p d.redraw
d.rast rastermap1 d.rast -o rastermap2
- rastermap1 , rastermap2 NULL- , . d.his , 24 Spearfish.
d.his -n h_map=roads i_map=tk24
:
d.rast.leg rastermap
9.2
, d.what.rast:
d.what.rast
, :
d.what.rast map=elevation.dem,geology,soils
- ,
41
-
. , , . .
r.info
r.info . , .
r.info landuse r.info -r landuse
r.cats
, , r.cats:
r.cats map=landuse 1 residential 2 commercial and services 3 industrial 4 other urban 5 reservoirs 6 bare exposed rock 7 quarries, strip mines and gravel pits 8 transportation and utilities
r.report
, , Spearfish, r.report ( r.stats). , . , , :
g.region rast=geology -p r.report -h geology units=h +---------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Category Information | | |#|description | hectares| |---------------------------------------------------------------------| |1|metamorphic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 1051.000| |2|transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 13.000| |3|igneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 3285.000| |4|sandstone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 6755.000| |5|limestone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 5537.000| |6|shale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 4170.000| |7|sandy shale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 1019.000| |8|claysand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 1307.000| |9|sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 3295.000| |*|no data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 168.000| |---------------------------------------------------------------------| |TOTAL |26,600.000| +---------------------------------------------------------------------+
r.timestamp
( , ..). r.timestamp, , :
42
-
r.timestamp landuse date="27 Sep 2003" r.timestamp landuse date="27 Sep 2003/20 Feb 2004"
help- g.manual r.timestamp.
9.3
GRASS . GRASS . , , , .
9.3.1
d.profile, ( . 16)
d.profile
, , ASCII, r.profile. ( -i). r.transect r.profile. . .
r.profile r.transect
16:
43
-
d.profile
9.3.2
r.los , . , , , , .
, elevation.10m Spearfish. , d.where:
# 20 g.region rast=elevation.10m res=20 -pa # 15 # ( 10 ) r.los in=elevation.10m out=visibility coord=593670,4926877 \ obs=15 max=30000 # d.erase r.shaded.relief elevation.10m units=meters d.rast elevation.10m_shade d.rast -o roads d.rast -o visibility
9.3.3
, , r.patch . , , :
r.patch in=map1,map2,map3,map4 out=total map
, , NULL- ( ). , Spearfish . , GRASS . , .
g.region rast=geology,roads -p [res=12.5] [-a] r.patch in=roads,geology out=roads.on.geol
, geology.
9.3.4
r.buffer , . roads. Spearfish, :
# ? g.region rast=roads -p r.report -h roads |1|interstate |2|primary highway, hard surface
44
-
|3|secondary highway, hard surface |4|light-duty road, improved surface |5|unimproved road |*|no data
: 100, 250 500 (interstate). 30 , :
# 'interstate' r.reclass r.reclass roads out=interstate
-
color options: aspect,grey,grey.eq,grey.log,byg,byr,gyr,rainbow,ramp, random,ryg,wave,rules rules options: aspect,bcyr,byg,byr,elevation,evi,grey,gyr,rainbow,ramp, ryg,slope,srtm,terrain,wave
rules, :
r.colors map=geology color=rules
-
| |--------------------------------------------------------|----------| | |1|metamorphic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 23.00000| | |3|igneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 18.00000| | |4|sandstone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 125.00000| | |5|limestone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 70.00000| | |6|shale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 125.00000| | |7|sandy shale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 29.00000| | |8|claysand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 14.00000| | |9|sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 272.00000| |----------------------------------------------------------|----------| |2|commercial and services | 115.00000| | |--------------------------------------------------------|----------| | |1|metamorphic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 16.00000| | |4|sandstone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 19.00000| [...] |----------------------------------------------------------|----------| |8|transportation and utilities | 400.00000| | |--------------------------------------------------------|----------| | |4|sandstone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 34.00000| | |5|limestone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 8.00000| | |6|shale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 104.00000| | |7|sandy shale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 26.00000| | |8|claysand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 4.00000| | |9|sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| 224.00000| |---------------------------------------------------------------------| |TOTAL |1519.00000| +---------------------------------------------------------------------+
r.univar. , , , , , , , :
g.region rast=elevation.10m -p r.univar -g elevation.10m n=2654802 min=1061.06 max=1846.74 range=785.679 mean=1348.37 stddev=175.494 variance=30798.3 coeff_var=13.0153
9.6
9.6.1
. , , , .. . .
r.reclass , . , .
, g.manual r.reclass. , , roads Spearfish, : ("good") ("bad").
47
-
# : r.report roads |1|interstate |2|primary highway, hard surface |3|secondary highway, hard surface |4|light-duty road, improved surface |5|unimproved road |*|no data
# : r.reclass in=roads out=roads.rcl Enter rule(s), "end" when done, "help" if you need it Data range is 1 to 5 > 1 2 3 = 1 good condition > 4 5 = 2 bad condition > end
# : r.report roads.rcl |1|good condition |2|bad condition |*|no data
r.mapcalc .
g.region rast=roads.rcl -p r.mapcalc "newmap=roads.rcl"
9.6.2
- . .
MASK ( ) . , NoData (NULL-) MASK. .
. , .
g.copy rast=Mask,MASK g.rename rast=Mask,MASK
r.mapcalc . , ( 15).
Spearfish
landuse , 1200 . , elevation.10m, r.mapcalc. :
g.region rast=elevation.10m -p r.mapcalc "mask1200=if(elevation.10m > 1200.0,1,null())" g.copy rast=mask1200,MASK
, MASK 1, MASK
48
-
. :
d.rast elevation.10m d.rast -o roads
, , [Raster MASK present].
g.remove, .
g.remove rast=MASK
, , , , .
g.rename rast=MASK,Mask
9.7
GRASS , r.digit. :
r.digit Please choose one of the following A define an area C define a circle L define a line Q quit (and create map)
, , , .
49
-
10
GRASS 6.0 . , , 5.4. .
10.1 GRASS 6.0
:
, SHAPE PostGIS ( v.external );
GRASS OGR;
(, v.build (, v.support 5.4);
:
( SQL dBase , PostgreSQL, MySQL and ODBC);
dBase- ;
;
3D (, TIN, CAD) NVIZ
:
SQL-/ , , d.vect, v.extract v.surf.rst;
(, , d.what.vect)
, DGLIB (Directed Graph Library);
v.digit ;
SHAPE, DGN, TIGER, MapInfo and GML2 OGR;
;
(d.m);
GRASS 6.0, .
50
-
10.2
GRASS 6.0 . GRASS ( GRASS). , PostGIS, SHAPE OGR.
18: GRASS 6.0
. FRIDA (. [17]).
10.2.1 OGR
OGR . OGR- . 8 OGR [15].
SHAPE- ESRI GRASS . v.external, GRASS OGR. GRASS, , . , v.external GRASS , , :
# SHAPE- v.external dsn=./gdf/shapes/layer=frida_stras out=frida_stras_ext # SHAPE- d.vect frida_stras_ext # SHAPE-
51
-
d.what.vect frida_stras_ext
, OGR GRASS:
g.copy vect=frida_stras_ext,frida_stras_int v.digit frida_stras_int
g.copy v.in.ogr ( 5.2).
, OGR / GRASS.
UMN Mapserver PostGIS. , GRASS UMN Mapserver PostGIS.
10.2.2
GRASS (X/Y) DBF, CSV, MS-Excel, PostgreSQL ... , 'mydb' PostgreSQL:
v.in.db driver=pg database="host=localhost,dbname=mydb,user=postgres" \ table=stations x=east y=north z=quota key=ID output=stations
dBase ID, ID , Openoffice.org.
10.2.3 XY / XYZ
2D 3D XY XYZ ASCII 'coords.txt':
) 2D :
1664619|5103481 1664473|5095782 1664273|5101919 1663427|5105234 1663709|5102614
# GRASS: cat coords.txt | v.in.ascii out=my2dmap # v.category in=my2dmap out=my2dmap_final op=add v.category my2dmap_final op=report
) 3D :
1664619|5103481|445.1 1664473|5095782|534.2 1664273|5101919|532.9 1663427|5105234|454.4 1663709|5102614|525.7
# GRASS: cat coords.txt | v.in.ascii -z out=my3dmap # v.category in=my3dmap out=my3dmap_final op=add
52
-
v.category my3dmap_final op=report
v.db.connect.
10.3
GRASS 6.0 . dig_cats GRASS 5.4 . DBMI ( ). DBMI:
DBF ( )
PostgreSQL
MySQL
ODBC (Oracle, MySQL, PostgreSQL ..)
GRASS dbln-. ASCII . , GRASS. , , v.db.connect. v.db.connect -p vectormap.
v.db.connect , , .
v.db.connect map=vectormap table=attribute1 layer=2 v.db.connect map=vectormap table=attribute2 layer=3 v.db.connect -p vectormap
11.2.2.
:
, , dbln , , . , , :
db.copy from_driver=dbf from_table=origtable to_driver=dbf \ to_table=copytable
:
DBF: driver=dbf database='$GISDBASE/$LOCATION_NAME/$MAPSET/dbf'
ODBC: driver=odbc database=grass60test
PostgreSQL: driver=pg database='host=pgserver.itc.it,dbname=grass60test,user=name'
mySQL: driver=mysql database=grass60test
GRASS db.*- v.* . .dbf. :
53
-
db.connect driver=dbf database='$GISDBASE/$LOCATION_NAME/$MAPSET/dbf/'
(/).
, PostgreSQL. db.login $HOME/.grasslogin6.
. :
Location -> database Mapset -> database-scheme UNIX-User -> database-user UNIX-Group -> database-group
, . GRASS g.access.
, , Unix- . Unix-, .
10.3.1
v.db.select. ,
# - v.db.select map=roads fs="|" cat|label 0|no data 1|interstate 2|primary highway, hard surface 3|secondary highway, hard surface 4|light-duty road, improved surface 5|unimproved road
10.3.2
v.to.db:
(cat, means IDs)
(coords)
(area)
(length)
(count)
(sides)
(query)
( 2 ). , OpenOffice, GRASS:
54
-
# ( dBASE): echo "ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN integer" | db.execute # : v.to.db map= option=length units=meters col1= # : echo "SELECT * FROM " | db.select
10.3.3
GRASS . SQL- 'UPDATE':
# 200: echo "UPDATE SET attribute1 = 2 WHERE area > 200"| db.execute
PostgreSQL, SQL-. , . :
# 200 # : echo "UPDATE SET area = (area*1000) WHERE \ area > 200"| psql -d
. d.what.vect. , .
GRASS QGIS (19) . 18.
55
-
11
5.4. 6.0 ( 5 2.3). /. , GRASS 5.4 GRASS 6.0. v.convert GRASS 5.4 :
v.convert in=grass5old_vector out=grass60_vector g.region -p vect=grass60_vector v.info grass60_vector v.db.connect -p grass60_vector d.vect grass60_vector
, - GRASS 6.0 ASCII SHAPE ( ). , GRASS 5.4 . v.in.shape GRASS 5.4 -d:
# GRASS SHAPE- v.out.ogr in=grassnew_vector dsn=. layer=vector_areas type=area # SHAPE- GRASS 5.0/5.4 v.in.shape -d in=vector_areas.shp Attribute layers available in vector_areas.shp ( vector_areas.shp): 1: ShapeID [int4:4] 2: TypID [int4:2] 3: Name [text:50] 4: TypName [text:50] v.in.shape in=vector_areas.shp out=vector attr=TypID label=TypName ...
11.1
, . GRASS DGLib (Directed Graph Library) :
(d.path v.net.path)
(v.net.alloc)
(v.net.salesman)
(v.net.salesman)
(v.net.iso)
12 .
11.1.1
. , . ,
56
-
, . . , (, ). d.path GRASS. .
. , / , v.net.path. v.net.path d.path, . , . , .
. FRIDA . 40 71.
echo "1 40 71" | v.net.path mygraph out=mypath
, . mypath, .
11.1.2
v.net.alloc . , . . 12 .
11.1.3
. :
, , . . , , , . GRASS v.net.steiner.
11.1.4
. , . GRASS v.net.salesman , .
v.net.salesman in=hospital_net out=pharmarepresentative ccats=40-215
11.1.5
GRASS v.net.iso . , . , , (, ).
57
-
11.2 , ,
, GRASS v.overlay.
19: VMAP0
VMAP0 .
GDF Hannover , , - , ( : http://www.gdf-hannover.de/download)
-, SHAPE- GRASS. Shape-, .
# GRASS: v.in.ogr pol_borders.shp out=pol_borders location=germany exit # - : grass60 /home/user/grassdata/germany/PERMANENT v.in.ogr -e dsn=./inlandwaterways .shp out=inlandwaterways v.in.ogr -e dsn=./roads.shp out=roads v.in.ogr -e dsn=./railways.shp out=railways v.in.ogr -e dsn=./heightpoints.shp out=heightpoints
11.2.1
GRASS , ( ainput, binput). , :
v.overlay ainput=pol_borders binput=inlandwaterways \ output=lakeinborders operator=or
.
58
-
(a_ b_), .
11.2.2
, . :
v.overlay ainput=pol_borders binput=inlandwaterways \ output=borderswherelakes operator=and
, .
11.2.3
. ainput, binput:
v.overlay ainput=pol_borders binput=inlandwaterways \ output=borderswherenolakes operator=not
11.2.4
ainput binput ainput binput. , inlandwaterways pol_borders bordersoverlakes, inlandwaterways pol_borders.
v.overlay ainput=inlandwaterways binput=pol_borders \ output=bordersoverlakes operator=xor
11.3
v.extract . pol_borders :
v.extract in=pol_borders out=pol_borders_nds type=area new=-1 \ where="nam='NIEDERSACHSEN'"
11.4
roads . , . , , v.select roads, ( pol_borders_nds):
v.select ain=roads bin=pol_borders_nds out=nds_roads
11.5
, : v.build v.clean.
v.build
v.build v.support GRASS 5.4. . , DUMP,
59
-
.
v.clean
v.clean / . 12 :
break: .
rmdupl: .
rmdangle: . .
chdangle: . .
rmbridge: .
chbridge: .
snap: , .
rmdac: . bpol: , (, SHAPE-). -.
prune: , .
rmarea: .
rmsa: .
11.6 GRASS
v.digit. , .
20: v.digit
, 20 :
Digitize new point ( ): . : . : ' ', ' ' '.
60
-
, (. . 23). , .
Digitize new line ( ): . Digitize new boundary ( ): ( ). , . , , . , (. ). , , ' '.
Digitize new centroid ( ): . , . .
Move vertex ( ): . . , . . , .
Add vertex ( ): . Remove vertex ( ): . Split line ( ): . .
Move point, line, boundary or centroid ( , , ): , . , , .
Delete point, line, boundary or centroid ( , , ): , . , , .
Zoom in by window ( ): , . , , , . d.zoom.
Zoom out (): .
Pan (): . . . , , .
Zoom to default region ( ): (g.region -d) .
Zoom to region ( ): . g.region save=.
Redraw (): . , , .
61
-
Display categories ( ): , layer (, , ).
Display attributes ( ): , (, , ). layer , . utf-8, ascii, iso8859-1 koi8-r.
Open settings ( ): , (symbology). (settings). (Table). , , (background).
Exit (): , v.digit Exit. , .
TK 1:24000 (. . 21) Spearfish. 'Spearfish' South Dakota Geological Survey (SDGS) GRASS. http://grass.itc.it/download/data.php.
TK24 Spearfish
# Spearfish TK24 wget http://grass.itc.it/sampledata/spearfish_grass57data.tar.gz wget http://grass.itc.it/sampledata/spearfish_toposheet.tar.gz # Spearfish GRASS GRASS tar xvzf spearfish_grass57data.tar.gz /home/user/grassdata/ grass60 /home/user/grassdata/spearfish57/PERMANENT # TK24 (GeoTiff) tar xvzf spearfish_toposheet.tar.gz r.in.gdal -e in=spearfish_topo24.tif out=tk24 # g.region rast=tk24 -ap d.mon x0 d.rast tk24
'Lookout Peak' Spearfish. , 'Lookout Peak', (. . 21).
62
-
21: Spearfish
GRASS ( PERMANENT) :
# GRASS exit # GRASS grass60 ( ) [STRG][ESC]
'Lookout Peak'
'Lookout Peak' v.digit -n lookout. tk24:
# d.mon x0 g.region rast=tk24 v.digit -n map=lookout bgcmd="d.rast tk24"
, (GUI) v.digit (. . 20) TK24 GRASS x0 . v.digit Name, settings -> Table (. . 22).
63
-
22:
, Spearfish , 'Lookout Peak' (. . 21). , digitize new point, .
, . . 'Lookout Peak' Name, submit, . Record successfully updated.
v.digit Exit. , lookout :
Building topology ... # 1 primitives registered # 0 areas built 0% # 0 0 isles built # 0 Topology was built. # Number of nodes : 1 # Number of primitives: 1 # Number of points : 1 # Number of lines : 0 # Number of boundaries: 0 # Number of centroids : 0 # Number of areas : 0 # Number of isles : 0 #
100 , . , v.digit -n contour_lines. tk24:
# d.mon x0 g.region rast=tk24 v.digit -n map=contour_lines bgcmd="d.rast tk24"
(GUI) v.digit (. . 20) TK24 GRASS x0 . v.digit height, settings -> Table (. . 22).
64
-
Spearfish (. . 21) , digitize new line. , . . layer .
23:
, (. . 23). . , 4200, height, submit, . Record successfully updated.
v.digit Exit. , contour_lines :
Building topology ... 825 primitives registered 0 areas built 0 isles built Topology was built. Number of nodes : 203 Number of primitives: 249 Number of points : 0 Number of lines : 249 Number of boundaries: 0 Number of centroids : 0 Number of areas : 0 Number of isles : 0
Spearfish
, ,
65
-
. v.digit -n forest. tk24:
# g.region rast=tk24 d.mon x0 v.digit -n map=forest bgcmd="d.rast tk24"
(GUI) v.digit (. . 20) TK24 GRASS x0 . v.digit Name, settings -> Table (. . 22).
Spearfish (. . 21) , digitize new boundary . . layer . . , , .
, . 10 , settings -> settings (. . 24) .
24:
, , . , . , , (. . 23). . forest Name. submit, . Record successfully updated.
v.digit Exit. , forest :
Building topology ... 478 primitives registered 46 areas built isles built Topology was built. Number of nodes : 357 Number of primitives: 478
66
-
Number of points : 0 Number of lines : 0 Number of boundaries: 367 Number of centroids : 46 Number of areas : 46 Number of isles : 0
67
-
12 :
v.net.alloc, .
, , , (). ( ) , (, , ). , .
12.1
FRIDA (): http://frida.intevation.org/. , (, ..). Shape- ESRI.
FRIDA GRASS - (. 5.2).
SHAPE- v.in.ogr (, Spearfish):
# GRASS (, Spearfish): grass60 ~/grassdata/spearfish60/user1/ # : v.in.ogr dsn=frida-1.0.1-shp-joined/strassen-joined.shp \ output=strassen loc=frida exit # : grass60 ~/grassdata/frida/PERMANENT # (, ...): v.in.ogr dsn=frida-1.0.1-shp-joined/poi-joined.shp output=points
68
-
25: :
, , v.in.ogr. , , (FRIDA V1.0.1), v.clean (. 11.5).
, layer. :
# : v.category points out=points_2f layer=2 op=add # : v.category points_2f layer=1,2 op=print # -> layer 1 == layer 2
12.2
points_2f , :
# : v.extract in=points_2f out=hospitals_pre type=point\ where="poiTypName='Klinik/Hospital'"
69
-
v.select ainput=points_2f binput=hospitals_pre out=hospitals # : v.info hospitals # -> one dblink v.category hospitals layer=1,2 op=print # -> 2 layers d.erase d.vect roads d.vect hospitals disp=attr attr=poiNameID bgcolor=white bcolor=black d.vect hospitals col=red icon=basic/diamond
12.3
25 . , . , layer 2 .
. () hospitals roads () roads_hospitals, layer.
# : v.patch in=roads,hospitals out=roads_hospitals # : v.info roads_hospitals # -> dblinks = 0 d.erase d.vect roads_hospitals d.vect roads_hospitals type=point col=red # ( ) db.connect dr=dbf database='$GISDBASE/$LOCATION_NAME/$MAPSET/dbf/' # db.describe -c roads ncols:7 Column 1: cat Column 2: strShapeID Column 3: strID Column 4: strTypID Column 5: strSpuren Column 6: strEbene Column 7: strName # -> 'cat' 'v.in.ogr'. # v.db.connect roads_hospitals dr=dbf \ data='$GISDBASE/$LOCATION_NAME/$MAPSET/dbf/' \ table=roads layer=1 key=cat # v.db.connect roads_hospitals dr=dbf \ data='$GISDBASE/$LOCATION_NAME/$MAPSET/dbf/' \ table=hospitals layer=2 key=cat # : v.db.connect -p roads_hospital
:
70
-
, roads_hospitals , hospitals roads (. 10.3). , .
roads_hospitals:
# : v.distance -p from=hospitals to=roads output=roads_hospitals_connect\ upload=dist column=dist # : v.patch in=roads_hospitals,roads_hospitals_connect out=hospitals_net_pre # v.clean in=hospitals_net_pre out=hospitals_net tool=break,snap # g.remove vect=hospitals_net_pre,hospitals_pre
, hospitals_net, , . , layer 2 . .
12.4
, , . .
, , . , v.net.alloc :
v.net.alloc input=hospitals_net output=hospitals_alloc ccats=40-215
, . , , , . , , .
71
-
26:
26 . d.m d.vect:
d.vect map=hospitals_alloc color=red cats=40 d.vect map=hospitals_alloc color=green cats=41 d.vect map=hospitals_alloc color=blue cats=69 ... d.vect map=hospitals_alloc color=black cats=215
, GRASS , 11.1. , v.net.x.
72
-
13
. , . , , . . GRASS .
13.1
GRASS . , . , .
27:
GRASS . . . : r.to.vect r.contour.
r.to.vect. , . . , ( ), r.thin. , :
r.thin in=raster out=raster_thin r.to.vect in=raster_thin out=raster_vect feature=line
, , r.contour. , ( ), .
, , -
73
-
, , r.to.vect, feature=area
r.to.vect in=raster_thin out=raster_vect feature=area
, . . GRASS - v.clean . prune, .
28:
. , , , .
28 . , . , v.clean,
() . , , .
, . , . , .
GRASS 5.4
74
-
(sites-format) . . r.to.vect feature=point.
13.2
(, ) v.to.rast. , .
29: (5)
:
attr ->
cat ->
val ->
z -> Z- ( )
, , attr , . ( ). g.region
GRASS . , , 14.1.
75
-
14
. , . , , .
, .
14.1
:
1. () 2. ( )
GRASS () :
1. 2. - (Regularized Splines with Tension, RST)
:
1. - () 2. - (Regularized Splines with Tension, RST)
14.1.1
. , , , , . . , , ( 1/d, d ). , (1/d2 or 1/d3).
. . .
GRASS -:
v.surf.idw ( : ) r.surf.idw ( : )
GRASS 5.4 s.surf.idw v.surf.idw , GRASS 6.0.
14.1.2
. , , . , , , . ,
76
-
, , . , 7.
Splines-with-Tension .
GRASS RST-
v.surf.rst v.vol.rst ( )
, GRASS, RST- v.surf.rst
GRASS :
r.surf.area r.surf.contour r.surf.fractal r.surf.gauss r.surf.random
14.2
(, ) .
, Z () . g.region
v.surf.idw in=[point file] out=[output file(Thiessen)] npoints=1
, . (g.manual v.surf.idw).
77
-
15 r.mapcalc
r.mapcalc , . GRASS. , ( ), . GRASS :
NULL = NoData, Zero = 0 (, )
r.mapcalc , (region). , .
15.1 r.mapcalc
12: r.mapcalc
5
% ( )
4
/ 4
* 4
+ 3
- 3
== 2
!= 2
> 2
>=
2
< 2
-
15.2 r.mapcalc
13: r.mapcalc
*1abs(x) x
F2atan(x) x ( )
atan(x,y) y/x ( )
F
cos(x) x (x ) F
double(x) x
F
eval([x,y,...,]z) , z
exp(x) x F
exp(x,y) x y F
float(x) x
F
graph(x,x1,y1[x2,y2..]) x y
F
if : *
if(x) 1 x , 0
if(x,a) a x , 0
if(x,a,b) a x , b
if(x,a,b,c) a x > 0, b x = 0, c
79
-
x < 0
int(x) x []
isnull(x) x = NULL I
log(x) x F
log(x,b) x b F
max(x,y[,z...])
*
median(x,y[,z...]) *
min(x,y[,z...])
*
mode(x,y[,z...]) *
not(x) 1 if x is zero, 0 otherwise
rand(a,b) a b
I3round(x) x
sin(x) x (x ) F
sqrt(x) x F
tan(x) x (x ) F
1 - , a .
2 - .
3 - .
80
-
15.3 r.mapcalc
14: r.mapcalc
row()
col()
x() x
y() current y-coordinate of
ewres()
nsres()
null() NULL
r.mapcalc :
# reclass 2 New map = soils-reclass * 2 # reclass, 2 New map = "soils-reclass" * 2
15.4
. g.copy . , , MASK ( ). , NoData (NULL).
r.mapcalc:
# : r.mapcalc "MASK=map" # , # 1 3: r.mapcalc "MASK=if(map==1 || map==3,null(),map)"
, Spearfish, geology, - :
# : r.mapcalc "mask_map=if(fields,1,null())" g.copy rast=mask_map,MASK # : d.rast geology
, -
81
-
(.. ).
, , . , MASK (. 9.6.2). , [Raster MASK present] .
82
-
16 3D
, GRASS 3D . NVIZ Vis5D Vis5D+.
16.1 3D NVIZ
NVIZ SG3d 3- , , 3D .
30: NVIZ
, GRASS, NVIZ. , , 1000 x 1000 (, ) NVIZ.
, :
nviz elev=elevation_map -q.
:
-q
elevation () GRASS (z)
83
-
vector () GRASS
NVIZ , . (: , ).
:
Auto Clear , .
Clear: .
Surface: .
Vectors: .
Sites: .
Volumes: ( ) . Cancel: .
XY position: . .
Height: .
look here: , .
look cancel: .
zexag:
. x, y, z 1. , , zexag .305 . zexag > 1.0, , , .
Perspective: . Twist: .
Reset: .
, , . . 'help' NVIZ.
16.2 (VOXEL)
NVIZ . 'Volumes'. 'Panel' -> 'Volumes' ( 31).
84
-
31: Volume-panel
: c 3D . v.in.ascii GRASS 3D 3D GRASS -z.
'Add' . , , 'Isosurface Attributes'. ('Polygon Resolution') (
-
32:
[4] GRASS GDF Hannover bR (. [9]).
16.3
NVIZ . . NVIZ . .
86
-
33: NVIZ
"Panel" -> "Animation" (. 33). . 100 .
. 'Add' () . , 'Key Frames' (. 30). 'Add'. , . , , 'Run and Save' ( ). GIF - mpeg, (6).
87
-
17
, 3D . .
GRASS c. -, ps.map . -, . .
17.1
ps.map. . , . , 34 (. g.manual ps.map):
raster soils outline color black width 1 end comments soil.cmt where 1 6 font Helvetica end colortable y where 1 6.5 cols 4 width 4 font Helvetica end setcolor 6,8,9 white setcolor 10 green vlines roads width 2 style 0111 color grey masked n end vlegend where 4.5 0 font Courier fontsize 8 end text 30% 100% SPEARFISH SOILS MAP color red width 1 hcolor black hwidth 1 background white border red size 500 ref lower left end line 606969.73 3423092.91 616969.73 3423092.91 color yellow
88
-
width 2 end point 40% 60% color purple symbol basic/diamond size 25 masked n end scale 1:125000 scalebar f where 4.5 6.5 length 5000 height 0.05 segment 5 numbers 5 end geogrid 60 s color blue numbers 2 yellow end paper a4 end end
89
-
34: . ( Spearfish)
17.2 PNG-
GRASS . PNG- (24 bit) .
PNG- GRASS. Spearfish:
d.mon start=PNG d.mon select=PNG
:
d.rast soils d.vect roads col=black
PNG- GRASS:
d.mon stop=PNG d.mon select=x0
map.png , . PNG :
export GRASS_WIDTH= export GRASS_HEIGHT= export GRASS_PNGFILE= export GRASS_TRUECOLOR=[TRUE|FALSE]
Unix, Xfig Skencil. 38 - Xfig.
d.out.png X- PNG. , PNG.
17.3
, . d.his:
d.his h_map=tk24 i_map=aspect
(. . 35).
90
-
35: d.his
17.4 Xfig
Xfig ([23]) Skencil ([22]). TIFF, PPM PNG. , Latex, PDF .
Xfig Skencil GRASS Linux. Xfig (. . 38). .
Xfig , . , , (. . 36).
91
-
36: Xfig
, . (A4, A3 ...). Spearfish 19.02 , 14.31 . g.region:
g.region -d res=1 -p
(-p) (-d) 1 (res=1, ). DIN A4, 1:100000. DIN A4 19,02 x 14,31 :
19.02 = 1902000 / 100000 = 19.02 14.31 = 1431000 / 100000 = 14.31
, Xfig , (. . 37).
92
-
37: Xfig
GRASS PNG- , 17.2. GRASS_WIDTH GRASS_HEIGHT PNG- .
93
-
38: Spearfish Xfig.
94
-
17.5 Skencil
- Skencil [22]. python Geo-Object shape-.
, SHAPElib [21] python [18].
39: Skencil Geo-Object FRIDA .
Skencil Xfig.
95
-
18 QGIS
QGIS [19] GRASS, . QGIS GDAL [11]. , OGR GDAL, QGIS. GRASS QGIS. QGIS GRASS.
40: QGIS FRIDA
18.1
QGIS . .
( GRASS) GDAL. . . , .
.
96
-
41: - .
QGIS . QGIS .
QGIS . (. 18.3).
, .
42:
42 .
97
-
, (. . 43).
43:
, QGIS WGS84 (/).
18.2
. , . .
44:
98
-
: , , , .
18.3
QGIS . GRASS. QGIS shape-.
45: GRASS QGIS
18.3.1 GRASS
. 45 GRASS v.digit. .
QGIS 2002 , . ( , 0.7, 0.9)
, QGIS , GPS . GRASS .
GRASS:
15: GRASS ( [8])
99
-
New point
New line ( , )
New boundary ( , )
New centroid ( )
Move node
New node
Delete node ( )
Displace line
Divide line
Delete line ( )
Edit attributes ( )
Red button
18.3.2 Shape-
shape- GRASS. shape- , . shape- Layer New vector layer. . . Start editing Stop editing ( . 46). .
46:
, shape- , GRASS ( 15) .
100
-
18.4 GRASS
QGIS 0.7 GRASS GRASS Tools. GRASS QGIS. GRASS. .
47: QGIS
XML- GRASS. v.overlay, v.select, v.extract r.slope.aspect . GRASS .
GRASS- , , QGIS Wiki [20].
18.5 GPS
QGIS-GPS - GPS GPS eXchange.
101
-
48: QGIS-GPS
() GPS GRASS.
18.6
QGIS 0.7 .
49:
, , .
18.7
17 , . 0.7 QGIS .
102
-
50: "" - QGIS,
File Print.
, , , ..
, . 4, 300 dpi. postscript, PNG SVG.
, QGIS . , [19].
103
-
19
, . , , . ( free , , --- . .)
, , , , . , :
( 0).
( 1). .
, ( 2).
, ( 3). .
, . , , , , ( ) , . ( ), .
, . , - .
, . , .
GNU, . , , .
, , ; , .
, , . , " " ( ) , , . , .
, . , , . (, , , .)
GNU , . , . , , ,
104
-
.
. , , , .
. , , .
, , (give away) (for free), , , . , , , , . . , . , .
FSF GNU [email protected], FSF .
! FSF, / . . 6 2000.
Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA.
2000 : .